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In dem Bericht werden Maßnahmen vorgestellt, von denen erwartet wird, dass sie den Ertrag stabilisieren und gleichzeitig auch N-Bilanzüberschüsse und -verluste mindern. Die Maßnahmen wurden in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben Sachsens getestet. Als vorteilhaft erwiesen sich insbesondere die biomasseabhängige Rapsdüngung, die Streifenbearbeitung, die Injektionsdüngung und die bestandesabhängige N-Düngung zu Weizen.

The thesis was conducted to investigate soil fertility changes and assess the sustainability of agroecological management in different land-use systems of the southern Ecuadorian Andes using quantitative and qualitative methods. Ecuador still holds the highest deforestation rate of all Latin American countries which also has a large impact in the research area by forest conversion into agricultural land. Agricultural land-use systems in the research area are multifaceted due to heterogeneous biophysical and socio-economic conditions. To map this diversity, land-use systems were investigated in Yantzaza (low-external-input), El Tambo (irrigated cash crops) and San Lucas (integrated nutrient management). Yet, management effects on soil fertility have not been assessed systematically in Ecuadorian farming systems which hampers the evaluation whether agroecological management is sustainable. Therefore, the present study used a set of quantitative and qualitative approaches to assess soil fertility changes at plot and farm scale with a nutrient balance/chronosequence approach and local expert knowledge. Nutrient balances were modeled with Nutmon after adaptation of difficult-to-quantify flows to the local conditions facilitating area and land-use specific calculation. Soil nutrient balances in the research area were diverse and varied between −151 to 66 kg ha-1 a-1, −4 to 33 kg ha-1 a-1 and −346 to 39 kg ha-1 a-1 for NPK, respectively. The evaluation of socio-economic and soil fertility explanatory variables revealed that up to 70% of the balances’ variability could be explained. Land-uses with a strong market orientation such as annual crops in El Tambo received large amounts of external inputs which were often focused on mineral N fertilization causing strongly negative PK balances. In contrast, P balances were mainly positive after the application of organic fertilizers and nutrient recycling as was found in perennial crops of San Lucas. NP balances in annual crops of Yantzaza were most negative due to the low-external-input system with nonexistent fertilization as well as leaching and burning of crop residues. Highest soil nutrient stocks were found in land-uses benefiting from a surplus of within-farm flows. The quantification of soil nutrient stocks and their temporal changes were carried out with a chronosequence approach in Yantzaza. SOC stocks in annual/perennial crops and pastures decreased between 14% and 19% after forest conversion by slash-and-burn. Annual sites were abandoned not later than five years after forest conversion due to a shortage of available N and P closely linked to low-external-input management. Stocks for TN, TP, TS and exchangeable bases increased above forest level in perennial crops and pastures 6-20 years after forest conversion. Yet a strong decrease in SOC and soil nutrient stocks was found in oldest perennial and pasture sites compared to medium aged sites. This was traced back to adverse site processes such as the decay of clay humus complexes, leaching as well as poor pasture management. To assess sustainability of the agroecological management, a set of sustainability indicators was implemented including N balances, yearly N stock change and SOC stocks as well as total (TN) and available (PO4-P) soil nutrient stocks. Sustainability assessment took place based on individual land-uses and nutrients within each pilot study since soil fertility change did not show a consistent trend within one research area. Despite mainly negative soil nutrient balances, the impact on the yearly soil nutrient stock change was often negligible due to large soil nutrient pools. Annual and perennial crops of Yantzaza and pastures of San Lucas exceeded the threshold value of 1% for yearly TN stock losses. Yet, only annual crops in Yantzaza, having the highest yearly TN stock losses of 4.9%, also showed severe TN and SOC losses between 15-25% below those of the forest reference area. Therefore, the present agroecological management of annuals in Yantzaza is not sustainable which was also indicated by the abandonment of these sites not later than 5 years after forest conversion due to soil fertility decline. Hence, it is proposed to install an integrated agricultural management in annual crops of Yantzaza using nutrient recycling and fertilization for the replenishment of soil nutrient stocks. Nutrient balance studies indicated an average N-fertilizer application of more than 200 kg ha-1 a-1 for annual crops in El Tambo and low SOC stocks in soils of the colluvial foot slopes. Therefore, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate fertilization effects of urea and newly introduced guinea pig manure on the microbial activity in colluvial and eroded soils of El Tambo. While urea fertilization induced an acceleration of SOM mineralization, a combined fertilization (urea + GPM) increased the amount of microbial biomass and provided mineral nitrogen for immediate plant uptake. SOM stocks in colluvial soils were 40% below those of eroded soils which was partly due to the positive priming effect after urea fertilization. A participatory appraisal with local farmers resulted in the adaptation of the present harvest residue management aiming at SOM maintenance in colluvial soils. Yet, the calculation of the potential for SOM replenishment indicated that only the maize residue biomass had the potential to compensate for SOM mineralization losses. Therefore, it is recommended to support SOM replenishment by additional organic inputs since SOM has to be maintained in the long-term to enable agricultural productivity.

O uso de determinadas fontes nitrogenadas, doses e formas de nitrogênio (N) pode aumentar a eficiência de uso de N (EUN) em soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), mantendo, em longo prazo, elevados índices de produtividade, lucro e proteção ao ambiente. Experimentos de campo e de casa-de-vegetação foram desenvolvidos com os seguintes objetivos: (i) avaliar o efeito do manejo do N-fertilizante e dos ciclos de soqueira da cultura na produtividade, parâmetros tecnológicos, acúmulo de biomassa, acúmulo e balanço de nutrientes e nas alterações dos atributos químicos do solo; (ii) avaliar a produção de biomassa seca, metabolismo e nutrição de plantas de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em solução nutritiva, com suprimento exclusivo ou misto de nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) como fontes de N; (iii) avaliar a EUN do 15N-nitrato (15NH4NO3), 15N-amônio (NH415NO3) e 15N-amida [(15NH2)2CO] aplicados na quarta soqueira de cana-de-açúcar em condições de campo; e avaliar a EUN do 15N-amônio e 15N-nitrato aplicados em mudas de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em solução nutritiva. No campo, o N-fertilizante foi repetido nas mesmas parcelas experimentais (parcelas estáticas), em anos subsequentes (quatro ou cinco soqueiras) e o manejo de N-fertilizante, que incluiu fontes e doses de N, não influenciou na produtividade de colmos e de açúcar no local 1 (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico - LVAd). Entretanto, no local 2 (também LVAd), o NA100 e o NAC100 [nitrato de amônio (NA) e nitrato de amônio e cálcio (NAC), ambos na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N] foram os manejos mais vantajosos para a obtenção das maiores produtividades de colmo e de açúcar em soqueiras quando comparado aos demais tratamentos. No geral, nos dois locais, o NAC150 (150 kg ha-1 de N) proporcionou os maiores acúmulos de biomassa, N e K nas plantas. Além disso, enquanto o controle (sem adição de N) apresentou as menores produções de biomassa e acúmulos de nutrientes (com exceção ao P), o balanço de nutrientes do solo nesse tratamento foi relativamente neutro após anos de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Em condições controladas, plantas de cana-de-açúcar supridas exclusivamente com amônio apresentaram menor produção de biomassa, acúmulo de nutrientes e área foliar do que os outros tratamentos (supridos com combinações de NO3-/NH4+ e somente com nitrato), indicando que o uso exclusivo dessa forma de N não foi eficiente para sustentar o crescimento vegetal. A maior EUN foi obtida com o fornecimento exclusivo de nitrato, que também proporcionou maior produção de biomassa seca, área foliar, acúmulo de macronutrientes, atividade fotossintética e crescimento do sistema radicular. A utilização de 15N indicou que, no campo, não houve diferença na EUN pelas plantas devido à utilização do 15N-nitrato e 15N-amônio. Em contraste, a EUN do 15N-amônio foi maior que a do 15N-nitrato durante o 1º, 4º e 7º dia após a aplicação do fertilizante (DAAF), em condições controladas. Contudo, o uso do 15N-nitrato teve maior EUN nas raízes e planta inteira que o 15N-amônio no 15º DAAF. Isso indica que a cana-de-açúcar pode aproveitar eficientemente as duas formas minerais de N, embora o aproveitamento do amônio seja mais rápido. / The use of different fertilizers and rates of nitrogen (N) can increase the N use efficiency (NUE) in sugarcane ratoon (Saccharum spp.), sustaining high yield levels, profitability and environmental protection in long-term. Thus, field and greenhouse studies were performed with the following objectives: (i) evaluate the effect of fertilizer-N management and ratoon crop cycles on sugarcane yield, technological parameters, biomass accumulation, nutrient content, temporal variation in soil chemical properties and soil nutrient balance; (ii) evaluate the biomass production, metabolism and nutrient acquisition of sugarcane plants cropped in nutrient solution, with solely or combined supply of ammonium and nitrate as N sources; (iii) evaluate the NUE of 15N-ammonium (15NH4NO3), 15N-nitrate (NH415NO3), and 15N-amide [(15NH2)2CO] applied to sugarcane under field conditions and the NUE of 15N-ammonium and 15N-nitrate applied to seedlings sugarcane under nutrient solutions. In the field, N fertilizers were replicated in the same experimental plots (static plots) in subsequent years (four or five ratoons) and the management of N-fertilizer, which included fertilizers and N rates, resulted in lack of influence on cane and sucrose yield at Site 1 (Typic Hapludox). However, at Site 2 (also Typic Hapludox), the N treatments AN100 and CAN100 [ammonium nitrate (AN) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), both at a rate of 100 kg N ha-1] provided the highest cane and sugar yield as compared to the remaining treatments. Overall, at both sites, CAN150 (150 kg N ha-1) resulted in the highest biomass accumulation and N and K content by sugarcane. In addition, while the control (no N added) had the lowest biomass accumulation and nutrient content (except for P), the soil nutrient balance in this treatment was relatively neutral, after years of sugarcane cultivation. Under controlled conditions, NH4+-fed plants presented lower biomass accumulation, nutrient content and leaf area than the other treatments (different NO3-/NH4+ ratios and NO3--fed plants), indicating that this N form, when applied solely, was not effective for the proper plant growth. The highest NUE was obtained with NO3--fed plants, which also had the highest production of dry biomass, leaf area, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic activity, and growth of the root system. The use of 15N-nitrate and 15N-ammonium indicated that there was no difference in NUE by plants in the field. In contrast, the NUE of 15N-ammonium was greater than 15N-nitrate during the 1st, 4th and 7th day after fertilizer application (DAFA), under controlled conditions. However, the use of 15N-nitrate had greater NUE in roots and whole plant than 15N-ammonium in the 15th DAFA. It can be concluded that sugarcane can use both N forms although the recovery of NH4+ was faster than NO3-.

O uso de determinadas fontes nitrogenadas, doses e formas de nitrogênio (N) pode aumentar a eficiência de uso de N (EUN) em soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), mantendo, em longo prazo, elevados índices de produtividade, lucro e proteção ao ambiente. Experimentos de campo e de casa-de-vegetação foram desenvolvidos com os seguintes objetivos: (i) avaliar o efeito do manejo do N-fertilizante e dos ciclos de soqueira da cultura na produtividade, parâmetros tecnológicos, acúmulo de biomassa, acúmulo e balanço de nutrientes e nas alterações dos atributos químicos do solo; (ii) avaliar a produção de biomassa seca, metabolismo e nutrição de plantas de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em solução nutritiva, com suprimento exclusivo ou misto de nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) como fontes de N; (iii) avaliar a EUN do 15N-nitrato (15NH4NO3), 15N-amônio (NH415NO3) e 15N-amida [(15NH2)2CO] aplicados na quarta soqueira de cana-de-açúcar em condições de campo; e avaliar a EUN do 15N-amônio e 15N-nitrato aplicados em mudas de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em solução nutritiva. No campo, o N-fertilizante foi repetido nas mesmas parcelas experimentais (parcelas estáticas), em anos subsequentes (quatro ou cinco soqueiras) e o manejo de N-fertilizante, que incluiu fontes e doses de N, não influenciou na produtividade de colmos e de açúcar no local 1 (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico - LVAd). Entretanto, no local 2 (também LVAd), o NA100 e o NAC100 [nitrato de amônio (NA) e nitrato de amônio e cálcio (NAC), ambos na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N] foram os manejos mais vantajosos para a obtenção das maiores produtividades de colmo e de açúcar em soqueiras quando comparado aos demais tratamentos. No geral, nos dois locais, o NAC150 (150 kg ha-1 de N) proporcionou os maiores acúmulos de biomassa, N e K nas plantas. Além disso, enquanto o controle (sem adição de N) apresentou as menores produções de biomassa e acúmulos de nutrientes (com exceção ao P), o balanço de nutrientes do solo nesse tratamento foi relativamente neutro após anos de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Em condições controladas, plantas de cana-de-açúcar supridas exclusivamente com amônio apresentaram menor produção de biomassa, acúmulo de nutrientes e área foliar do que os outros tratamentos (supridos com combinações de NO3-/NH4+ e somente com nitrato), indicando que o uso exclusivo dessa forma de N não foi eficiente para sustentar o crescimento vegetal. A maior EUN foi obtida com o fornecimento exclusivo de nitrato, que também proporcionou maior produção de biomassa seca, área foliar, acúmulo de macronutrientes, atividade fotossintética e crescimento do sistema radicular. A utilização de 15N indicou que, no campo, não houve diferença na EUN pelas plantas devido à utilização do 15N-nitrato e 15N-amônio. Em contraste, a EUN do 15N-amônio foi maior que a do 15N-nitrato durante o 1º, 4º e 7º dia após a aplicação do fertilizante (DAAF), em condições controladas. Contudo, o uso do 15N-nitrato teve maior EUN nas raízes e planta inteira que o 15N-amônio no 15º DAAF. Isso indica que a cana-de-açúcar pode aproveitar eficientemente as duas formas minerais de N, embora o aproveitamento do amônio seja mais rápido. / The use of different fertilizers and rates of nitrogen (N) can increase the N use efficiency (NUE) in sugarcane ratoon (Saccharum spp.), sustaining high yield levels, profitability and environmental protection in long-term. Thus, field and greenhouse studies were performed with the following objectives: (i) evaluate the effect of fertilizer-N management and ratoon crop cycles on sugarcane yield, technological parameters, biomass accumulation, nutrient content, temporal variation in soil chemical properties and soil nutrient balance; (ii) evaluate the biomass production, metabolism and nutrient acquisition of sugarcane plants cropped in nutrient solution, with solely or combined supply of ammonium and nitrate as N sources; (iii) evaluate the NUE of 15N-ammonium (15NH4NO3), 15N-nitrate (NH415NO3), and 15N-amide [(15NH2)2CO] applied to sugarcane under field conditions and the NUE of 15N-ammonium and 15N-nitrate applied to seedlings sugarcane under nutrient solutions. In the field, N fertilizers were replicated in the same experimental plots (static plots) in subsequent years (four or five ratoons) and the management of N-fertilizer, which included fertilizers and N rates, resulted in lack of influence on cane and sucrose yield at Site 1 (Typic Hapludox). However, at Site 2 (also Typic Hapludox), the N treatments AN100 and CAN100 [ammonium nitrate (AN) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), both at a rate of 100 kg N ha-1] provided the highest cane and sugar yield as compared to the remaining treatments. Overall, at both sites, CAN150 (150 kg N ha-1) resulted in the highest biomass accumulation and N and K content by sugarcane. In addition, while the control (no N added) had the lowest biomass accumulation and nutrient content (except for P), the soil nutrient balance in this treatment was relatively neutral, after years of sugarcane cultivation. Under controlled conditions, NH4+-fed plants presented lower biomass accumulation, nutrient content and leaf area than the other treatments (different NO3-/NH4+ ratios and NO3--fed plants), indicating that this N form, when applied solely, was not effective for the proper plant growth. The highest NUE was obtained with NO3--fed plants, which also had the highest production of dry biomass, leaf area, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic activity, and growth of the root system. The use of 15N-nitrate and 15N-ammonium indicated that there was no difference in NUE by plants in the field. In contrast, the NUE of 15N-ammonium was greater than 15N-nitrate during the 1st, 4th and 7th day after fertilizer application (DAFA), under controlled conditions. However, the use of 15N-nitrate had greater NUE in roots and whole plant than 15N-ammonium in the 15th DAFA. It can be concluded that sugarcane can use both N forms although the recovery of NH4+ was faster than NO3-.

Lagriculture et lélevage occupent plus de 80% de la population des zones semi-arides de lAfrique de lOuest. Ces populations en tirent lessentiel de leur alimentation et de leurs revenus. Lun des problèmes de cette agriculture est la pauvreté des sols. Dans les pays comme le Niger où prédominent les agroécosystèmes culture- élevage, le rôle du bétail dans le recyclage de la matière organique et des éléments minéraux azote, phosphore et potassium peut constituer un atout pour laugmentation de la production agricole et animale et assurer une sécurité alimentaire durable. Les bilans et flux de ces matières organiques et éléments minéraux ont été utilisés comme indicateurs détat qui caractérisent la durabilité des systèmes de production. Cette recherche porte sur lévaluation de ces flux et bilans organiques et minéraux aux échelles de l'exploitation agricole et du terroir dans le sud-ouest du Niger et la mise au point d'un indicateur de risque d'épuisement de la fertilité des terres des exploitations. L'étude porte sur trois terroirs agropastoraux de cette région couvrant une superficie de 500 km2 et sur un échantillon de 461 exploitations agropastorales. Les trois terroirs diffèrent essentiellement par leur pression agricole sur les terres, et par l'importance de l'élevage. Dans ces systèmes mixtes culture-élevage, la dualité de l'organisation spatiale qui les caractérise avec une gestion des cultures à l'échelle parcellaire centralisée à l'échelle de l'exploitation agricole et une gestion de l'élevage liée aux ressources pastorales communautaires de tout le terroir, fait que les modèles classiques de gestion sont confrontés à cette intégration d'échelles. Deux modèles ont été donc été utilisés pour lévaluation des flux et bilans partiels de N, P, K à des échelles différentes, celle de lexploitation agricole et celle des occupations de sol à léchelle du terroir. NUTMON, un modèle existant, est utilisé dans la détermination des flux à léchelle de lexploitation et de ses composants. La modélisation spatiale des flux à laide des systèmes dinformation géographique est opérée par articulation de NUTMON avec loutil NUTPAST développé dans cette thèse. Cet outil développé avec les systèmes d'information géographique prend en compte la dynamique spatio-temporelle de la végétation et du cheptel pour lévaluation de lingestion et de lexcrétion animale à léchelle de l'ensemble des occupations au sein d'un terroir. Un indicateur de risque intégré d'épuisement de la fertilité des terres a été conçu par exploitation à partir de variables de viabilité biophysiques relatives à l'utilisation de l'espace communautaire et de variables socio-économiques en lien avec la propriété des terres et du cheptel. Les bilans partiels obtenus à l'échelle du terroir montrent globalement un équilibre entre les flux de gestion agricoles et de l'élevage à l'échelle des terres des exploitations, avec des valeurs de N,P,K moyens respectifs de 0.3 ± 0.6, 1.2 ±0.2, 0.9 ± 0.5 kg/ha.Ce bilan fait ressortir une grande disparité entre les exploitations qui montrent un bilan fortement positif chez les propriétaires de bétail et négatif chez les villageois ayant très peu de bétail. Les indicateurs de risque, basés sur les facteurs de pression sur les terres, les dotations en terres et bétail par habitant, laissent apparaître qu'en dépit d'une faible intensification par la fumure, la pression agricole sur les terres combinée à la faible dotation des exploitations agricoles en bétail est un facteur de risque d'épuisement relatif de la fertilité des sols très élevé à l'échelle des villages. Ce qui peut compromettre la durabilité de l'agriculture dans ces régions. Les problèmes d'utilisation des ressources communautaires au profit des seuls propriétaires de bétail posent le problème en termes de politique foncière dans ces agroécosystèmes. Avec la pression agricole actuelle, un autre mode d'intensification agricole est à rechercher avec une politique foncière d'accès aux ressources équitable.

In dem Bericht werden Maßnahmen vorgestellt, von denen erwartet wird, dass sie den Ertrag stabilisieren und gleichzeitig auch N-Bilanzüberschüsse und -verluste mindern. Die Maßnahmen wurden in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben Sachsens getestet. Als vorteilhaft erwiesen sich insbesondere die biomasseabhängige Rapsdüngung, die Streifenbearbeitung, die Injektionsdüngung und die bestandesabhängige N-Düngung zu Weizen.