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Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose make up the majority of the carbohydrates in soybean seeds. While sucrose is a desirable component of soybean seeds, raffinose and stachyose are considered to be anutritive factors and eliminating or reducing them appears to be a beneficial endeavour. The major objective of this study was to determine the genetic mechanism controlling accumulation of soluble saccharides in soybean seeds. An experimental soybean line, V99-5089, with high sucrose (14.6%) content coupled with low amounts of raffinose (0.5%) and stachyose (0.4%) was the center of this study. Three populations were studied and segregation patterns were observed in F2:3 populations. All three sugars were extracted by an aqueous procedure and quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a NH2 column and refractive index (RI) detector. Segregation of seeds from F2:3 plants indicated a single, partially recessive gene reduced stachyose content of soybean seeds from about 4% to less than 1%. Estimates of genetic variability indicate the presence of sufficient additive variation in addition to the putative major gene to warrant selection. Raffinose and stachyose were positively correlated to each other and each was negatively correlated with sucrose while there was not a significant correlation between total sugar content and the amount of any of the individual sugars. Agronomic traits evaluated do not appear to be adversely effected by the reduction of stachyose content. Additionally, a negative relationship was observed between inorganic phosphorus and stachyose content of soybean seeds but a relationship was not observed between stachyose and phytate phosphorus or between inorganic phosphorus and phytate phosphorus. / Master of Science

Lectin affinity chromatography has been applied to the separation of the sialyloligosaccharides of human milk. A human milk sialyloligosaccharide fraction was tritium labeled and applied to a highly substituted WGA-agarose column (20 mg/ml). Only a single component from the complete sialyloligosaccharide fraction was retarded in the WGA-agarose column. The WGA-bound fraction when applied to paper chromatography migrated with identical mobility as the sialylhexasaccharide fraction (S-5) of human milk, previously isolated and described by Kobata and Ginsburg in 1972 [Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 150:273-281]. A purified sialylhexasaccharide fraction (S-5), isolated according to the method of Kobata and Ginsburg, was radiolabeled and applied to the WGA-agarose column. The WGA-bound (60%) and WGA-unbound (40%) sialylhexasaccharide fractions were isolated. The WGA-bound sialylhexasaccharide fraction was subjected to neuraminidase digestion to remove sialic acid, and the resulting neutral oligosaccharide had more affinity for the WGA-agarose column. Sequential exoglycosidase digestion of the asialo derivative of the WGA-bound fraction with jack bean β -galactosidase and β -hexosaminidase demonstrated the presence of a lacto-N-neohexaose core. The position of sialic acid in the sialyllacto-N-neohexaose was determined by simultaneous digestion of the sialylhexaose with jack bean β -galactosidase and β -hexosaminidase, which removed the non-sialylated branch from the sialylhexaose and produced a sialyltetraose. The sialyltetraose was found to be sialyltetrasaccharide c as demonstrated by its elution time on HPLC and direct binding to monospecific anti-sialyltetrasccharide c serum. The structural data indicated that the WGA-bound sialylhexaose is a sialyl derivative of lacto-N-neohexaose with sialic acid linked to the 3 branch of this core structure which represents a previously undescribed sialyloligosaccharide in human milk. The structure of the WGA-bound sialylhexaose is, / M.S.

Soybeans are economically and agriculturally the most important legume in the world, providing protein and oil to the food and animal feed industries and base ingredients for hundreds of chemical products. Their value could be enhanced, however, if the oil and protein content remained high and the oligosaccharide and phytate contents were lowered to make soybeans more acceptable for human and animal consumption. A soybean population of 55 families segregating for genes controlling quality traits was chosen for this study. Both parental lines have high sucrose and low stachyose. The former contains a high level of phytate while the latter is low phytate. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether or not both parents had the same gene(s) for low stachyose. An additional objective was to determine quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling quality traits: sucrose, stachyose and phytate. An acetonitrile precipitation method and a modified colorimetric method were used to determine amounts of sugars and phytate, respectively. The phenotypic data for stachyose was analyzed and it was determined that two recessive genes control low stachyose content in this population. A map was constructed using 141 SSR markers and 15 molecular linkage groups (MLGs) were identified. After analyzing trait and marker data in QTL Cartographer, potential QTL were found on MLGs: B1, C2, D1b, F, M and N. Sucrose and stachyose QTL were identified on B1, C2, M and N. Phytate QTL were observed on B1, D1b, F and N. The markers identified for quality traits in this population may be useful in marker-assisted selection and the germplasm should be useful for the development of a cultivar. / Master of Science

Cette thèse de doctorat a été réalisée au Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV) sous la direction du Dr Sébastien Fort, responsable de l'équipe Chimie et Biotechnologie des Oligosaccharides (CBO) et du Dr Sami Halila de l'équipe PhysicoChimie des Glycopolymères (PCG). Cette thèse intitulée « Synthèse par chimie click non metallo-catalysée de glycoconjugués macromoléculaires pour des applications médicales» est financée par le ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (bourse MESR). L'objectif de ce travail était de développer de nouvelles méthodes de modification et de couplage regiosélectif d'oligosaccharides pour la préparation de glycoconjugués par une chimie « click » sans catalyse métallique. Ces travaux s'appuient sur l'expertise de l'équipe CBO pour la synthèse chimio-enzymatique d'oligosaccharides complexes ainsi que sur les méthodes de modification sélective de la position réductrice des oses.Un premier aspect concerne l'utilisation des propriétés physico-chimiques des oligosaccharides pour l'obtention de nanoparticules de taille contrôlée. Ces particules sont constituées de copolymères à blocs hybrides obtenus par couplage entre un polymère de synthèse et un oligosaccharide. La structure des nano-objets préparés sera analysée au sein de l'équipe PCG.Le deuxième aspect concerne l'utilisation des propriétés de reconnaissance biochimique des oligosaccharides. Cette partie sera focalisée sur le couplage efficace d'oligosaccharides d'intérêt biologiques sur support solide pour la purification de protéines. / The aim of the project is to develop new anomeric modification of oligosaccharides for the synthesis of glycoconjugates by metal-free click chemistry. Synthetic glycans have shown a great potential in medical and nanotechnology related fields. The current use of metallic catalyst during synthesis and the risk of contamination of the final product represent a drawback which could restrain their applications. Therefore an efficient metal free synthesis of glycoconjugates could be of great interest to circumvent this obstacle.Two distinct synthetic strategies have been explored for the metal free coupling of complex oligosaccharides on polymers to yield block-copolymers and glycoadsorbants. The glycopolymers were synthetized by a Michael addition between a thiol functionalized oligosaccharide and a maleimide or bromo-maleimide functionalized polymer. The nanoparticles obtained from the self-assembly of theses amphiphilic copolymers in water were characterized. The polycaprolactone-b-xylooligosaccharides copolymers presenting a reducible linkage were self-assembled into nanoparticles and assessed as model for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. This system showed a selective release of the entrapped molecules in reducing environment making it an interesting system for the intra-tumoral delivery of anti-cancer drugs. Glycoadsorbents were prepared by a Diels Alder reaction between a solid matrix displaying a maleimide moiety and furyl functionalized oligosaccharides. The affinity matrixes obtained allowed the selective purification of lectins. The blood group antigen (A;B) grafted matrixes displayed good properties for the trapping of corresponding anti-A or anti-B antibodies. These types of immunoadsorbants have great potential for the treatment of immune diseases like the Guillain-Barré syndrome.To conclude, two efficient anomeric modification and coupling strategies of oligosaccharides have been developed, opening the way to the metal free synthesis of various glycoconjugates.

La partie oligosaccharidique des glycoconjugués, présents à la surface des cellules eucaryotes, intervient dans de nombreux processus biologiques de reconnaissance et d'adhésion cellulaire. L'essor de la glycobiologie au cours des vingt dernières années a permis de définir, à partir de l'implication de ces structures glycaniques, de nombreuses applications thérapeutiques potentielles. Cependant la fabrication de nouveaux médicaments à partir d'oligosaccharidiques requiert leur disponibilité en grande quantité mais leurs obtentions par purification ou par méthode de synthèse chimique et enzymatique restent difficiles et couteuses et donnent un rendement faible. Le laboratoire CERMAV a récemment développé une technologie cellulaire, non polluante, capable de produire rapidement et en grande quantité un certain nombre d'oligosaccharides d'intérêt biologique. Le procédé baptisé « usine cellulaire » repose sur la co-expression de glycosyltransférases recombinantes chez la bactérie Escherichia coli. La sulfatation des glycanes est un élément important de leurs propriétés biologiques. Celle-ci dépend de l'activité de sulfotransférases, dont l'activité chez Escherichia coli a été peu étudiée. Par contre, ces enzymes utilisent des accepteurs oligosaccharidiques dont la synthèse est maîtrisée par le procédé d'usine cellulaire. Nous avons exprimé des gènes de sulfotransférases afin de permettre in vivo la sulfatation d'accepteurs oligosaccharidiques endogènes produits dans la bactérie. Les familles de molécules synthétisées dériveront des motifs GlcAlac, Lacto-N-néotétraose, et LewisX dont la synthèse in vivo est maîtrisée. Nous avons également réalisé une synthèse combinée chimio-enzymatique d'une néoglycoprotéine porteuse d'un analogue de l'épitope HNK-1, déterminant sulfaté impliqué notamment dans la régénération des motoneurones. Finalement nous avons entrepris une étude préliminaire d'adaptation du procédé d'« usine cellulaire » à la synthèse de glycanes sulfatés chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. / The oligosaccharide moety of glycoconjugates, present on the eukaryotic cell surface, is involved in many biological processes of recognition and cell adhesion. The rise of glycobiology over the last twenty years has helped to define, from the involvement of these glycan structures, many potential therapeutic applications. However, the manufacture of new drugs from oligosaccharide requires their availability in large quantities but their varieties by purification or by method of chemical and enzymatic synthesis remain difficult and expensive and lead to low yield. CERMAV has recently developed a clean and fast cell technology, which is able of producing large quantities of several oligosaccharides of biological interest. The process called "cell factory" is based on the co-expression of recombinant glycosyltransferases in Escherichia coli. Sulfation of glycans is an important part of their biological properties and depends on the activity of sulfotransferase, whose activity in Escherichia coli has not been well studied. But these enzymes use oligosaccharide acceptor whose synthesis is controlled by the process of cell factory. We expressed genes of sulfotransferase to allow the in vivo sulfation of endogenous oligosaccharide acceptor produced in the bacterium. Families of molecules synthesized drift patterns of GlcAlac, Lacto-N-neotetraose, and Lewisx whose synthesis in vivo is controlled. We also performed a combined chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a neoglycoprotein bearing an analogue of the epitope HNK-1, involved particularly in the regeneration of motoneurons. Finally we tried to adapt the method of "cell factory” for the synthesis of sulfated glycans in a eukaryotic organism such as yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

L’arthrose est un processus menant à la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire dont l’un des principaux composants est un protéoglycane (PG) : l’aggrécane. Il est constitué de glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs), essentiellement le sulfate de chondroitine (CS), liés de façon covalente à un squelette peptidique par l’intermédiaire d’une zone de liaison tétrasaccharidique commune aux principaux types de GAGs (CS et sulfate d’héparane (HS)). La biosynthèse des PGs met en jeu l’action séquentielle de O-glycosyltransférases qui additionnent spécifiquement chaque unité saccharidique. Lors de cette biosynthèse, encore mal connue, la zone de liaison subit des modifications (sulfatation et phosphorylation) qui peuvent être importantes pour la polymérisation des PGs en faveur des CS ou des HS.L’objectif de ce travail était de synthétiser, pour la première fois, une collection complète de trisaccharides biotinylés diversement monosulfatés ou non de la zone de liaison des PGs ainsi que des tétrasaccharides biotinylés (zone de liaison et amorces de CS) dans le but de déterminer le rôle des différentes sulfatations possibles dans la biosynthèse des PGs par les O-glycosyltransférases. / Osteoarthritis is a process leading to the degeneration of articular cartilage in which one of the major component is the proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan. It is composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), mainly chondroitin sulfate (CS), covalently linked to a peptide backbone through the tetrasaccharide linkage region which is common to the two principal types of GAGs (CS and heparan sulfate (HS)). The PGs biosynthesis involves the sequential action of O-glycosyltransferases that add specifically each saccharide unit. In this biosynthesis, still poorly understood, the linkage region undergoes changes (sulfation and phosphorylation) that may be important for the polymerization of PGs in favor of the CS or the HS.The objective of this work was to synthesize, for the first time, a full collection of biotinylated trisaccharides variously monosulfated or not of the linkage region of PGs and biotinylated tetrasaccharides (linkage region and first aminosugar of CS), in order to determine the role of the possible sulfation within the biosynthetic pathway of PGs by the O-glycosyltransferases.

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