林娟芬. / 論文(博士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (p. 341-364) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Lin Juanfen. / Lun wen (Bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (p. 341-364) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

This diploma thesis is theoretical and is dedicated to old age and ageing. The aim of this diploma thesis is to summarize existing knowledge of old age and to view this final stage of human life from different perspectives and in various context. It is based on periodization of human life. It deals with the process of ageing and its progress, it lists definitions and theories on ageing and also discusses possible premises of longevity. It attempts to define old age and lists myths and prejudices associated with old age. It describes old age from different perspectives of multiple science fields, such as philosophy, biology, medicine, psychiatry, psychology, demography, sociology and social work. It depicts science fields concerned with old age and points out selected aspects of life that can influence elderly person, such as financial situation, housing situation, education, leisure activies, interpersonal relations. It also mentions possible crisis situations during old age, violence against elderly people and system of care of elderly people in the Czech republic. It explains the importance of adaptation during old age and outlines possible image of end of life. At the end of the thesis a set of recommendations for happy old age is included.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study traces the development of the welfare state in Mauritius and South Africa from the early 1900s until the present, with specific reference made to the non-contributory old-age pension scheme. It seeks to understand the intersections between big capital, the state and broad-based social forces in heralding different welfare outcomes in the two countries. Mauritius has retained its long-standing traditions as a social democratic welfare state stretching back to the late 1950s. In contrast, the current welfare model of South Africa continues to be the embodiment of the liberal welfare state, similar to that of the ancien regime set up in 1928, even though it has maintained a generous social grants system since the advent of democracy in 1994. As a result it is important to unravel patterns of historical evolution that are responsible for different welfare outcomes in seemingly identical socio-political contexts. Similarly, it is important to scratch below the surface of these historical patterns of evolution to account for these disparate welfare frameworks which, nonetheless, exhibit identical outcomes in the social security sector in terms of their unfaltering commitment to old-age pensions. To this end the dissertation employs the comparative historical analysis approach in a bid to draw cross-national parallels between the social processes that unfolded and consequently underpinned development paradigms over time. This study suggests that accounting for the divergent policy outcomes is the disproportionate powers being wielded by neoliberal market forces within the main arteries of the South African economy, which hindered the state from defining the policy direction of its welfare framework to dovetail with expansive social reforms. This restraint was compounded by the left as a 'labour aristocracy', whose alliance with the political ruling class compromised their ability to champion the pro-poor agenda with as much vigour as they would have if they had pursued an independent course. This is a far cry from the welfare trajectory of Mauritius, in which a mutual understanding between the state, cross-class movements and capitalist market forces bridged contesting class interests by reconciling market economics with social fundamentals. Unlike in South Africa, the independence of the working classes in Mauritius – whose mobilising traditions cut across the class spectrum – has added special impetus to the social reform movement, having served as the bulwark against welfare retrenchments and/or less egalitarian reforms in the past. That the universal pension scheme and the state’s commitment to the pro-poor cause remain intact in Mauritius is a result of these pro-active class contestations. On the other hand, the absence of the balance of power struck between social actors and the economic élite in South Africa propelled a class compromise that allowed for the dominance of pensions to come at the cost of extensive social reforms. Such outcomes would not have come into effect in South Africa had the playing field for all relevant stakeholders been level, as in Mauritius. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie volg die ontwikkeling van die welsynstaat in Mauritius en in Suid-Afrika vanaf die vroeë 1900’s tot op hede, met spesifieke verwysing na die nie-bydraende ouderdomspensioenskema. Dit poog om die snypunte tussen groot kapitaal, die staat en breë-basis maatskaplike kragte wat gelei het tot verskillende welsynuitkomstes in die twee lande te begryp. Mauritius het sy langdurige tradisie as ’n sosiale demokratiese welsynstaat, wat sedert die 1950’s bestaan, behou. In kontras gaan die huidige welsynmodel in Suid-Afrika voort as die beliggaming van die liberale welsynstaat, soortgelyk aan die ancien regime wat in 1928 ingestel is, selfs al het dit ’n vrygewige stelsel van maatskaplike toelae sedert die vestiging van demokrasie in 1994 onderhou. As gevolg hiervan is dit belangrik om die patrone van historiese evolusie te ontsyfer wat verantwoordelik is vir verskillende welsynuitkomstes in blykbaar identiese sosiaal-politiese kontekste. Eweneens is dit belangrik om onder die oppervlak van hierdie historiese patrone van evolusie te krap om hierdie uiteenlopende welsynraamwerke te verklaar wat nietemin identiese uitkomstes in die maatskaplike sekuriteitsektor vertoon in terme van hulle onwrikbare verbondenheid tot ouderdomspensioene. Ten einde dit te bereik gebruik hierdie proefskrif die benadering van vergelykende historiese analise in ’n poging om dwarsliggende nasionale ooreenstemmings te vind tussen die maatskaplike prosesse wat gelei het tot die skep van ontwikkelingsparadigmas oor tyd en hulle gevolglik onderskraag het. Hierdie studie stel voor dat die verklaring vir die uiteenlopende beleidsuitkomstes berus in die ongelyke magte wat binne die belangrikste kanale van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie deur neoliberale markkragte beheer word, wat die staat daarvan weerhou het om ’n beleidsrigting vir sy welsynraamwerk te definieer wat by die breedvoerige maatskaplike hervormings pas. Hierdie remming word vererger deur die linkersy as ’n ‘arbeidsadelstand’, wie se alliansie met die politieke regerende klas hulle vermoë gekompromitteer het om die pro-arm agenda met soveel lewenskrag voor te staan as wat dit moontlik sou gewees het as hulle ’n onafhanklike koers ingeslaan het. Hierdie verskil hemelsbreed van die welsyntrajek in Mauritius, waar ’n wedersydse begrip tussen die staat, bewegings wat klas oorskry, en kapitalistiese markkragte kompeterende klasbelange oorbrug het deur die markekonomie met maatskaplike grondbeginsels te rekonsilieer. Anders as in Suid-Afrika het die onafhanklikheid van die werkersklas in Mauritius – wat se mobiliserende tradisies oor die klasspektrum heen sny – besondere impetus gevoeg by die maatskaplike hervormingsbeweging, aangesien dit gedien het as verskansing teen welsyninkortings en/of minder gelykmakende hervormings in die verlede. Dat die universele pensioenskema en die staat se verbondenheid tot die pro-arm saak in Mauritius onaangetas bly, is as gevolg van hierdie proaktiewe klasstryd. Andersins het die afwesigheid van ’n magsbalans tussen maatskaplike akteurs en die ekonomiese elite in Suid-Afrika gelei tot ’n klaskompromis, wat toegelaat het dat die oorheersing van pensioene gekom het ten koste van breedvoerige maatskaplike hervormings. Sulke uitkomstes sou nie in Suid-Afrika ingetree het nie as die speelveld vir al die relevante belanghebbers gelyk was, soos in Mauritius.

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Falling is a common occurrence and one of the most serious problems in the elderly population (65 years and older). Falls account for 70% of accidental deaths in persons aged 75 years and older. Falls can be markers/indicators of poor health and declining function, and are often associated with significant morbidity. More than 90% of hip fractures occur as a result of falls, with most of these fractures occurring in persons over 70 years of age (Fuller, 2000). About one third of people aged 65 years and older fall each year, resulting in a substantial decrease in quality of life in addition to placing a huge burden on current health care systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 12-week exercise intervention programme, consisting of two 30 minute exercise sessions a week, could lower the risk of falling in a group of elderly women. Female subjects (n=22) with an average age of 79.5 years were selected from three retirement homes situated in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa, according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects included presented no major cardiovascular and pulmonary disease signs and symptoms as recognised by the American College of Sports Medicine (2011); had no serious illnesses or co-morbidities; were mobile with no significant musculoskeletal disorders; had no uncorrected visual or vestibular problems as well as no significant cognitive impairments or major psychological disturbances; were not taking any psychotropic medications or Benzodiazepines that could affect their progress. Subjects also had to be willing to follow the 12-week exercise intervention programme and sign an informed consent document. The selected subjects then underwent a pre- and post-intervention assessment consisting of a subjective rating of their fear of falling, the Fall Risk Assessment: Biodex Balance system, Balance Evaluations Systems Test (BESTest) and the 30-Second Chair Stand Test. Statistica 10 was used to analyse the data. Data was analysed to assess any significant improvements that the exercise intervention had on each fall risk variable tested. The main fall risk variables consisted of: fear of falling, muscular strength, balance, gait and getting up strategies. Statistically significant improvements (p<0.001) were seen in: Fear of falling, muscular strength, balance, gait and getting up strategies after the 12-week exercise intervention programme. This study suggests that exercise intervention has the potential to decrease the risk of falling among elderly women and should play an extremely important role in the prevention of falling amongst this population group. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om te val is ‘n alledaagse gebeurtenis en een van die mees ernstige probleme vir ons bejaarde bevolking (65 jaar en ouer). Insidente van val verklaar tot 70% van toevallige sterftes met betrekking tot persone van 75 jarige ouderdom en ouer. Om te val kan ‘n teken van swak gesondheid en/of ‘n afname in funksionele kapasiteit wees, en is gewoonlik met morbiditeitspatrone gekoppel. Meer as 90% van heupfrakture kom as gevolg van valle voor, waar die meeste van die frakture in persone bo 70 jarige ouderdom voorkom (Fuller, 2000). Minstens een derde van persone bo 65 jaar en ouer val elke jaar, so ‘n val het ‘n noemenswaardige afname in lewenskwaliteit tot gevolg asook ‘n enorme druk wat op huidige gesondheidsorg sisteme geplaas word. Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal of ‘n 12 week oefenintervensieprogram, wat uit twee oefen sessies van 30 minute elk bestaan, die risiko van val vir n groep bejaarde vroue kan verlaag. Vroulike individue (n=22) met ‘n gemiddelde ouderdom van 79.5 jaar uit drie ouetehuise/aftree oorde in Stellenbosch, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika geleë; is volgens bepaalde insluitings- en uitsluitingskriteria geselekteer. Individue wie ingesluit is het geen tekens of simptome van grootskaalse kardiovaskulêre of pulmonêre siekte getoon nie, soos herken deur die “American College of Sports Medicine (2011) ; het aan geen ernstige siektes of ko-morbiditeite gely nie; kon stap met geen merkwaardige muskulo-skeletale afwykings nie; het geen nie-gekorrigeerde visie of vestibulêre probleme asook geen beduidende kognitiewe gestremdhede of ernstige sielkundige steurnisse gehad nie; het nie enige psigotropiese medikasie of Benzodiazepines geneem wat hul kon beinvloed nie. Individue moes bereid gewees het om die 12 week oefenintervensieprogram te volg en moes ook ‘n ingeligte toestemmingsvorm onderteken. Die geselekteerde individue het ‘n pre- en post-intervensie assessering ondergaan wat uit ‘n subjektiewe bepaling van hul vrees vir val bestaan het, die Val Risiko Assessering asook “Biodex Balans System Test, Balance Evaluations Systems Test (BESTest)” asook die 30 Sekonde Stoel-staan Toets. Statistica 10 is gebruik om die data te analiseer. Data was geanaliseer om enige merkwaardige verandering wat die oefenintervensie op elke val risiko veranderlike wat getoets was gehad het, te bepaal. Die belangrikste val risiko veranderlikes het uit: die vrees vir val, spier sterkte, balans, stappatroon en opstaan tegnieke bestaan. Betekenisvolle statistiese veranderinge (p<0.001) is gerapporteer in: die vrees vir val, spiersterkte, balans, stappatroon en opstaan tegnieke na die 12 week oefenintervensieprogram. Die studie bevind dat die intervensieprogram die potensiaal het om die risiko van val onder bejaarde vroue te verminder en behoort ‘n uiters belangrike rol in die voorkoming van val onder die bevolkingsgroep te speel.

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

The social and economic experiences of older people in Scotland over the past two centuries provides a particularised lens through which larger themes of change and adaptation may be analysed. Older age cohorts are examined as specific identity groups within the context of a society in rapid transformation. The years c. 1845-1999 represent a period of time in which almost every sector was affected by industrialisation, urbanisation, migration, economic developments, technological and medical progress, and social reform. In combination with historical interpretations, modern sociological theory concerning the aged as a distinct social grouping provides the basis for further inquiry. Concepts such as status, social capital, interdependency, paternalism and citizenship have been of major importance in structuring this research. By means of demographic analysis, readings of written biographical documentation, and the incorporation of over fifty oral histories conducted in Dundee and Edinburgh, the role of the family in older people’s lives has been explored. Nineteenth and twentieth-century population trends have been incorporated as an area for detailed investigation of long-term familial practices. An understanding of the older person’s role in the family over time suggests a formalised socio-economic stability based upon kinship ties, gender roles, and economic and social reciprocity. Stage theory allows for examination of the economics of ageing, particularly in regard to employed and retired older people. Original research covering older people’s experiences of work in Dundee and Edinburgh provides qualitative and quantitative data on paternalistic policies in the brewing and jute industries, promotion and retirement practices, and economic status among the working elderly. The experience of being retired has been evaluated in terms of economic independence, social capital, class and gender. Analyses of the experience of retirement in the post-war era are bound with the rise of the modern welfare state. Significant government commissions and acts provide scope and sequence in an analysis of the role of the state in old age. Principally, the New Poor Law of 1845 (Scotland), the Pension Acts of 1908 and 1925, the National Insurance Act of 1946, as well as the social welfare acts of 1948 have been studied. Particular focus on the influence of the Social Work Act 1968 (Scotland) complements an overarching argument concerning Scotland’s unique practices in the modern welfare state. Emphasis is on care in the community, using statutory and voluntary services provided at the local level as case studies. Interpretations of older people in terms of their various roles in the welfare state, their communities and places of work, and within their families indicate that throughout the period, older populations have distinctively adapted to the long-term effects of modernisation in Scottish society.

This text is focused on status and perpectives of elderly people in the Czech society. First, author tries to indroduce old age as a stage of life from the biological, psychological and social points of view and also point to demographic context of this issue. Further she focuses on older people from the point of view of their social role and possibilities od their social realization. In conclusion of the text athor indroduces results of qualitative study which brings senior's point of view on the issue. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to disprove some myths about old age and older people, especially the myth about old age as period of relaxation and a period "without any role".

There have been a great deal of ways for old age security, who is expected and individual situation. Old age signify loss of income from economics activity. We can compare ways of securing for old age by their liquidity, rate of profit and diversification, but it is impossible to administratively determine composition of the optimal old age security portfolio, whereas administrative favoured one's way, entails limitation of the others. One of the oldest way of securing for old age is child care and enlinghtenment. The research pointed to existence disputation between theories of fertility development. These theories are attaching different importance to the particular biological, socioeconomic and cultural factors. Empirical research of fertility development and its factors in czech lands, represents pure administrative character of the pension insurance development. Spending on pension insurance and some other factors are influencing development of fertility. This influence is analyzed in years 1930- 2009. Analysis provides evidence of pension insurance influencing level of fertility significantly. Theories of fertility development often impeaching this influence. The work apply findings to the primary objectives for pension reform in Czech republic. This pension reform provides sustainable pension system position and possibility for individuals to set up their optimal old age security portfolio.

楊之英. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院社會工作學學部. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-268). / Yang Zhiying. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan she hui gong zuo xue xue bu. / 銘謝詞 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻探討 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究方法與步驟 --- p.41 / Chapter 第四章 --- 社區環境與老人日常生活 --- p.60 / Chapter 第一節 --- 社區環境 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老人的日常生活 / Chapter 第五章 --- 遷居前的居住安排 --- p.79 / Chapter 第一節 --- 惡劣的居住環境 / Chapter 第二節 --- 與子女分開居住的安排 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老人獲知「配屋計劃」的消息來源 / Chapter 第六章 --- 老人和家人的關係 --- p.107 / Chapter 第一節 --- 與親屬同住的老人 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老人和子女的交往 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老人與其他家人的關係 / Chapter 第七章 --- 老人和同屋老人、鄰居、及朋友的關係 --- p.153 / Chapter 第一節 --- 老人和同屋老人的相處 / Chapter 第二節 --- 鄰居之間的交往 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老人與朋友的聯繫 / Chapter 第八章 --- 支援性質及支援來源 --- p.198 / Chapter 第一節 --- 社交的支援 / Chapter 第二節 --- 情緒的支援 / Chapter 第三節 --- 服務的支援 / Chapter 第四節 --- 物質的支援 / Chapter 第九章 --- 結論 --- p.245 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究的重要發現 / Chapter 第二節 --- 進一步研究的建議 / 參考書目 --- p.261 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 啟業邨平面圖 --- p.269 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 個案摘錄 --- p.270 / Chapter 附錄三 --- 訪問大綱 --- p.303 / Chapter 附錄四 --- 老人服務的初步建議 --- p.307 / Chapter 附錄五 --- 個案基本資料一覽表 --- p.315 / Chapter 附錄六 --- 申請「老人優先配屋計劃」的規定 --- p.316

手稿本, 複本據手稿本影印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1988. / 林娟芬. / Shou gao ben, fu ben ju shou gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-301). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1988. / 致謝 --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / 目錄 --- p.viii / 表次 --- p.xiv / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究意義及其重要性 --- p.8 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究問題背景 --- p.15 / Chapter 第三節 --- 報告撰寫之計畫 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻探討(一)── 社會支援網路與生活適應的理論和概念 --- p.33 / Chapter 第一節 --- 社會支援網路的理論與概念 --- p.33 / Chapter 第二節 --- 生活適應的理論與概念 --- p.44 / Chapter 第三章 --- 文獻探討(二)──社會支援網路與老年人生活適應之有關研究報告 --- p.62 / 總結 --- p.84 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究方法 --- p.89 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究問題 --- p.89 / Chapter 第二節 --- 名詞之操作性定義與研究變項的測量 --- p.93 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究設計 --- p.101 / Chapter 第四節 --- 研究母體、樣本與資料收集 --- p.103 / Chapter 第五節 --- 研究限制 --- p.112 / Chapter 第五章 --- 研究結果(一)── 研究對象的基本特性 --- p.118 / Chapter 第一節 --- 個人資料 --- p.119 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老年人入住敬老所之前的基本資料特徵 --- p.127 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老年人的健康狀況與行動能力 --- p.143 / 總結 --- p.148 / Chapter 第六章 --- 研究結果(二)──研究對象的社會支援網路 --- p.150 / Chapter 第一節 --- 仁愛之家老年人的正式社會支援網路情況 --- p.151 / Chapter 第二節 --- 仁愛之家老年人的非正式社會支援網路中的家人、親戚及所外朋友之情況 --- p.165 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老年人與非正式社會支援網路中的所內院友及知己朋友交往之情況 --- p.183 / Chapter 第四節 --- 老年人對社會支援網路的看法與感受 --- p.190 / 總結 --- p.204 / Chapter 第七章 --- 研究結果(三)── 研究對象的生活適應及其與社會支援網路之關係 --- p.207 / Chapter 第一節 --- 仁愛之家老年人的生活適應之情況 --- p.209 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老年人的基本特性與生活適應之關係 --- p.224 / Chapter 第三節 --- 社會支援網路與老年人生活適應之關係 --- p.230 / 總結 --- p.245 / Chapter 第八章 --- 摘要、討論與具體建議 --- p.248 / 參考書目 --- p.278 / Chapter 附錄表一 --- 老年人的健康狀況分佈表 --- p.302 / Chapter 附錄表二 --- 老年人的生活滿意指標LSI --- p.303 / Chapter 附錄表三 --- 老年人在生活環境的體驗與感受分佈表 --- p.306 / Chapter 附錄 --- 老年人之社會支援網路與生活適應之研究問卷 --- p.307