Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Moretti Franco da Cruz.pdf: 718638 bytes, checksum: 6bd4d60cf883f5199da2c0a13bfe1263 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of drying temperature and storage time on the physical, chemical and sensory quality of dried tomatoes. The drying temperature of the tomato 'Dominador' were: 55 ºC, 65 ºC, 75 ºC and 85 ºC. The storage under refrigeration at 5 º C ± 2 ºC was carried out only with sun-dried tomatoes at a temperature of 75 °C, measured on day 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90. In both tests, we used a completely randomized design with five replicates and the results, analysis of variance. The mean comparison test of Tukey (p <0.05) and regression analysis were applied to the results of drying and storage, respectively. The drying temperature had an effect on the physical, chemical, and sensory quality of the tomato, where the increase in drying temperature provided acidity and decrease in the levels of ascorbic acid and beta-carotene and increase in the levels of total phenolics and lycopene. There was increased red color and darkening in the sun dried tomatoes with increasing drying temperature. According to sensory analysis, among the tested temperatures in drying tomatoes presented the best results at 75 °C. Throughout the storage process th ere was a loss in content of ascorbic acid, total phenolics, lycopene and beta carotene. As for the analysis of color, darkening of the sun dried tomatoes occurred, regardless of the position of tomatoes assessed. Losses occurred during storage of nutritional quality of dried tomato, in this case, which did not include any type of preservative, the product should be consumed as soon as possible / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito da temperatura de secagem e do tempo de armazenagem sobre a qualidade física, química e sensorial do tomate seco. As temperaturas de secagem avaliadas do tomate Dominador foram: 55 ºC, 65 ºC, 75 ºC e 85 ºC. A armazenagem ocorreu sob refrigeração a 5 ºC ± 2 ºC, foi realizada apenas com tomates secos à temperatura de 75 ºC, e avaliada após 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias. Em ambos os testes foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco repetições e, aos resultados, aplicada a Análise de Variância. O teste de comparação de médias de Tukey (p<0,05) e a análise de regressão foram aplicados aos resultados de secagem e de armazenagem, respectivamente. A temperatura de secagem exerceu efeito sobre a qualidade física, química e sensorial tomate, quando o aumento da temperatura de secagem proporcionou decréscimos na acidez titulável e nos teores de ácido ascórbico e de Betacaroteno, além de causar acréscimos nos teores de compostos fenólicos totais e Licopeno. Com o aumento da temperatura de secagem, houve intensificação da cor vermelha e do escurecimento do tomate seco. De acordo com a análise sensorial, dentre as temperaturas testadas na secagem do tomate, a temperatura de 75 ºC foi a que apresentou os melhores resultados. Ao longo da armazenagem, houve perda nos conteúdos de ácido ascórbico, de fenólicos totais, de Betacaroteno e de Licopeno. Quanto à analise de cor, ocorreu um escurecimento do tomate seco, independente da posição avaliada. Durante a armazenagem do tomate seco ocorreram perdas de qualidade nutricional. Para esse caso, em que não foi utilizado nenhum tipo de conservante, o produto deveria ser consumido o mais rapidamente possível

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-24T23:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus_Cardoso_2017.pdf: 549459 bytes, checksum: f60409f88a44c080d82c1855d7e3ff9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T23:07:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus_Cardoso_2017.pdf: 549459 bytes, checksum: f60409f88a44c080d82c1855d7e3ff9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical, energy, and macro and micromineral composition of six fish meal from Nile tilapia processing waste of the different origins, as well as the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of their nutrients, Energy and available phosphorus (PD) by juveniles of Nile tilapia. Six companies that manufacture fish meal from Nile tilapia processing residues were selected, four located in the Northwest region of São Paulo and two in the West of Paraná. Was analyzed centesimal composition of: dry matter (DM); Crude protein (CP); Gross energy (GE); Ethereal extract (EE); Crude fiber (CF) and; Mineral matter (MM); of macrominerals: phosphorus (P); Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg); and microminerals: iron (Fe); Zinc (Zn); Copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) of the flours. For the apparent digestibility trial, 196 tilapias weighing 76 ± 14g were distributed in a randomized block design in 14 conical cylindrical tanks with a useful volume of 500 L of water with a coupled feces collector system. The indirect method of fecal collection using 0.1% chromium oxide III (Cr2O3) as an inert marker was followed. The treatments consisted of a reference diet and six tests composed of 70% of the reference diet and 30% of the tilapia meal of different origins. The values of the nutrients and the energy of the tilapia meal showed variations: DM between 94.44% and 97.76%; CP from 54.73% to 60.41%; GE between 4368 and 4755 kcal. Kg-1; EE between 9.27% and 15.48%; CF from 4.22% to 6.22% e; MM between 22.23% and 27.19%. The content of macro and microminerals presented variations: for P between 4.17% and 4.66%; Ca between 7.17% and 9.78%; Mg between 0.112 to 0.193 mg. kg-1; Fe ratio of 173.18 to 830.45 mg. kg-1; Zn from 17.97 to 55.01 mg. kg-1; Cu between 2.82 and 9.90 mg. kg-1 and Mn between 12.08 and 26.75 mg. kg-1. Significant differences (P <0.05) were observed for ADCMS, which presented values ranging from 58.37% to 74.43% and ADCCP values ranging from 88.37% to 92.89%. No differences were observed for ADCGE, which presented a mean of 84.67%, ADCEE of 84.92% and PD of 25.99%.The fishmeal from of the the Nile tilapia processing waste of the different industries showed variations in their nutritional values, however, no differences were observed in their biological values that would compromise their use in tilapia diets. / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as composições bromatológicas, da energia e, de macro e microminerais de seis farinhas de resíduos do processamento da tilápia do Nilo de diferentes origens, bem como a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de seus nutrientes, da energia e do fósforo disponível (PD) por juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Seis indústrias de farinha de resíduos do processamento da tilápia do Nilo foram selecionadas, quatro localizadas na região Noroeste de São Paulo e duas do Oeste do Paraná. Analisou-se a composição bromatológica de: matéria seca (MS); proteína bruta (PB); energia bruta (EB); extrato etéreo (EE); fibra bruta (FB) e; matéria mineral (MM); de macrominerais: fósforo (P); cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg); e microminerais: ferro (Fe); zinco (Zn); cobre (Cu) e manganês (Mn) das farinhas. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade aparente, foram utilizadas 196 tilápias com peso de 76 ± 14g distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em 14 tanques cilíndricos cônicos com volume útil de 500 L de água com sistema coletor de fezes acoplado. Seguiu-se o método indireto de coleta de fezes utilizando 0,1% de óxido de crômio III (Cr2O3) como marcador inerte. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta referência e, seis testes compostas por 70% da dieta referência e 30% das farinhas de tilápia de diferentes origens. Os valores dos nutrientes e da energia das farinhas apresentaram variações: MS entre 94,44% a 97,76%; PB entre 54,73% a 60,41%; EB entre 4368 a 4755 kcal. kg-1; EE entre 9,27% a 15,48%; FB entre 4,22% a 6,22% e; MM entre 22,23% a 27,19%. O conteúdo de macro e microminerais apresentou variações: para o P entre 4,17% a 4,66%; Ca entre 7,17% a 9,78%; Mg entre 0,112 a 0,193 mg. kg-1; Fe entre 173,18 a 830,45 mg. kg-1; Zn entre 17,97 a 55,01 mg. kg-1; Cu entre 2,82 a 9,90 mg. kg-1 e Mn entre 12,08 a 26,75 mg. kg-1. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para CDAMS que apresentou valores entre 58,37% a 74,43 % e CDAPB com valores entre 88,37% a 92,89%. Não foram observadas diferenças para CDAEB que apresentou média de 84,67%, CDAEE de 84,92% e PD de 25,99%). As farinhas de resíduos do processamento da tilápia do Nilo das diferentes indústrias apresentaram variações em suas contribuições nutricionais, porém, não foram observadas diferenças em seus valores biológicos que venham comprometer a utilização em dietas para tilápias.

Public awareness of declining pollinator populations has increased interest in creating “bee–friendly” urban landscapes. I quantified bee visitation and assemblages of 72 species of flowering woody plants common in urban landscapes. I found strong plant species effects and variation in seasonal activity of particular bee taxa but no overall differences in bee visitation or genus diversity between native versus nonnative species or trees versus shrubs. Analysis of pollen from a subset of these plants revealed small but statistically significant differences in total and essential amino acids between native and nonnative species and trees and shrubs, although each group had species with high quality pollen. Uptake and dissipation of soil–applied imidacloprid and dinotefuran was measured in nectar and leaves of two woody plant species, Ilex × attenuata and Clethra alnifolia to assess concentrations to which pollinators might be exposed in landscape settings. Three application timings were evaluated. Residues in nectar and tissue were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS in two successive years. Residues in nectar following autumn or spring applications exceed concentrations shown to adversely affect individual and colony–level traits of bees. Summer application mitigated concentrations of imidacloprid (8–31 ng/g), but not dinotefuran (235–1191 ng/g), in nectar.

Two intermediate wheatgrass seedings with different levels of grass bug infestation were evaluated for herbage production, seedhead production, percent dry matter, crude protein, and cell contents. Study sites were located at different elevations on mountain summer ranges in northern (Site I) and central (Site II) Utah. Study plots at Site I and Site II were infested with 113 and 210 bugs per sweep, respectively. Herbage production appeared to be reduced in early spring on the site with the higher infestation; however, no effect on season-long herbage production could be detected on either site. Seedhead production on infested plots was reduced 45 percent at Site I and 56 percent at Site II. No important effect on dry matter content of infested plants was detected even though the leaves appeared to be dry and in a condition of moisture stress. Crude protein of infested plants was significantly higher (one to two percent) than control plants on the site with the higher infestation. The percentage of cell contents of plants on the more highly infested plot was eight percent less than the percentage of cell contents of control plants in the early spring. This reduction coincided with the period of peak damage. Later in the season this difference diminished as plant growth continued after the bug population completed its life cycle.

La carotte présente un grand intérêt nutritionnel comme source alimentaire en caroténoïdes. Pourtant, la connaissance des mécanismes d’accumulation de ces composés est un enjeu majeur. Si le déterminisme génétique a été relativement bien étudié, l’impact de stress sur l’accumulation des caroténoïdes chez la carotte reste méconnu. Ce travail de thèse vise donc à déterminer (i) l’impact de stress biotique et abiotique appliqués individuellement ou en combinaison sur les teneurs en caroténoïdes dans les feuilles et racines de carotte,(ii) les mécanismes de régulation pouvant expliquer ces variations (iii) si le métabolisme secondaire est affecté spécifiquement, indépendamment du métabolisme primaire.Les résultats mettent en évidence un effet négatif des différentes conditions de stress, en particulier appliquées en combinaison, sur les teneurs en caroténoïdes dans les feuilles et les racines de carotte, mais dépendent du génotype. La régulation transcriptionnelle au niveau de la voie de biosynthèse des caroténoïdes ne peut expliquer qu’en partie les variations de teneurs. Les variations de teneurs en chlorophylles des feuilles et sucres des racines sont corrélées à celles des teneurs en caroténoïdes, suggérant des mécanismes communs de régulation.Ce travail montre que l’impact de stress en culture, et en particulier leur combinaison, est une composante importante de l’élaboration de la qualité nutritionnelle. Les travaux doivent être poursuivis afin d’établir un schéma plus précis de la régulation de l’accumulation des caroténoïdes chez la carotte. / Carrot presents a high nutritional interest as a carotenoid intake source. However, knowledge about accumulation mechanisms of these compounds is a major issue. While genetic determinism was relatively well studied, the impact of stresses on carotenoid accumulation in carrot remains unknown. This thesis work aims to determine (i) the impact of biotic and abiotic stresses applied individually or in combination on carotenoid contents in carrot leaves and roots, (ii) the regulation mechanisms which could explainthese variations and (iii) if secondary metabolism is specifically affected independently from primarymetabolism. Results bring to light a negative effect of the different stress conditions, particularly applied in combination, on carotenoid contents in carrot leaves and roots but depend on genotypes. Transcriptional regulation based on carotenoid biosynthetic genes can only partially explain contentvariations. Chlorophyll content variations in leaves and sugar content variations in roots are correlated to those of carotenoids suggesting common regulation mechanisms. This work shows that the impact of stress on culture, and particularly in combination, is an important determinism of nutritional quality. Further works need to be performed to establish a more precise regulation network pattern of carotenoid accumulation in carrot.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to identify through canonical correlation analysis if there is linear dependence among the phenological, morphological, and productive traits with protein-nutritional and energetic-nutritional traits in early maturing, super-early maturing, and transgenic maize genotypes. Three experiments were carried out in the agricultural year of 2009/2010 at the experimental area of the Plant Science department, in the Federal University of Santa Maria. The experiments were designed utilizing the randomized block design with three repetitions. In total, 76 maize genotypes were evaluated (36 early maturing, 22 super-early maturing, and 18 transgenic genotypes). The following traits were measured in each canonical group: phenological - number of days from sowing until male flowering and number of days from sowing until female flowering; morphological - plant height at harvest, ear insertion height at harvest, and relative ear placement; productive - number of plants, number of ears, ear index, ear weight, grain yield, and thousand grains weight; protein-nutritional - crude protein, lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine; and energetic-nutritional - apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen, ether extract, starch, and amylose. The variance analysis was performed for each trait. It was determined the matrix of phenotypic correlation coefficients among the traits and the multicollinearity diagnosis was conducted within each group of traits. Posteriorly, it was held canonical correlation analysis for the early maturing, super-early maturing, and transgenic maize genotypes, within the following groups: phenological and protein-nutritional, morphological and protein-nutritional, productive and protein-nutritional, phenological and energetic-nutritional, morphological and energetic-nutritional, and productive and energetic-nutritional. In super-early maturing genotypes, the significant canonical correlation between phenological and protein-nutritional traits and between productive and protein-nutritional traits indicates linear dependence. In early maturing genotypes, there is linear dependence between phenological and energetic-nutritional traits. Furthermore, in super-early maturing genotypes, the significant canonical correlation between phenological, morphological, and productive traits and energetic-nutritional traits indicates linear dependence. Moreover, there is linear dependence between phenological and energetic-nutritional traits in transgenic genotypes. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar por meio da análise de correlação canônica, se há dependência linear entre caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos e produtivos com caracteres nutricionais proteicos e nutricionais energéticos em genótipos de milho de ciclo precoce, de ciclo superprecoce e transgênicos. Três experimentos foram realizados no ano agrícola 2009/2010, na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, no delineamento blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram avaliados 76 genótipos de milho (36 precoces, 22 superprecoces e 18 transgênicos). Os caracteres mensurados em cada grupo canônico foram: fenológicos - número de dias da semeadura até o florescimento masculino e número de dias da semeadura até o florescimento feminino; morfológicos - altura de planta na colheita, altura de inserção de espiga na colheita e posição relativa da espiga; produtivos - número de plantas, número de espigas, índice de espiga, peso de espiga, produtividade de grãos e peso de mil grãos; nutricionais proteicos - proteína bruta, lisina, metionina, cisteina, treonina, triptofano, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina, histidina e arginina; nutricionais energéticos - energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio, extrato etéreo, amido e amilose. Para cada caractere foi realizada a análise de variância. Foi determinada a matriz de coeficientes de correlação fenotípica entre os caracteres e realizado o diagnóstico de multicolinearidade dentro de cada grupo de caracteres. Posteriormente, para os genótipos de ciclo precoce, superprecoce e transgênicos foi realizada a análise de correlação canônica entre os seguintes grupos: fenológicos e nutricionais proteicos, morfológicos e nutricionais proteicos, produtivos e nutricionais proteicos, fenológicos e nutricionais energéticos, morfológicos e nutricionais energéticos e produtivos e nutricionais energéticos. Em genótipos de ciclo superprecoce a correlação canônica significativa entre caracteres fenológicos e nutricionais proteicos e entre produtivos e nutricionais proteicos indica dependência linear. Em genótipos de ciclo precoce, existe dependência linear entre os caracteres fenológicos e nutricionais energéticos e em genótipos superprecoces a correlação canônica significativa entre caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos e produtivos e nutricionais energéticos, indica dependência linear. Em genótipos transgênicos há dependência linear entre os caracteres fenológicos e nutricionais energéticos.

A decomposição de serapilheira é um processo fundamental para a ciclagem de nutrientes e a manutenção da fertilidade dos solos em florestas tropicais. Além disso, contribui com os fluxos de carbono para a atmosfera, sendo constantemente discutida no âmbito das mudanças climáticas globais. Dentre os fatores que influenciam na sua dinâmica, o local de origem das espécies vegetais, a qualidade nutricional da serapilheira e a comunidade decompositora do solo tem recebido destaque. Interações entre plantas e decompositores que resultam em uma maior decomposição no local de origem das espécies vegetais em relação a um local externo são denominadas \"home field advantage\" (HFA). O presente estudo teve como objetivos investigar a ocorrência do HFA, bem como a influência das interações entre o local de origem das espécies vegetais, os decompositores do solo e a qualidade nutricional do material vegetal na decomposição de serapilheira em áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica de terras baixas e montana localizadas no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Para isso foi realizado um experimento de decomposição com permuta de material foliar entre as florestas de terras baixas e montana com duração de 250 dias, utilizando folhas senescentes da espécie Rustia formosa, proveniente da floresta de terras baixas, e Licania hoehnei, proveniente da floresta montana, e litter bags com diferentes aberturas de malha para controlar a inclusão exclusão da meso e macro fauna do solo. Também foram quantificadas as concentrações de nutrientes, compostos orgânicos e composição isotópica para determinação da qualidade inicial das serapilheiras e sua dinâmica durante a decomposição. As diferenças na qualidade inicial das espécies não causou diferenciação entre as suas taxas de decomposição. As taxas de decomposição foram semelhantes entre espécies e ambientes, não sendo verificada maior velocidade de decomposição associada com a interação entre as espécies e seus ambientes de origem, o que indica ausência de HFA. Além disso, não foi verificado efeito positivo da fauna do solo na decomposição. A dinâmica química dos detritos foliares evidenciou a imobilização de nitrogênio e acúmulo de lignina ao longo da decomposição, o que indica limitação na atividade microbiana por nitrogênio e baixa qualidade da serapilheira de Rustia formosa e Licania hoehnei. As variações nas concentrações de carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo influenciaram a dinâmica da decomposição ao longo do tempo. Esse estudo contribui para compreensão de como fatores importantes na decomposição interagem em ecossistemas tropicais, e aponta a importância da qualidade da serapilheira e disponibilidade de nutrientes no ambiente como direcionadores da decomposição. / Litter decomposition is a key process for nutrient cycling and maintenance of soil fertility in tropical forests, contributing to carbon fluxes to the atmosphere and being constantly discussed in the global climate change scenario. Among the main factors that control decomposition, the place of origin of species, litter quality and soil community are currently with great attention. Interactions between plants and decomposers that lead to a fast decomposition in the place of origin of species related to other sites and species are called home field advantage (HFA). The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of HFA, as well the influence of interactions between place of origin, soil decomposers and litter quality on the litter decomposition in areas of lowland and montane Atlantic forest located in the north coast of Sao Paulo state. For this it was performed an decomposition experiment with transplant of litter of Rustia Formosa, from lowland forest, and Licania hoehnei, from montane forest, between the two forests, with duration of 250 days, using litter bags with different mesh sizes to allow and exclude the access of meso and macro soil fauna. It was also quantified nutrient and organic compounds concentration to determine the initial litter quality and its dynamics during decomposition. The differences in initial litter quality between species did not cause differentiation in the decomposition rate. The decomposition rates were similar between species and ambient, with no faster decomposition associated with the interaction between species and its local places of origin, which indicates lack of HFA. Besides that, there was no positive effect of soil fauna on the decomposition. The chemical dynamics of litter pointed out nitrogen immobilization and lignin accumulation during decomposition, which indicates microbial limitation by nitrogen and low litter quality of Rustia Formosa and Licania hoehnei. The variations in carbon, nitrogen and lignin concentration influenced the dynamics of decomposition during the time. This study contributed to the comprehension of how important factors of decomposition can interact in tropical ecosystems, and pointed the importance of litter quality and nutrient availability of the ambient as drivers of decomposition.

Atualmente, o beijupirá é a espécie nativa que reúne o maior número de características em comum com outras espécies aquáticas cultivadas comercialmente, sendo assim, indicada para ser a espécie pioneira na piscicultura marinha brasileira. No entanto, sua criação é incipiente. Neste trabalho, foram realizados dois estudos pontuais: um para monitorar a criação de beijupirás em gaiolas, sistema offshore, no litoral de Pernambuco; e outro para monitorar a criação de beijupirás em tanques-redes, sistema nearshore, no litoral de São Paulo. O objetivo foi aferir parâmetros ambientais de qualidade da água de criação, físico-químicos e microbiológicos do beijupirá, que possam ser utilizados na elaboração de um sistema modelo de rastreabilidade da cadeia produtiva dessa espécie. Em ambos os estudos foram realizadas quatro coletas em diferentes meses do ano, com o intuito de se avaliar as possíveis correlações existentes entre os parâmetros ambientais - índice pluviométrico e temperatura do ar - e os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados na água de criação - oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, demanda química de oxigênio, salinidade, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fosfato, carbono orgânico total, turbidez, transparência, CO2, pH, clorofila a e contagem microbiológica - e nos peixes - biometria, rendimento, composição centesimal, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, pH, bases voláteis totais e contagem microbiológica. Verificou-se que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos avaliados na água de criação, estavam em conformidade com a legislação brasileira vigente ou dentro dos limites sugeridos pela literatura para criação dessa espécie. Todavia, esses parâmetros apresentaram variação nos diferentes meses de coleta, principalmente no estudo realizado no sistema nearshore, o que dificulta afirmar as possíveis interferências desses parâmetros na qualidade e desempenho dos animais. Os peixes amostrados apresentaram baixo desenvolvimento zootécnico, se comparado ao peso total final previsto na literatura para essa espécie. No entanto, o rendimento em filé apresentou-se satisfatório, principalmente no sistema nearshore, aproximadamente 40%. Todas as amostras de filés de beijupirás avaliadas apresentaram conformidade microbiológica, frescor e qualidade nutricional, principalmente no que se refere à composição dos seus aminoácidos e ácidos graxos, com destaque para presença de lisina e ácidos graxos Eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e Docosahexaenoico (DHA), sendo, estas informações úteis para efeitos de marketing na divulgação e estimulo do consumo dessa espécie. O mesmo foi observado para o resíduo gerado após o processamento dos filés, o que sugere a possibilidade de elaboração de coprodutos com qualidade nutricional, tornando a cadeia produtiva dessa espécie mais rentável e sustentável. Os alimentos fornecidos aos animais, não eram adequados para satisfazer as exigências nutricionais dos mesmos, sendo a falta no mercado de rações elaboradas com formulações específicas um entrave para o sucesso dessa atividade. Conclui-se que os parâmetros, temperatura da água de criação; rendimento em filé, destreza do filetador; quantidade e tipo de resíduo gerado na filetagem; frescor e qualidade microbiológica dos filés; assim como, composição centesimal dos filés, resíduos e alimento fornecido aos animais, especificamente composição em aminoácidos e ácidos graxos, devam ser monitorados no sistema de rastreabilidade. Quando implementado, o sistema de rastreabilidade permitirá uma tomada de decisão mais consciente a respeito das condições de criação ideais do beijupirá, no intuito de dispor respostas práticas e aplicadas ao setor produtivo quanto ao atendimento às exigências da legislação, do mercado e do consumidor final / Currently, cobia is the native species with the largest number of characteristics in common with other aquatic species commercially farmed; therefore, it is indicated as the pioneer species in Brazilian marine fish farming. However, its rearing is incipient. In this work, there were two specific studies: one to monitor cobia rearing in cages offshore on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil; and another to monitor cobia rearing in nearshore cages on the coast of São Paulo State. The objective was to measure farm water quality, physico- chemical and microbiological parameters of cobia that can be used in the preparation of a model system traceability of the production chain of this species. In both studies, four collections were performed in different months of the year to evaluate possible correlations between environmental parameters, such as rainfall and environment air temperature, and the quality parameters evaluated in the water rearing, such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, salinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, total organic carbon, turbidity, transparency, CO2, pH, chlorophyll a and microbiological contamination, as well as fish, such as biometrics, yield, proximate composition, profile of fatty acids and amino acids, pH, totals volatile bases and microbiological contamination. Most of the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters evaluated in the rearing water were in line with the current Brazilian law or within the threshold suggested in the literature for rearing this kind of species. However, these parameters showed great variation for different months of collection, especially in the study conducted in a nearshore system, making it difficult to state the possible interference of these parameters on the quality and performance of the animals. The sampled fish had low livestock development, compared to growth rates reported in the literature for this species. However, fillet yield was satisfactory, especially in the nearshore system, close to 40%. All samples of cobia fillets showed microbiological compliance, freshness and nutritional quality, especially in terms of composition of its amino acids and fatty acids, mainly in the presence of lysine and fatty acids, respectively, Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This information can be used as an excellent marketing tool to disseminate and stimulate consumption of this species. The same was observed for the waste generated after processing the fillets, suggesting the possibility of developing by-products with nutritional quality, making the supply chain of cobia more sustainable and profitable. The feed provided to the animals was not adequate to meet their nutritional requirements, and the short supply of prepared feed with specific formulations is an obstacle to the success of this activity. We conclude that the parameters of water temperature, fillet yield, skill of take fillet, amount and type of waste generated in filleting, freshness and microbiological quality of steaks, as well as chemical composition of fillet, waste and feeding for the animals, mainly amino acid composition and fatty acids, should be monitored in the traceability system. When implemented, the traceability system regarding the decision-making process for the ideal conditions of cobia production, providing practical answers, and it can be applied to the productive sector as a way to comply with requirements of legislation, market and consumers

Abstract Host use and range of herbivorous insects are determined by several factors, of which nutritional quality and secondary chemistry have been shown to play very important roles. For herbivores feeding on lichens these traits are assumed to be more critical than for species feeding on higher plants, since lichens are nutritionally poor and often contain high concentrations of secondary metabolites. I examined the role of lichens' nutritional quality and secondary chemicals on the performance of lichen-feeding Lepidopteran larvae. I also tested whether females of lichenivorous species preferably oviposit on host species of the highest nutritional quality for the growth of larvae. Larvae of Eilema depressum performed best on Melanelia exasperata, which is of the highest nutritional quality, as indicated by the high N concentration and the absence of lichen secondary metabolites compared to the other lichens studied. Host nutritional quality did not promote the production of an additional generation. Larvae of E. depressum needed fewer instars and grew bigger on a high-quality diet than larvae reared on a diet of poorer quality. However, the main factor contributing to the wide variation in the number of larval instars was the question of whether or not larvae overwintered. Growth of Cleorodes lichenaria at the beginning of the larval period matched equally the nutritional quality of the hosts. However, the final larval period was shortest on Ramalina species, which was preferred by both females ovipositing their eggs and larvae searching for a host. In the field, larvae were found almost exclusively on Ramalina species. Larvae of E. depressum were not able to survive on intact thalli of Vulpicida pinastri and Hypogymnia physodes, but after removal of lichen's secondary metabolites, larval survival remained equally high as on other lichens. Larvae also showed a clear preference towards thalli with lowered concentrations of secondary metabolites in Parmelia sulcata, V. pinastri and H. physodes. Parietin in Xanthoria parietina was the only secondary metabolite that had no impact on the survival or host selection of E. depressum larvae. The present results show that the nutritional quality and some lichen secondary chemicals are important factors for the growth, survival and host selection of lichen-feeding Lepidopteran larvae. The preference-performance hypothesis is at least partly able to explain the host range of C. lichenaria, although it seems that there are also other factors, such as larval dispersal and host selection or top-down forces, that might contribute to host range of lichenivorous Lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, lichenivorous larvae seem to be partly responsible for their own host selection.

Orientador: Adalton Mazetti Fernandes / Resumo: A otimização do manejo da adubação nitrogenada com fornecimento do nitrogênio (N) no período de maior demanda pelas plantas pode ser uma estratégia para maximizar a produtividade e a qualidade de tubérculos na cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.). Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade físico-química e nutricional dos tubérculos das cultivares de batata Agata e Markies submetidas a diferentes formas de manejo da adubação nitrogenada tradicional combinada com a aplicação de doses de N na fase de enchimento de tubérculos. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, com as cultivares Agata e Markies durante a safra de inverno dos anos de 2017 e 2018. A área de 2018 não foi a mesma do ano anterior, e ambos experimentos localizavam-se em áreas comerciais de produção de batata em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental adotado em todos experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. As formas de manejo da adubação nitrogenada tradicional foram: M1 = 160 kg ha-1 de N no plantio; M2 = 80 kg ha-1 de N no plantio; M3 = 40 kg ha-1 de N no plantio e 120 kg ha-1 de N na amontoa; M4 = 80 kg ha-1 de N no plantio e 80 kg ha-1 de N na amontoa, combinadas com as doses de 0, 20, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de N aplicadas na fase de enchimento dos tubérculos. As formas de manejo da adubação nitrogenada tradicional combinadas com as doses de N na fase de enchimento de tubérculos, não causaram deficiência de N nas plantas de bata... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Optimizing the management of nitrogen (N) fertilization with supply of N in the period of greatest demand for plants can be a strategy to maximize the yield and quality of tubers in the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and the physico-chemical and nutritional quality of the tubers of potato cultivars Agata and Markies submitted to different forms of management of traditional N fertilization combined with N application rates at the tuber bulking stage. Four experiments were conducted with the cultivars Agata and Markies during the winter growing season of the 2017 and 2018 years. The 2018 area was not the same as the previous year, and both experiments were located in potato producer areas in Botucatu-SP. The experimental design adopted in all experiments was in randomized blocks with a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The forms of management of traditional N fertilization were: M1 = 160 kg N ha-1 at planting; M2 = 80 kg N ha-1 at planting; M3 = 40 kg N ha-1 at planting plus 120 kg N ha-1 at hilling; M4 = 80 kg N ha-1 at planting plus 80 kg N ha-1 at hilling, combined with rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 kg N ha-1 applied at tuber bulking stage. The forms of traditional N fertilization management combined with the N rates at tuber bulking stage did not cause N deficiency in potato plants in both cultivars, when leaf sampling was performed at the time indicated for the crop. In the cultivar Markies, applica... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor