The aim of the research was to investigate the solid-state lighting parameters with natural lighting sources in horticulture effect on nutritional quality of baby leaf lettuce. The tasks of the research: 1. To investigate the effects of solid-state lighting on different leaf lettuce varieties nutritional quality in phytotron chambers. 2. To evaluate the impact on combination of blue and green light-emitting diodes with high-pressure sodium lamps lighting, at the stage of technological maturity, on the different varieties of lettuce internal quality in different growing seasons in greenhouses. 3. To evaluate the effect of supplemental 638-LED lighting, supplemental with natural and high pressure sodium lamps in greenhouse on the nutritional quality of lettuce in different growing seasons. 4. To investigate the effect of supplemental 638-LED lighting on the nutritional quality of lettuce lasting effect. / Tyrimų tikslas. Ištirti kietakūnio apšvietimo parametrų ir jo derinių su įprastiniais daržininkystėje šviesos šaltiniais efektus salotų maistinės kokybės valdymui. Tyrimų uždaviniai: 1. Fitotrono kamerose ištirti kietakūnio apšvietimo spektro efektus skirtingų veislių lapinių salotų maistinei kokybei 2. Gamybiniuose šiltnamiuose įvertinti kombinuoto mėlynų, žalių šviesos diodų su aukšto slėgio natrio lempomis apšvietimo, taikomo technologinės brandos tarpsnyje, poveikį skirtingų veislių salotų vidinei kokybei skirtingais auginimo sezonais. 3. Įvertinti trumpalaikį didelio srauto tankio raudonos LED (638 nm) šviesos, papildomos natūraliam ir aukšto slėgio natrio lempų apšvietimui šiltnamyje, poveikį salotų maistinei kokybei skirtingais auginimo sezonais. 4. Ištirti trumpalaikio papildomo raudonų 638 nm LED apšvietimo poveikio salotų maistinei kokybei išliekamąjį efektą.

The objective of the work was to evaluate the chemical composition and production of dry matter and seed in five genotypes of ryegrass subjected to different number of cuts, with emphasis on growing dual purpose. The experimental delineation was adopted in blocks at random, with four repetitions and the treatments were distributed in factorial scheme 5x5 (genotypes x number of cuts). Was used five genotypes: Comum , São Gabriel , Estanzuela 284 , Avance and Titán and five cut number (one, two, up to five cuts). It was observed (P <0.05) significance interaction with genotype x number of cut for all the variables studied. The increase in the number of cuts ordered greater accumulation of total dry matter (leaves and stems), but lower seed production for all genotypes studied. The response of the chemical composition of dry matter varied depending on the genotype and the number of cuts. The increase in the number of cuts promoted lower crude protein content of leaf and stem for all genotypes studied. The highest level of neutral detergent fiber of stem genotype was found in São Gabriel and Comum . The genotypes showed quadratic answer to the contents of neutral detergent fiber of leaves, and the lowest level was observed when there were up to three cuts. Aiming the dual-purpose, you must choose from two to three cuts, given a good production of dry matter to animals but also promoting a seed production satisfactory. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a composição bromatológica e produção de matéria seca e de sementes em cinco genótipos de azevém submetidos em diferentes número de cortes, com ênfase no cultivo duplo propósito. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5x5 (genótipos x número de cortes). Foram utilizados cinco genótipos (Comum, Estanzuela 284, Avance, Titán e São Gabriel) e o número de cortes variou de um até cinco. Foi observada significância (P<0,05) à interação genótipos x número de corte para todas as variáveis analisadas. O aumento do número de cortes determinou maior acúmulo de matéria seca total (folha e colmo), porém menor produção de sementes para todos genótipos estudados. A resposta da composição bromatológica da matéria seca variou conforme o genótipo e o número de cortes. O aumento do número de cortes promoveu menor teor de proteína bruta de folha e colmo para todos os genótipos. O maior teor de fibra detergente neutro de colmo foi verificada nos genótipos São Gabriel e Comum. Os genótipos apresentaram resposta quadrática quanto ao teor de fibra em detergente neutro de folhas, sendo que o menor teor foi observado quando se realizaram até três cortes. Visando o duplo-propósito, deve-se escolher de dois até três cortes, atendendo uma boa produção de matéria seca para os animais, mas também promovendo uma produção de sementes satisfatória.

Um dos motivos do baixo desempenho dos animais está em falhas durante o processo de colostragem, pois ele pode apresentar baixa qualidade nutricional e microbiológica. Após esta fase inicial de vida, o desempenho das bezerras sofre influência direta do manipulador. Na intenção de identificar pontos falhos no processo de criação de bezerras, objetivou-se caracterizar o manejo destes animais, através do levantamento das principais práticas zootécnicas adotadas, avaliar a composição nutricional e microbiológica do colostro fornecido aos recém nascidos e as características do tratador de bezerras. Para caracterizar os sistema de criação de bezerras realizou-se uma entrevista com 179 produtores e/ou técnicos, abordando questões relacionadas a criação de bezerras, desde o manejo da vaca seca até o desaleitamento. Para caracterizar o colostro, foram colhidas 66 amostras, diretamente da ordenha de vacas recém-paridas ou do banco de colostro, com as quais realizaram-se análises bromatológicas e microbiológicas. A avaliação da atitude dos tratadores de bezerras foi realizada através de uma entrevista com 100 tratadores, a qual permitiu colher dados de auto-relatos do responsável pela criação de bezerras. A entrevista foi conduzida com base em questionário semi-estruturado, aplicado por um único entrevistador e direcionado ao tratador de bezerras. Os itens de atitude foram medidos e classificados de acordo com a resposta do entrevistado em uma escala de cinco pontos (Escala de Likert). Através do levantamento foi possível identificar pontos de melhoria na criação de bezerras, principalmente com as vacas pré-parto e acompanhamento dos partos, além de um melhor cuidado com o processo de colostragem desde a identificação da qualidade do colostro até o momento correto de oferecer o alimento ao recém-nascido. Práticas de manejo direcionadas a obtenção de colostro de boa qualidade devem ser priorizadas, além de cuidados com a higienização da colheita e armazenamento do mesmo, pois apenas 22,6% das amostras de colostro atendem a recomendação de qualidade nutricional e microbiológica. Assim, grande parte dos bezerros nesta população estudada está propensa a apresentar falhas na transferência de imunidade passiva e exposta a patógenos quando alimentados com colostro materno. Para algumas variáveis o tratador tem uma atitude positiva, porém na prática o comportamento realizado nem sempre é o mesmo. É possível que os tratadores de bezerras tenham componentes afetivos e cognitivos positivos, ou seja, já tiveram experiência anterior de sucesso com as práticas ou ainda, conhecem a importância técnica das principais ações na criação. Porém, o componente comportamental sobressai sobre algumas ações, levando-os a uma divergência entre a atitude e o comportamento. Programas voltados para educação, treinamento e fortalecimento do comprometimento dos colaboradores é um caminho interessante na tentativa de reduzir as falhas na criação de bezerras. / One cause of the low dairy calves performance is related to failures during colostrum feeding process, because it may have low nutritional and microbiological quality. After this initial period of life, the dairy calves performance is under direct influence of the handler. In an attempt to identify weak points in the dairy calves raising systems the study aimed to characterize the dairy calves management, through a survey of the main husbandry adopted practices, assess the nutritional and microbiological composition of colostrum and the calves handler attitude. To characterize the dairy calves raising system an interview with 179 producers and / or field technicians, addressing issues related to creation of calves from the dry cow management until weaning, was held. To characterize colostrum quality, 66 samples were collected directly from recently calved cows or colostrum bank, for chemical and microbiological analyzes. The evaluation of the attitude of calves handlers was conducted by interviewing 100 handlers, which allowed the collection of self-reported data. The interview was conducted based on a semi-structured questionnaire applied by a single interviewer and directed to calves handler. The items of attitude were measured and ranked according to the handler\'s response on a five point scale (Likert scale). Through the survey it was possible to identify areas for improvement in the dairy calves system of production, especially with pre-partum cows and monitoring of deliveries, and better care with the colostrum feeding process as to identifying the quality of colostrum to the correct feeding time for the newborn. Management practices aimed to obtain good quality colostrum must be priorities besides, care with sanitation during the harvest and storage of the same, since only 22.6% of colostrum samples meet the recommendation of nutritional and microbiological quality. Thus, most of the calves in the studied population are likely to present failures in the transfer of passive immunity and exposed to pathogens when fed colostrum. For some variables the handler has a positive attitude, but in practice the behavior performed is not always the same. It is possible that the calves handlers have positive affective and cognitive components, in other words, have had previous experience of successful practices or even know the technical importance of the main practices in dairy calves raising. However, the behavioral component stands on some actions, leading them to a divergence between the attitude and behavior. Programs for education, training and commitment of employees are an interesting way to reduce the low performance of dairy calves.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_solange_silveira.pdf: 808115 bytes, checksum: cba0a524ac921c75e9216b85b9e30bb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-27 / With a good chemical composition of grains, oats are appropriate for human and animal consumption, as an alternative to supplie the demand for functional foods. In this context breeding programs of oats need to understand the dynamics of the characters related to chemical quality of the grain in order to provide the consumers, cultivars with high nutritional quality, adequate for the purpose intended. This study aimed to increase knowledge about the chemical components of oat grains, seeking to evaluate the correlation between these characters and to characterize the cultivars. Experiments were conducted with two segregating populations at the in the experimental field of the Plant Genomics and Breeding Center (FAEM / UFPel) located in the municipality of Capão do Leão/RS and cultivars grown in Capão do Leão and Passo Fundo/RS. One of the populations was generated from crosses between the IAC 7 x UFRGS 19 and the other population was generated from crosses between UPF 15 and ALBASUL. The cultivars adopted in this study were: FAPA Louise, URS FAPA Slava, URS Taura, URS Torena, URS 21, Barbarasul, URS 22, URS Charrua, URS Guapa, Brisasul, FAEM 4 - Carlasul, FAEM 5 - Chiarasul, FAEM 6 - Dilmasul , UPFA Gaudéria and URS Guria. Chemical analyzes were done by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The characters evaluated were the contents of proteins, lipids, total dietary fiber, insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, β-glucans, and carbohydrate. We conducted descriptive analyzes, we sought by associations between traits and we characterized the cultivar s chemical composition of the grains. The populations studied behaved differently in the average performance of the characters, but both populations had transgressive segregants individuals and they showed that the characters content of lipid and of β-glucans have the greatest loss of vigor. Correlation studies revealed that the characters content of lipid and content of total fiber, content of lipid and carbohydrate, protein and content of insoluble fiber, content of total fiber and content of insoluble fiber, carbohydrate and protein, carbohydrate and content of total fiber and carbohydrates and content of insoluble fiber were associated in different genetic constitutions and in different cultivars. The content of carbohydrate is the caracter that showed the most significant and negative correlations with other characters. For feeding animals include The cultivars Barbarasul and Louise FAPA are suitable to feed animals because they have high content of lipids. Cultivars Brisasul and UPFA Gaudéria were superior to the contents of β-glucans and the cultivars URS 22 and URS 21 had more contents of proteins in oats. These cultivars can be explored in relation to the components for the consumption and or compose hybridization blocks that aim to obtain a genetic constitution with high levels of β-glucans and proteins simultaneously. / Com uma adequada constituição química dos grãos, a aveia branca é apropriada para consumo humano e animal, sendo uma alternativa para atender a demanda por alimentos funcionais. Neste contexto programas de melhoramento dessa espécie precisam compreender a dinâmica dos caracteres relacionados a qualidade química dos grãos afim de disponibilizar ao mercado, cultivares com elevada qualidade nutricional, adequadas ao fim a que se destinam. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento a cerca dos componentes químicos de grãos de aveia, buscando avaliar a correlação existente entre esses caracteres e caracterizando cultivares que já estão disponíveis no mercado. Experimentos foram conduzidos com duas populações segregantes, no campo experimental do Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento (FAEM/UFPel), situado no município do Capão do Leão/RS e com cultivares, cultivadas nos municípios de Capão do Leão e em Passo Fundo/RS. Uma das populações foi gerada do cruzamento entre as cultivares IAC 7 x UFRGS 19 e a outra teve como genitores as cultivares Albasul e UPF 15. As cultivares adotadas no estudo foram: FAPA Louise, URS FAPA Slava, URS Taura,URS Torena, URS 21, Barbarasul, URS 22, URS Charrua, URS Guapa, Brisasul, FAEM 4 Carlasul, FAEM 5 Chiarasul, FAEM 6 Dilmasul, UPFA Gaudéria e URS Guria. Para as análises químicas os grãos inteiros foram descascados e avaliados por espectrofotometria do infravermelho próximo (NIRS). Procederam-se análises descritivas, busca por associações entre caracteres e caracterização de cultivares quanto a constituição química dos grãos. Os caracteres avaliados foram o conteúdo de proteínas, lipídeos, fibras alimentares totais, fibras insolúveis, fibras solúveis, β-glucanas, e carboidrato. As populações estudadas comportaram-se diferentemente quanto ao desempenho médio dos caracteres avaliados, mas ambas apresentaram indivíduos segregantes transgressivos e revelaram que os caracteres conteúdo lipídico e conteúdo de β- glucanas apresentam a maior perda de vigor, na geração F2 que os demais caracteres. O estudo de correlações revelou que os caracteres lipídeo e fibras totais, lipídeo e carboidrato, proteínas e fibras insolúveis, fibras totais e fibras insolúveis, carboidrato e proteína, carboidrato e fibras totais e carboidratos e fibras insolúveis se mantém associados em diferentes constituições genéticas e em diferentes locais de cultivo. O conteúdo de carboidrato é a variável que mantém correlações significativas e negativas com os demais caracteres. Para a alimentação animal destacam-se as cultivares Barbarasul e FAPA Louise devido ao alto conteúdo de lipídeos. As cultivares Brisasul e UPFA Gaudéria apresentam conteúdos superiores quanto ao conteúdo de β-glucanas e as cultivares URS 21 e URS 22 destacam-se pelo acúmulo de proteínas nos grãos de aveia. Essas cultivares podem ser exploradas quanto aos componentes em que se destacam e ou compor blocos de cruzamento visando obter constituição genética com altos teores de proteínas e β-glucanas simultaneamente.

Background: Child overweight and obesity are increasing public health problems and food habitsamong children are concerning. Healthy family food habits and basic parental nutrition and cooking skills are important for ensuring children receive an adequate diet. Objective: To explore the nutritional quality of 5-10-year-old Swedish children’s diets and associations with parental self-perceived cooking skills, awareness of nutrition guidelines, family cooking practices and demographic variables. Methods: A cross sectional online survey was responded by 72 parents. Nutritional quality was measured using The National Board of Health and Wellness’ Dietary Index. The survey also measured parental self-perceived cooking skills, awareness of nutrition guidelines, family cooking practices and demographic variables. Associations were tested with independent t-tests and Spearman rank correlations. Results: Mean Dietary Index score was 8.11, which indicates an unsatisfactory adherence to Nutrition Guidelines. Children’s food habits in this sample were better than in the national survey Riksmaten barn 2003, but intake levels of fruit, vegetables and fish was still below recommendations. Associations were found between children’s Dietary Index scores and parental cooking skills, nutritional awareness and frequency of child participating in cooking. No associations with demographic variables were found. Conclusions: Children’s diets are not in line with recommendations for 46 % of the participants, but appears to have improved since the latest national survey. Parental cooking skills, nutritional awareness and children participating in cooking more often was associated with better nutritional quality in children.The small sample size, participant heterogeneity and the recruitment method limits the generalizability of the results.

Marama bean (Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A. Schreib) is an underutilised, drought- tolerant legume native to the semi-arid areas of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. The edible seeds of marama beans are good sources of protein and fat, and its flours can potentially enhance the nutritional quality of sorghum porridge, a staple in many African countries. Sorghum has a low protein content and is deficient in lysine. Compositing sorghum with lysine-rich marama flour when preparing porridges would address this problem. Utilisation of marama flour in composite porridge depends on sensory acceptance. In this study nutritional and sensory quality of marama-sorghum composite flours and porridges are investigated. Full fat and defatted flours from unheated and dry heated (150 °C /20 min) marama beans were composited with condensed tannin-free sorghum meal (30:70). Marama flours, sorghum meal, marama-sorghum composite flours and porridges were analysed for proximate composition, amino acid composition, energy value, fatty acid composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Porridges (10% solids) were subjected to descriptive sensory analysis, consumer acceptance test (n=52), texture analysis, pasting profiles and colour measurements. Sorghum porridge and porridge composite with full fat marama flour from heated beans were more acceptable than other composite porridges. Compositing sorghum meal with marama flour reduced the cooked sorghum aroma/flavour intensities prominent in sorghum porridge. Dry heating marama beans prior to milling resulted in a roasted nutty flavour in the final product. Porridges from heated marama beans were darker in colour than porridges from unheated beans. This could be attributed to flavour and colour development due to Maillard reaction during dry heating. Composite porridges from full fat marama flours were described as buttery/creamy. A bitter taste and aftertaste was perceived in porridges from defatted flours. Presence of fat seems to mask bitterness in porridges. Marama-sorghum composites and Tsabotlhe porridges were less viscous than sorghum porridge. This was confirmed by pasting profiles (low final viscosities) and texture analysis indicating reduced firmness. Starch contributes greatly to the textural properties of sorghum porridge. Marama flour has no starch. Compositing the flour with sorghum reduced starch levels in the composite porridges. This explains the reduction in viscosity and firmness of the porridges. Compositing sorghum meal with marama flours significantly increased protein and fat contents in flours and porridges. The fat content in marama-sorghum flours was in the range of 5.6 to 14.6%. Protein increase ranged from 61% to 96% in marama-sorghum composite porridges compared with sorghum porridge. There was 11-24% energy value increase in marama-sorghum composite porridges compared with sorghum porridge. Porridges composited with full fat flours contributed to higher energy values than those composited with defatted flours. This is because of fat energy contribution. Lysine content in marama flour was significantly higher than sorghum meal. Lysine content was 3 to 4 times higher in marama-sorghum porridges than in sorghum porridge. Unsaturated fatty acids were the most present in both marama-sorghum composite porridges and sorghum porridge. There was an increase in oleic acid as marama flour was composited with sorghum. Marama flours had higher levels of total phenolics than sorghum flour. Marama flour has high levels of tyrosine which could react with the Folin Ciocalteu reagent thus leading to an increase in measurable phenols. Marama flours from dry heated beans had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity than flours from unheated beans. Heating may have increased phenolic compound extractability due to release of bound phenolics. There was a positive correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (r = 0.80, p < 0.05) in all samples. Findings from this study indicate that marama flour can potentially be used to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum porridges. Furthermore this study shows that use of full fat flour in marama-sorghum composite porridges give more acceptable sensory properties. / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Food Science / unrestricted

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop that provides over 20% of the global calorie intake. With the world population constantly growing, yield production must increase to meet food demands. Wheat plays a significant role on nutritional and food security especially in rural areas, however, bread wheat grains are known to be inherently deficient in micronutrients, particularly Fe and Zn, which makes them important biofortification targets. To date, South African wheat genotypes have not been explored for their nutritional micronutrient variation; hence there is a need to investigate the variation of nutritional quality and its association with yield components. Bread wheat cultivars, TugelaDN and Elands were used in this study based on their known high yield potential, resistance to insect pests and diseases as well as their good-to-excellent bread-making quality. The goal of this study was to use a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population, developed from a cross between cultivars Tugela-DN and Elands, to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-based markers linked to high nutritional quality and yield-related traits. This was achieved by (i) determining grain micronutrient (Fe and Zn) concentration variation in 139 lines of a DH mapping population; (ii) evaluating the mapping population for yield-related traits; (iii) determining the correlation between micronutrient and yield-related traits among the genotypes; (iv) identifying SNP GBS-based markers linked to the high minerals and yield-related traits. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant (P<0.001) differences between genotypes for all traits evaluated. A wide variation was observed for both GFeC and GZnC. The statistical analysis revealed significant variation for Zn concentration (P < 0.001) among genotypes and not significant Fe concentration. DArT-Seq was used to genotype Tugela-DN and Elands cultivars and 139 DH genotypes. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected using SNP GBS-based markers on chromosome 2D, 5B, 5D, 6A, and 6B for GZnC, and on chromosome 2D, 5B, 5D and 7D for GFeC. Most QTLs identified for GFeC and GZnC shared the genomic interval and some of them also co-located with few yield-related traits. The results of this study will contribute to breeding programmes to improve nutritional quality of bread wheat and food security of the country. / Life and Consumer Sciences

La santé et l'environnement sont, avec l'économie et le social, deux piliers de l'alimentation durable dont la convergence est discutée. On peut les estimer respectivement à travers la qualité nutritionnelle et l'impact carbone. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, nous proposons d'appréhender la problématique de la convergence nutrition-environnement en adoptant deux approches différentes. Tout d'abord, nous avons estimé la conséquence, sur l'impact carbone de l'alimentation, d'une modification de choix alimentaires individuels. Puis, en classant les individus en fonction de la qualité nutritionnelle de leur alimentation, nous avons estimé si l'impact carbone était différent en fonction de cette qualité nutritionnelle. Premièrement, nous avons montré que la modification des choix alimentaires ne peut s'avérer être une stratégie de réduction majeure de l'impact carbone associé à l'alimentation. Deuxièmement, le niveau d'impact carbone ne diffère que très peu en fonction de la qualité nutritionnelle de l'alimentation. Une bonne qualité nutritionnelle semble même associée à un plus fort impact carbone. Les résultats conduisent à remettre en question l'idée communément relevée dans la littérature qu'il existerait une convergence "naturelle" dans le domaine de l'alimentation entre la promotion de la santé publique et la protection de l'environnement. Notre approche est originale, car nous avons pris en compte la variabilité de l'alimentation réelle des individus, et que nous avons estimé avec précision la qualité nutritionnelle de leur alimentation. Cette thématique constitue un vaste champ de recherches qu'il convient de défricher de façon urgente. / Health and environment are, with economy and social concerns, two pillars of food sustainability whose compatibility is discussed. They can be estimated through nutritional quality and carbon footprint respectively. In this thesis, we propose to analyze the convergence between nutrition and environment by adopting two different approaches. First, we have estimated the effect of modifying individual food choices on diet-related carbon footprint. Second, by classifying the individuals based on the nutritional quality of their diet, we compared the diet-related carbon footprint among the classes of individuals. First, we have shown that changes in food choices may not be an efficient strategy for reducing the diet-related carbon footprint. Second, the level of carbon footprint did not differ much according to the nutritional quality of diets. A high quality diet even seems associated with a higher carbon footprint.The results lead to question the idea commonly found in the food and nutrition literature that there is a “natural” convergence between promotion of public health and environmental protection. Our approach is original because we have taken into account the variability of realistic individual food consumptions and we estimated the nutritional quality of diets with precision. This topic is a vast field of researches which has to be explored urgently.

Atualmente, o beijupirá é a espécie nativa que reúne o maior número de características em comum com outras espécies aquáticas cultivadas comercialmente, sendo assim, indicada para ser a espécie pioneira na piscicultura marinha brasileira. No entanto, sua criação é incipiente. Neste trabalho, foram realizados dois estudos pontuais: um para monitorar a criação de beijupirás em gaiolas, sistema offshore, no litoral de Pernambuco; e outro para monitorar a criação de beijupirás em tanques-redes, sistema nearshore, no litoral de São Paulo. O objetivo foi aferir parâmetros ambientais de qualidade da água de criação, físico-químicos e microbiológicos do beijupirá, que possam ser utilizados na elaboração de um sistema modelo de rastreabilidade da cadeia produtiva dessa espécie. Em ambos os estudos foram realizadas quatro coletas em diferentes meses do ano, com o intuito de se avaliar as possíveis correlações existentes entre os parâmetros ambientais - índice pluviométrico e temperatura do ar - e os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados na água de criação - oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, demanda química de oxigênio, salinidade, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fosfato, carbono orgânico total, turbidez, transparência, CO2, pH, clorofila a e contagem microbiológica - e nos peixes - biometria, rendimento, composição centesimal, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, pH, bases voláteis totais e contagem microbiológica. Verificou-se que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos avaliados na água de criação, estavam em conformidade com a legislação brasileira vigente ou dentro dos limites sugeridos pela literatura para criação dessa espécie. Todavia, esses parâmetros apresentaram variação nos diferentes meses de coleta, principalmente no estudo realizado no sistema nearshore, o que dificulta afirmar as possíveis interferências desses parâmetros na qualidade e desempenho dos animais. Os peixes amostrados apresentaram baixo desenvolvimento zootécnico, se comparado ao peso total final previsto na literatura para essa espécie. No entanto, o rendimento em filé apresentou-se satisfatório, principalmente no sistema nearshore, aproximadamente 40%. Todas as amostras de filés de beijupirás avaliadas apresentaram conformidade microbiológica, frescor e qualidade nutricional, principalmente no que se refere à composição dos seus aminoácidos e ácidos graxos, com destaque para presença de lisina e ácidos graxos Eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e Docosahexaenoico (DHA), sendo, estas informações úteis para efeitos de marketing na divulgação e estimulo do consumo dessa espécie. O mesmo foi observado para o resíduo gerado após o processamento dos filés, o que sugere a possibilidade de elaboração de coprodutos com qualidade nutricional, tornando a cadeia produtiva dessa espécie mais rentável e sustentável. Os alimentos fornecidos aos animais, não eram adequados para satisfazer as exigências nutricionais dos mesmos, sendo a falta no mercado de rações elaboradas com formulações específicas um entrave para o sucesso dessa atividade. Conclui-se que os parâmetros, temperatura da água de criação; rendimento em filé, destreza do filetador; quantidade e tipo de resíduo gerado na filetagem; frescor e qualidade microbiológica dos filés; assim como, composição centesimal dos filés, resíduos e alimento fornecido aos animais, especificamente composição em aminoácidos e ácidos graxos, devam ser monitorados no sistema de rastreabilidade. Quando implementado, o sistema de rastreabilidade permitirá uma tomada de decisão mais consciente a respeito das condições de criação ideais do beijupirá, no intuito de dispor respostas práticas e aplicadas ao setor produtivo quanto ao atendimento às exigências da legislação, do mercado e do consumidor final / Currently, cobia is the native species with the largest number of characteristics in common with other aquatic species commercially farmed; therefore, it is indicated as the pioneer species in Brazilian marine fish farming. However, its rearing is incipient. In this work, there were two specific studies: one to monitor cobia rearing in cages offshore on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil; and another to monitor cobia rearing in nearshore cages on the coast of São Paulo State. The objective was to measure farm water quality, physico- chemical and microbiological parameters of cobia that can be used in the preparation of a model system traceability of the production chain of this species. In both studies, four collections were performed in different months of the year to evaluate possible correlations between environmental parameters, such as rainfall and environment air temperature, and the quality parameters evaluated in the water rearing, such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, salinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, total organic carbon, turbidity, transparency, CO2, pH, chlorophyll a and microbiological contamination, as well as fish, such as biometrics, yield, proximate composition, profile of fatty acids and amino acids, pH, totals volatile bases and microbiological contamination. Most of the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters evaluated in the rearing water were in line with the current Brazilian law or within the threshold suggested in the literature for rearing this kind of species. However, these parameters showed great variation for different months of collection, especially in the study conducted in a nearshore system, making it difficult to state the possible interference of these parameters on the quality and performance of the animals. The sampled fish had low livestock development, compared to growth rates reported in the literature for this species. However, fillet yield was satisfactory, especially in the nearshore system, close to 40%. All samples of cobia fillets showed microbiological compliance, freshness and nutritional quality, especially in terms of composition of its amino acids and fatty acids, mainly in the presence of lysine and fatty acids, respectively, Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This information can be used as an excellent marketing tool to disseminate and stimulate consumption of this species. The same was observed for the waste generated after processing the fillets, suggesting the possibility of developing by-products with nutritional quality, making the supply chain of cobia more sustainable and profitable. The feed provided to the animals was not adequate to meet their nutritional requirements, and the short supply of prepared feed with specific formulations is an obstacle to the success of this activity. We conclude that the parameters of water temperature, fillet yield, skill of take fillet, amount and type of waste generated in filleting, freshness and microbiological quality of steaks, as well as chemical composition of fillet, waste and feeding for the animals, mainly amino acid composition and fatty acids, should be monitored in the traceability system. When implemented, the traceability system regarding the decision-making process for the ideal conditions of cobia production, providing practical answers, and it can be applied to the productive sector as a way to comply with requirements of legislation, market and consumers

A decomposição de serapilheira é um processo fundamental para a ciclagem de nutrientes e a manutenção da fertilidade dos solos em florestas tropicais. Além disso, contribui com os fluxos de carbono para a atmosfera, sendo constantemente discutida no âmbito das mudanças climáticas globais. Dentre os fatores que influenciam na sua dinâmica, o local de origem das espécies vegetais, a qualidade nutricional da serapilheira e a comunidade decompositora do solo tem recebido destaque. Interações entre plantas e decompositores que resultam em uma maior decomposição no local de origem das espécies vegetais em relação a um local externo são denominadas \"home field advantage\" (HFA). O presente estudo teve como objetivos investigar a ocorrência do HFA, bem como a influência das interações entre o local de origem das espécies vegetais, os decompositores do solo e a qualidade nutricional do material vegetal na decomposição de serapilheira em áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica de terras baixas e montana localizadas no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Para isso foi realizado um experimento de decomposição com permuta de material foliar entre as florestas de terras baixas e montana com duração de 250 dias, utilizando folhas senescentes da espécie Rustia formosa, proveniente da floresta de terras baixas, e Licania hoehnei, proveniente da floresta montana, e litter bags com diferentes aberturas de malha para controlar a inclusão exclusão da meso e macro fauna do solo. Também foram quantificadas as concentrações de nutrientes, compostos orgânicos e composição isotópica para determinação da qualidade inicial das serapilheiras e sua dinâmica durante a decomposição. As diferenças na qualidade inicial das espécies não causou diferenciação entre as suas taxas de decomposição. As taxas de decomposição foram semelhantes entre espécies e ambientes, não sendo verificada maior velocidade de decomposição associada com a interação entre as espécies e seus ambientes de origem, o que indica ausência de HFA. Além disso, não foi verificado efeito positivo da fauna do solo na decomposição. A dinâmica química dos detritos foliares evidenciou a imobilização de nitrogênio e acúmulo de lignina ao longo da decomposição, o que indica limitação na atividade microbiana por nitrogênio e baixa qualidade da serapilheira de Rustia formosa e Licania hoehnei. As variações nas concentrações de carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo influenciaram a dinâmica da decomposição ao longo do tempo. Esse estudo contribui para compreensão de como fatores importantes na decomposição interagem em ecossistemas tropicais, e aponta a importância da qualidade da serapilheira e disponibilidade de nutrientes no ambiente como direcionadores da decomposição. / Litter decomposition is a key process for nutrient cycling and maintenance of soil fertility in tropical forests, contributing to carbon fluxes to the atmosphere and being constantly discussed in the global climate change scenario. Among the main factors that control decomposition, the place of origin of species, litter quality and soil community are currently with great attention. Interactions between plants and decomposers that lead to a fast decomposition in the place of origin of species related to other sites and species are called home field advantage (HFA). The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of HFA, as well the influence of interactions between place of origin, soil decomposers and litter quality on the litter decomposition in areas of lowland and montane Atlantic forest located in the north coast of Sao Paulo state. For this it was performed an decomposition experiment with transplant of litter of Rustia Formosa, from lowland forest, and Licania hoehnei, from montane forest, between the two forests, with duration of 250 days, using litter bags with different mesh sizes to allow and exclude the access of meso and macro soil fauna. It was also quantified nutrient and organic compounds concentration to determine the initial litter quality and its dynamics during decomposition. The differences in initial litter quality between species did not cause differentiation in the decomposition rate. The decomposition rates were similar between species and ambient, with no faster decomposition associated with the interaction between species and its local places of origin, which indicates lack of HFA. Besides that, there was no positive effect of soil fauna on the decomposition. The chemical dynamics of litter pointed out nitrogen immobilization and lignin accumulation during decomposition, which indicates microbial limitation by nitrogen and low litter quality of Rustia Formosa and Licania hoehnei. The variations in carbon, nitrogen and lignin concentration influenced the dynamics of decomposition during the time. This study contributed to the comprehension of how important factors of decomposition can interact in tropical ecosystems, and pointed the importance of litter quality and nutrient availability of the ambient as drivers of decomposition.