For high groundwater table areas, stormwater wet detention ponds are utilized as the preferred stormwater management throughout the state of Florida. Previous research has found that accumulations of nutrients, algae, heavy metals, pesticides, chlorophyll a, fecal coliform bacteria and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) are common characteristics of stormwater wet detention ponds. Although these pollutant levels are not regulated within the ponds, states are required to compute the pollutant load reductions through total maximum daily load (TMDL) programs to meet the water quality requirements addressed by the Clean Water Act (CWA). In this study, field sampling data of stormwater ponds throughout Florida are presented to identify concentration levels of the main contaminants of concern in the discharge of wet detention ponds. Sampling was done to identify possible sources, in addition to possible removal mechanisms via the use of specific sorption media. Nutrients were found as a main problematic pollutant, of which orthophosphate, total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate, and total nitrogen were targeted whereas heavy metals exhibited minor concerns. Accumulation of high nutrient concentrations may be mitigated by the adoption of best management practices (BMPs) utilizing biosorption activated media (BAM) to remove phosphorus and nitrogen species through physical, chemical, and biological processes. This study aims to increase overall scientific understanding of phosphorus removal dynamics in sorption media systems via Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and column studies. The removal of phosphorus (P) was proven effective primarily through chemophysical processes. The maximum orthophosphate adsorption capacities were determined under varying conditions of the media within the columns, which were found up to 0.000534 mg-P adsorbed per gram BAM with influent concentrations of 1 mg∙L -1 orthophosphate in distilled water and 1 hour hydraulic residence time (HRT). When using iv spiked pond water under the same conditions, the adsorption capacity was increased about 30 times to 0.01507 mg-P∙g -1 BAM presumably due to the properties and concentrations of ions affecting the diffusion rate regulating the surface orthophosphate reactions. These equilibrium media uptake values (q) were used to calculate the life expectancies of the media under varying HRT and influent concentrations of treatment. Chemophysical and biological removal capabilities of the media for total nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrate were effective in columns using 1100 g of BAM. In flow-through column conditions, ammonia had a consistent ~95% removal while effluent nitrate concentrations were highly variable due to the simultaneous nitrificationdenitrification processes once an aerobic-anaerobic environment was established. Batch column experiments simulating no-flow conditions within a media bed reactor resulted in orthophosphate removals comparable with the continuous flow conditions, increased total phosphorus effluents indicative of chemical precipitation of orthophosphate, decreased ammonia removal, and increased nitrate removal. Due to a biofilm’s sensitivity to even low copper concentrations and accumulation in ponds, a copper sorption media mix of "green" materials was generated. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm tests concluded a successful mix resulting in copper removal efficiencies up to 96%.

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Den biologiska reningen av näringsämnen vid avloppsreningsverk (ARV) kräver tillgång på en lätt nedbrytbar kolkälla, som till exempel flyktiga fettsyror (VFA; eng. Volatile Fatty Acids). Denna studie utforskade möjligheten till VFA-produktion genom biologisk anaerob jäsning av primärslam från Fillan ARV i Sundsvall. Effekten av både temperatur och hydraulisk uppehållstid undersöktes.  Resultaten visade högre VFA-koncentrationer vid 37 °C jämfört med 20 °C och 55 °C, vilket tyder på att temperaturen har en betydande effekt på VFA-produktionen. Dessutom undersöktes den optimala kombinationen av temperatur och uppehållstid, där 37 °C och fyra-dagars uppehållstid gav det högsta VFA-utbytet. Potentialen av att använda de producerade fettsyrorna för bortrening av näringsämnen vid Fillan ARV utvärderades genom både teoretiska beräkningar och experimentell validering. Resultaten visade att användandet av en internt producerad kolkälla utvunnen från primärslam skulle kunna vara ett alternativ till kommersiella (externa) kolkällor i reningsprocesser av avloppsvatten som en hållbar och ekonomiskt fördelaktig strategi. / Biological nutrient removal processes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) rely on the availability of easily degradable carbon compounds, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs). This study explored the feasibility of VFA production through biological anaerobic fermentation of primary sludge (PS) sourced from Fillan WWTP in Sundsvall, Sweden. The impact of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was investigated.  Results revealed higher VFA concentrations at 37 °C compared to 20 °C and 55 °C, indicating temperature's impact on VFA production. Additionally, optimal temperature and HRT combinations were explored, with 37 °C and a four-day HRT showing the highest VFA yields. The potential for nutrient removal at Fillan WWTP using the VFAs produced as a carbon source was assessed through theoretical calculations and experimental validation. The findings revealed that using an internally produced carbon source derived from PS could be an alternative to commercial (external) carbon sources in the wastewater treatment processes as a sustainable and economically advantageous strategy.

The electricity demand of a waste water treatment plants follows the diurnal pattern of society, and this generally leads to higher demand when the market price is high. The possibility to adapt the operation after price variation has been known since long, but few studies have been published. It has been suggested that the influent can be redistributed using an equalization basin, and one study showed 16 % reduction in cost with equalization to constant flow. Oxygen supply by aeration uses the major part of electricity, and adaptation of aeration intensity has also been suggested. However, this requires respect for effluent limits, especially for nitrogen, as larger plants are often equipped with nitrogen removal. In this study, optimal control of aeration was used to evaluate the potential of adapted aeration. Use of an equalization basin was also studied. A reduced version of Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 was used, with only one basin. Aeration was optimized for minimal cost given a price profile for 24 hours, under a constraint on ammonia discharge. Cost was reduced with 1-2.5 % compared to energy-optimal control. Constant flow equalization showed an energy reduction of 2.5-12 %, and a cost reduction of additionally up to 5 %. Control adapted after price gave another 1-3 % savings. The nitrification process is sensitive to oxygen and ammonia concentration. This makes it difficult to redistribute nitrification over the day, especially with a one basin model. It is therefore motivated to study a model with more basins.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos_Eduardo_Weirich.pdf: 1336764 bytes, checksum: 26e875704b80ba5d54deaeedce9c2fe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature on production of biomass and retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in a treatment system for swine effluent, composed of two species of aquatic plants Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Pistia stratiotes (lettuce water). The work was accomplished at the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná- Paraná State, Campus of Toledo - PR, in the periods that were on 19 February to 19 March 2008 and August 11 to 09 September 2008, referring to the summer and winter, respectively. The system was composed by 24 experimental tanks built in concrete with a length of 1,5 m, width of 0,25 m and depth of 0,16 m. A completely randomized design was used two species of macrophytes, water lettuce and water hyacinth and two periods with four replications. Water samples were collected at entry and exit system at the beginning and end of the experiment evaluating the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), pH, electric conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The water temperature together with the maximum and minimum temperature and air humidity were measured daily. Biomass production was analysed in the end of the experiment. The proximate analysis of biomass plants examined in the dry, were different (P <0,05) for the periods, the ash content grow in the shoot (CZPA) and root (CZR), phosphorus in the shoot (PPA ) and nitrogen in the root (NR) and shoot (NPA). As for the treatments showed meaning difference (P <0,05) for the crude protein in shoot (PBPA), gray in the root (CZR) and shoot (CZPA). The most remotion of water, as for the water hyacinth as for the track, was observed in summer with values of 85,71% and 88,69%, respectively. These values did not differ statistically from those observed for the winter. For PT a higher removal was observed on treatment with water hyacinth in the winter (43,37%) and on the runway during the summer (43,33%). The production of biomass of water hyacinth was 4,04 and 3,19 kg m-2 during the summer and winter, respectively, while the runway was 1,78 and 0,71 kg.m-2 for the same periods. The results obtained in this experiment, conclude that the plants had high biomass production and a high potential for accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in their plant tissue. The temperature of air and water showed variation during the periods of the experiment, indicating the summer period that favored the best performance of species evaluated / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da temperatura na produção de biomassa e retenção de nitrogênio e fósforo em um sistema de tratamento de efluente de suinocultura, composto por duas espécies de plantas aquáticas, Eichhornia crassipes (aguapé) e Pístia stratiotes (alface d'água). O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Esta dual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, Campus de Toledo PR, durante dois períodos, que foram de 19 de fevereiro a 19 de março de 2008 e 11 de agosto a 09 de setembro de 2008, referente ao verão e inverno, espectivamente. O sistema foi composto por 24 tanques experimentais construídos em concreto com comprimento de 1,5m, largura de 0,25m e profundidade de 0,16 m. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, tendo sido utilizadas duas espécies de macrófitas, pistia e aguapé e dois períodos com quatro repetições. As amostras de água foram coletadas na entrada e saída do sistema, no início e final do experimento avaliando-se o nitrogênio total (NT), fósforo total (PT), pH, condutividade elétrica e oxigênio dissolvido. A temperatura da água, juntamente com a temperatura máxima e mínima do ar e umidade relativa, foram mensuradas diariamente. A produção de biomassa foi avaliada ao final do experimento. As análises centesimal da biomassa das plantas analisadas na matéria seca, apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) para os períodos avaliados, o teor de cinzas na parte aérea (CZPA) e na raiz (CZR), o fósforo na parte aérea (PPA) e o nitrogênio na raiz (NR) e na parte aérea (NPA). Já para os tratamentos, houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para a proteína bruta na parte aérea (PBPA), cinza na raiz (CZR) e parte aérea (CZPA). A maior remo ção de NT da água, tanto para o aguapé como para a pístia, foi observada no verão com valores de 85,71%, e 88,69%, respectivamente. Estes valores não diferiram estaticamente daqueles observados para o inverno. Para PT a maior remoção foi observada no tratamento com aguapé no período de inverno (43,37%) e para pístia no período de verão (43,33%). A produção de biomassa do aguapé foi de 4,04 e 3,19kg m-2 no período de verão e inverno, respectivamente, enquanto para a pístia foi de 1,78 e 0,71 kg.m-2 nos mesmos períodos. Diante dos resultados obtidos nesse experimento, pode-se concluir que as plantas apresentaram elevada produção de biomassa e um grande potencial de acumulação de nitrogênio e fósforo no seu tecido vegetal. A temperatura do ar e da água apresentou variação durante os períodos do experimento, indicando o período de verão o que melhor favoreceu o desempenho das espécies avaliadas

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal is often required before discharge of treated wastewater to sensitive water bodies. Kayseri Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWWTP) is a biological wastewater treatment plant that includes nitrogen and phosphorus removal along with carbon removal. The KWWTP receives both municipal wastewater and industrial wastewaters. In this study, KWWTP was modeled by using a software called GPS-X, which is developed for modeling municipal and industrial wastewaters. The Activated Sludge Model No.2d (ASM2d) developed by the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) was used for the simulation of the treatment plant. In this model, carbon oxidation, nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal are simulated at the same time. During the calibration of the model, initially, sensitivities of the model parameters were analyzed. After sensitivity analysis, dynamic parameter estimation (DPE) was carried out for the optimization of the sensitive parameters. Real plant data obtained from KWWTP were used for DPE. The calibrated model was validated by using different sets of data taken from various seasons after necessary temperature adjustments made on the model. Considerably good fits were obtained for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and nitrogen related compounds. However, the results for phosphorus removal were not satisfactory, probably due to lack of information on volatile fatty acids concentration and alkalinity of the influent wastewater.

To foster the practical development of constructed wetlands used for wastewater treatment in Turkey, a pilot-scale subsurface constructed wetland system (90 m2) was designed to treat the domestic wastewater produced by 60 PE living in the residential area of METU. In summer 2001, two parallel sets of hybrid wetland systems (vertical flow connected with horizontal flow) with identical design configuration, but with different fill media (blast furnace granulated iron slag and gravel) were built on the old sludge-drying bed of the abandoned wastewater treatment plant of METU, which has not been operating since the 1990s. Wetland cells were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis). The main objective of this research was to quantify the effect of different filter media on the removal performance of subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the prevailing climate of Ankara. Thus, slag-filled and gravel-filled vertical flow wetlands were operated identically with pre-settled domestic wastewater (3 m3.d-1) at a hydraulic loading rate of 110 mm.d-1 for 12 months, intermittently. According to the first year results, annual average removal efficiencies for the slag and gravel wetland cells were as follows: TSS (63% &amp / 59%), COD (47% &amp / 44%), NH4+-N (88% &amp / 53%), TN (44% &amp / 39%), PO43--P (44% &amp / 1%) and TP (45% &amp / 4%). The slag-filled vertical flow system removed phosphorus and ammonium efficiently than the gravel-filled system due to the differences in physical structures and chemical compositions of the fill media, and the different aerobic and anaerobic environments within the wetland cells. These results indicated that the well-designed constructed wetlands could also be used for secondary and tertiary treatment in Turkey, successfully.

Submitted by FERNANDO VIEIRA COSTA GUIDORIZZI null (fernando_guidorizzi@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-02T19:07:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Guidorizzi - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2781433 bytes, checksum: f56e6ea73314244bb7d600cdfc7a26d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-04T18:43:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guidorizzi_fvc_me_bot.pdf: 2781433 bytes, checksum: f56e6ea73314244bb7d600cdfc7a26d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T18:43:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guidorizzi_fvc_me_bot.pdf: 2781433 bytes, checksum: f56e6ea73314244bb7d600cdfc7a26d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O cártamo é uma oleaginosa que vem despertando interesse na agricultura nacional, pois se apresenta como uma opção para o cultivo de segunda safra (outono-inverno). Entretanto, para expansão do cultivo de cártamo no Brasil faz-se necessário à realização de estudos abordando o seu crescimento e absorção de nutrientes nas suas fases de desenvolvimento, em diferentes condições de cultivo, pois o conhecimento sobre essas variáveis permitirá precisão na recomendação de adubação para a cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) e de macronutrientes durante o ciclo, produtividade de grãos e exportação de macronutrientes por genótipos de cártamo em função da aplicação de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura, em sistemas plantio direto (SPD) com diferentes tempos de adoção. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Botucatu-SP, em um Nitossolo Vermelho distrófico. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram compostas por oito tratamentos obtidos a partir da combinação de dois tempos adoção do SPD (SPDR - sistema plantio direto recém-implantado e SPDC - sistema plantio direto consolidado, com 28 anos desde a implantação), dois genótipos de cártamo (IMA 2234 e IMA 2237) e dois níveis de N em cobertura (0 e 100 kg ha-1). As subparcelas foram compostas por sete épocas de amostragens (de 22 dias após a emergência (DAE) até o final do ciclo da cultura). Ambos os genótipos de cártamo tiveram lento acúmulo de MS e macronutrientes durante o estádio de roseta (0 a 22 DAE). A partir desse estádio até o início do enchimento de grãos (entre 84 e 111 DAE) ocorreu o período de maior crescimento e acúmulo de macronutrientes pela cultura. O genótipo IMA 2234 apresentou maiores quantidades de MS, N, P, K e S acumuladas na parte aérea. A adubação nitrogenada de cobertura influenciou, principalmente, a absorção de N. Os componentes da produção, a produtividade de grãos e a exportação de macronutrientes não foram influenciados pelos genótipos, tempos de adoção do SPD ou adubação nitrogenada. A extração de macronutrientes, na média dos tratamentos, foi: K (168 kg ha-1) > N (149 kg ha-1) > Ca (125 kg ha-1) > S (15 kg ha-1) > Mg (14 kg ha-1) > P (13 kg ha-1). A exportação de macronutrientes pelos grãos seguiu a sequência, na média dos tratamentos: N (44 kg ha-1) > K (12 kg ha-1) > Ca (6 kg ha-1) > P (4 kg ha-1) > Mg (3 kg ha-1) > S (2 kg ha-1). / Safflower is an oilseed that has attracted national interest in agriculture, as is presented as an option for the second-crop cultivation (fall-winter). However, for expansion of safflower cultivation in Brazil is a need for studies addressing their growth and nutrient uptake in their stages of development in different growth conditions, as the knowledge of these variables will enable precision in fertilizer recommendation for the crop. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter (DM) and macronutrients over the cycle, grain yield, and macronutrient removal by safflower genotypes as affected by sidedressed nitrogen (N) fertilization in no-till system (NTS) with different adoption times. The experiment was conducted in Botucatu-SP, in a Typic Rhodudalf soil. It was adopted a randomized block design in a split-plot scheme with four replications. The plots were composed by eight treatments obtained from the combination of two adoption times of the NTS (NNTS - a newly implemented no-tillage system and ENTS - an established no-till system, with 28 years since the establishment), two safflower genotypes (IMA 2234 and IMA 2237) and two levels of sidedressed N fertilization in topdressing (0 and 100 kg ha-1). The subplots were composed of seven sampling dates (from 22 days after emergence (DAE) by the end of the cycle). Both safflower genotypes had slow accumulation of DM and macronutrients during the rosette stage (0-22 DAE). From this stage until the early grain filling (between 84 and 111 DAE) was the period of greatest growth and accumulation of macronutrients by crop. The genotype IMA 2234 have higher amounts of DM, N, P, K and S accumulated in the shoot. Sidedressed N fertilization influenced mainly N uptake. The yield components, grain yield, and nutrient removal were not influenced by genotype, adoption times of the NTS or sidedressed N fertilization. The uptake of macronutrient was, on average of treatments: K (168 kg ha-1) > N (149 kg ha-1) > Ca (125 kg ha-1) > S (15 kg ha-1) > Mg (14 kg ha-1) > P (13 kg ha-1). The removal of macronutrients by grains followed the sequence, on average of treatments: N (44 kg ha-1) > K (12 kg ha-1) > Ca (6 kg ha-1) > P (4 kg ha -1) > Mg (3 kg ha-1) > S (2 kg ha-1). / FAPESP: 2014/20301-8

Orientador: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho / Resumo: A eucaliptocultura carece de pesquisas referentes a adubação de rebrotas. Assim, este trabalho objetivou estudar em três experimentos distintos, divididos em duas etapas; o efeito residual da adubação com nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), aplicados na primeira rotação na fase inicial das brotações, primeira etapa, avaliando os teores de nutrientes no solo, no folhedo e na folha diagnose, além do crescimento do eucalipto no sistema talhadia no Cerrado. Na segunda etapa do experimento, avaliou-se o residual de doses de N, P e K, do primeiro ciclo produtivo do eucalipto, e o efeito da reaplicação dos respectivos nutrientes, no solo, na biomassa produzida e partição dos nutrientes extraídos, além da altura, diâmetro a altura do peito e volume de madeira do eucalipto. O sistema usado foi o talhadia, em um solo arenoso com baixa fertilidade de Três Lagoas - MS. O delineamento experimental da primeira etapa utilizado nos três experimentos foi delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados e com cinco repetições. Experimento 1: residual de quatro doses de N (0, 70, 105 e 140 kg ha-1), na forma de nitrato de amônio. Experimento 2: residual de quatro doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 70 e 100kg ha-1), aplicadas totalmente no sulco de plantio, utilizando o superfosfato triplo. Experimento 3: residual de doses de K2O (0, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1), na forma de cloreto de potássio. O delineamento estatístico da segunda etapa dos três experimentos foram o de blocos casualizados, dispostos em e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Bench and pilot scale determinations of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, K_La, were performed on an improved A²/O biological nutrient removal (BNR) pilot plant. Effluent from a full scale primary clarifier, used as pilot plant influent, was found to have an alpha (ratio of process to clean water K_La) of 0.71 as determined in a 21 liter bench scale reactor and an alpha of 0.332 as determined in a 0.45 m³ aeration basin of the 2.4 m³ pilot plant. Alpha of a 1:1 mixture of primary clarifier effluent with pilot plant return activated sludge was determined to be 0.94 at bench scale and 0.71 at pilot scale. An assay of alphas through the initial non aerated treatment zones of the pilot plant using the bench scale reactor indicated that alphas peaked in the effluent of the first anaerobic zone (alpha equal to 1.01) and were lower in the second anaerobic zone and first anoxic zone. An assay of alphas in the three pilot plant series sideline aeration basins indicated that alpha was maximum in the first aeration basin (alpha equal to 0.905) and were lower in the second and third aeration basins (0.716 and 0.661 respectively). A consistent increase in average surface tension was noted from the first to second to third aeration basins, however the differences were not statistically significant. A comparison of pilot plant alphas determined in the first aeration basin following anaerobic nominal hydraulic retention times of 0.0, 0.21, 0.43, and 0.64 hours yielded alpha values of 0.71, 0.94, 0.64, and 0.74 respectively. Like the assay using the bench scale reactor, the alpha values at pilot scale peaked following treatment in only one anaerobic zone (nominal HRT of 0.21 hours). The study concludes that short exposures in an initial anaerobic reactor as required for biological phosphorus removal may benefit oxygen transfer efficiency through increased alphas, however the benefits of long periods of anaerobic reaction time (over 0.43 hours) are uncertain. / Master of Science