Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar cigarrinhas vetoras ou potenciais vetoras de Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. em pomares cítricos do litoral norte da Bahia, determinando-se as espécies predominantes com ênfase na subfamília Cicadellinae. Os levantamentos foram conduzidos no período de março/2002 a fevereiro/2003, em cinco propriedades do litoral norte do Estado da Bahia, nos municípios de Alagoinhas, Inhambupe e Rio Real, em pomares de laranja doce [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cv. Pêra, enxertada sobre limão cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) com idade de 7 a 9 anos. Em cada pomar, foram instalados 15 cartões adesivos amarelos de 8,5 X 11,5 cm, dispostos em um espaçamento de 40x40 m. Os cartões foram amarrados a 1,5 m de altura em ramos da face norte, na periferia da copa, sendo substituídos periodicamente. Também foram realizadas avaliações periódicas na vegetação rasteira presente nas entrelinhas dos pomares através de rede de varredura, amostrando-se, em cada avaliação, cinco pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente e efetuando-se 30 redadas por ponto. Os dados de coleta foram submetidos a uma análise faunística, calculando-se os índices de constância, freqüência, abundância, dominância, diversidade, eqüitabilidade e similaridade. Coletaram-se 1860 espécimes pertencentes a 54 espécies de sete famílias da subordem Auchenorrhyncha, sendo a maioria deles das famílias Cicadellidae (84,3%) e Membracidae (14,2%). Um maior número de espécies de Auchenorrhynca foi observado em pomar vizinho a mata nativa pouco degradada. A subfamília Cicadellinae, que inclui os vetores de X. fastidiosa, foi a mais representativa em número de espécies (15) e de indivíduos coletados (63,92%). Observou-se variação na composição de espécies de Cicadellinae dependendo do método e local de amostragem, evidenciando-se a existência de dois grupos de potenciais vetores habitando a copa das laranjeiras e a vegetação rasteira. Acrogonia flagellata Young, A. citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodica sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 predominaram nos cartões adesivos amarelos (árvores cítricas), enquanto que Hortensia similis (Walker) e Erythrogonia dubia (Medler) foram dominantes na rede de varredura (vegetação rasteira). Entre as espécies de Cicadellinae já conhecidas como vetoras de X. fastidiosa em citros, apenas A. citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret) foram observadas, sendo que as duas últimas foram de ocorrência acidental na vegetação rasteira. Entre os novos potenciais vetores, A. flagellata, Homalodisca sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 são espécies predominantes nos pomares cítricos do litoral norte da Bahia, devendo ser investigadas quanto à capacidade de transmissão de X. fastidiosa para citros. / This study was carried out to identify vectors or potential vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. in citrus groves of the north coast of Bahia State, Brazil, based on a faunistic survey and determination of predominant sharpshooter leafhoppers (subfamily Cicadellinae). The survey was carried out from March/2002 to February/2003 in five old sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, cv. Pêra, grafted on rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck); 7-9 years old] groves of northeastern Bahia State, located in Alagoinhas, Inhambupe and Rio Real. Fifteen yellow sticky cards (8,5 X 11,5 cm) were installed 40x40 m apart in each grove, hanged at the height of 1.5 m on the upper north side of citrus canopies. Cards were replaced monthly or fortnightly. A sweep net was periodically used to sample leafhoppers in the herbaceous weeds inside the groves, by selecting five points at random and performing 30 sweeps in each point (sample unit). Data was uses to calculate indices of constancy, frequency, abundance, dominance, diversity, equitability and similarity. A total of 1860 specimens of 54 species belonging to 7 families of suborder Auchenorrhyncha were collected, most of them in the families Cicadellidae (84,3%) and Membracidae (14,2%). A larger number of species was observed in a grove located nearby a non-degraded native wood. The subfamily Cicadellinae, which includes the sharphooter vectors of X. fastidiosa, showed the largest number of species (15) and specimens (63,92%). There was a variation in Cicadellinae species composition depending upon the sampling method, which indicates that two distinct groups of potential sharpshooter vectors are inhabiting the citrus canopy and the weedy vegetation. Acrogonia flagellata Young, A. citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodica sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 predominate in the yellow sticky cards hanged on the citrus canopy, whereas Hortensia similis (Walker) e Erythrogonia dubia (Medler) were dominant species on weeds. Among the Cicadellinae species already known as vectors of X. fastidiosa in citrus, only A. citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret) were found; the two latter species were accidentally trapped by sweep net in the weedy vegetation. Among the new potential vectors, A. flagellata, Homalodisca sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 are predominant species in citrus groves of the north coast of Bahia and should be tested with respect to their ability to transmit X. fastidiosa to citrus.

A energia radiante absorvida pelas copas tem aplicação em estudos de fotossíntese e transpiração de plantas arbóreas. Sua determinação não é simples. Nas últimas duas décadas tem sido realizados trabalhos sobre interceptação de radiação por espécies arbóreas isoladas ou em renques, envolvendo tanto radiação de ondas curtas como de ondas longas (saldo de radiação, Rn). Uma técnica de medida de Rn utiliza radiômetros movendo-se em torno da copa de uma árvore (geometria esférica de medida) ou ao longo de copas de um renque (geometria cilíndrica). Uma alternativa é o uso de modelagem físico-matemática para estimativa de Rn, que também exige medidas para testar modelos. Considerando os poucos trabalhos nessa linha de pesquisa, o presente estudo objetivou: a) avaliar o desempenho de sistemas móveis de integração espaçotemporal de medidas de Rn em renque de um cafezal e de um pomar de limeira ácida localizados no Campus Luiz de Queiroz, USP, Piracicaba, SP; b) estabelecer relações do saldo de radiação das copas de cafeeiros (Rnc) e limeiras ácidas (Rnl) com o saldo de radiação de gramado (Rng) e irradiância solar global (Rg); c) avaliar o desempenho de três modelos físicomatemáticos de estimativa de Rn por comparação com as medidas realizadas com varredura da copa pelos saldo-radiômetros movimentando-se ao longo dos renques (geometria cilíndrica de medidas). Os estudos foram realizados nas quatro estações do ano e em três no pomar, iniciandose respectivamente no outono e no verão de 2008. Os sistemas integradores forneceram valores diários de magnitude coerentes com os de calor latente de vaporização da copa determinados por medidas de transpiração de uma árvore. O desempenho do sistema de grande porte utilizado no pomar exige testes adicionais. O curso diário de Rn em cada posição dos radiômetros em torno da copa mostraram padrões diferenciados conforme orientação do renque e época do ano. No cafezal foram encontradas muito boas relações de Rnc com Rg e Rng nas escalas de 15min, horária e diurna, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no inverno, na escala diurna, para Rng. Para o pomar, as relações de Rnl com Rg e Rng foram boas nas três escalas temporais, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no outono na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Beer apresentou altos índices de confiabilidade nas épocas do ano, nas escalas horária e diurna; e no pomar se mostrou confiável para inverno, mas não no verão na escala diurna e na escala horária apresentou menor confiabilidade. O modelo de Pilau apresentou boa confiabilidade para o cafezal no outono e menor confiabilidade nas demais estações, enquanto na escala horária verificou-se boa confiabilidade no outono e inverno; para o pomar, o desempenho foi satisfatório para inverno nas duas escalas temporais e insatisfatório para verão na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Oyarzun mostrou-se confiável na escala diurna, e menos confiável na escala horária no verão; para o pomar, apresentou boa confiabilidade em ambas escalas temporais no inverno e baixa confiabilidade no verão. / The amount of radiant energy absorbed by the canopy of trees has great application in photosynthesis and transpiration research. Studies of radiation interception by the canopies of an isolated or a sequence of trees in hedgerows have been carried out by a technique which employs moving radiometers around an isolated tree (spherical geometry of measurement) or along a part of a hedgerow (cylindrical geometry). This technique allows spatiotemporal integration of the values. Crop Modeling is an alternative approach to estimate the radiation balance of canopies (Rn). The present study had the following objectives: a) to evaluate the performance of systems for spatiotemporal integration of Rn measurements in hedgerows of a coffee and an acid lime crops at the Luiz de Queiroz Campus of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; b) to establish relations of the net radiation of the coffee (Rnc) and of acid lime plants (Rnl) canopies with grass net radiation (Rng) and incoming solar radiation (Rg); c) to evaluate the performance of three models of Radiation Balance (Rn), by comparing modem results with measurements by the moving radiometers along the planting row (cylindrical geometry). The coffee experiment was carried out all year long starting in the fall of 2008 while for the orchard only three seasons were tested starting in the summer 2008. Measurements of Rn by the moving systems were considered reliable, but it is recommended further testing of that of the orchard. The daily course of Rn for each measurement around the canopy showed different patterns for the two crops, in agreement with planting row orientation and season. Concerning to relations of Rnc with Rg and Rng integrated for 15min, hourly and diurnal periods, they were very good for the coffee crop in the three timescales, excepting for the 15min and hourly timescales in the summer and for the Rng for the diurnal period in the winter. For the orchard, the relations of Rnl with Rg and Rng were good, excepting for the summer in the 15min and hourly and in autumn for the diurnal timescales. The Beer´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop; while for the orchard it showed to be reliable in the winter, but not in the summer for the diurnal period; for the hourly periods it was less reliable. The Pilau´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop for both the diurnal and hourly periods during the fall, but less reliability in the other seasons; for the orchard, its performance was reliable for the winter in the two timescales and not reliable for the summer in the diurnal scale. The Oyarzun´s model showed to be reliable in the diurnal timescale and less reliable in the hourly timescale for the summer; for the orchard, it showed good reliability for the winter and little reliability for the summer.

Les sols des oliveraies subissent des pressions environnementales fortes telles que les contraintes pédoclimatiques méditerranéennes et des pratiques agronomiques intensives. Ils requièrent une grande attention face aux changements climatiques. En zone littorale, les stress osmotiques et thermiques s’intensifient. Dans un contexte d’exacerbations de pressions, les sols pourraient subir des modifications profondes de leur qualité, modifications qu’il serait possible d’atténuer en adoptant des pratiques agricoles "durables". Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif d’examiner, en tenant compte de la littoralité, l’impact de pratiques conventionnelles et de conservation sur les activités microbiennes des cycles du C et N et les caractéristiques chimiques du sol. Ont été évaluées dépendamment de la distance à la mer, I)les fonctions des communautés microbiennes de la phyllosphère et de la rhizosphère de l’olivier, II)l’incidence du labour, de co-culture de Fabaceae, d’un enherbement et d’un apport de margions au Liban et en France, III)les réponses microbiennes à des stress hydriques après différentes pratiques. Ce travail a porté plus précisément sur les activités enzymatiques et cataboliques microbiennes intervenant dans la transformation de la matière organique dont la qualité a été étudiée par RMN du solide13C. Ce travail a permis d’observer une littoralité des fonctionnements microbiens avec une atténuation probable des émissions de CO2 par l’utilisation des pratiques de conservation. Par conséquent il est nécessaire de développer en oléiculture intensive des pratiques garantissant la stabilité des fonctions écologiques supportées par les relations sols/microorganismes/plantes. / Olive grove soils are subjected to harsh environmental pressures such as Mediterranean constraints and intensive agriculture practices. They require a great attention in the context of climate change. In coastal areas, osmotic and thermal stresses are intensified. Under these conditions of intensified pressure, significant changes in soil quality may occur and these changes can be mitigated by ‘sustainable’ farming practices. Thus, this thesis project aimed at evaluating, under coastal constraints, the impact of conventional and conservation practices on microbial activities involved in C and N cycles, and soil chemical characteristics. Depending on the distance from the sea, we evaluated i) functions of microbial communities of olive rhizosphere and phyllosphere, ii) the effect of tillage, Fabaceae co-culture, natural grass, OMW in Lebanon and France, iii) microbial responses to water stress under different practices. This work focused on microbial activities involved in the transformation of organic matter, whose quality was studied by solid state NMR 13C. Therefore, this work reported a ‘coastal print’ on microbial functioning and a likely reduction of CO2 emissions through the application of conservation practices. Therefore, it is necessary to develop, under olive tree culture intensification, practices ensuring stability of ecological functions supported by soils / microorganisms / plants relationships.

L'expansion des zones agricoles a conduit à la perte de biodiversité due à la réduction des habitats naturels et semi-naturels dans les paysages agricoles. Avec l'augmentation de la production agricole dans le monde, des techniques écologiquement rationnelles sont de plus en plus discutées qui permettent une gestion durable des habitats environnants. Les effets de ces habitats sur la population des insectes nuisibles et de leurs ennemis naturels sont encore mal connus. L'objectif de cette thèse était de comprendre les effets des environnements naturels et semi-naturels sur la population des insectes nuisibles et des ennemis naturels dans les régions tropicales (Brésil) et tempérées (France). Au Brésil (chapitre II), on a évalué l'effet de la distance des fragments sur la population de fourmis prédatrices et omnivores dans la canne à sucre. Les résultats montrent que la richesse en espèces diminue avec la distance des fragments forestiers et que la prédominance des espèces Dorymyrmex bruneus et Pheidole oxyops augmente. Des espèces de fourmis colonisant les champs de canne à sucre ont également été trouvées dans des fragments forestiers, ce qui suggère que ces derniers habitats sont des refuges pour les espèces de fourmis prédatrices pendant les périodes de perturbation comme la récolte de la canne à sucre ou le travail du sol. Cela a été confirmé par des différences plus fortes dans les communautés de fourmis après la récolte de la canne à sucre (saison sèche) que quatre mois plus tard / (saison des pluies) quand l'absence de perturbation a permis la re-lonosiation par les fourmis. Il y avait aussi une différence dans la richesse des espèces de fourmis entre les différents types de fragments (vallées fluviales et plaines). En France, on a évalué l'effet des bandes de fleurs sauvages, de la végétation spontanée et des bandes d'herbe sur la communauté des ennemis naturels et la régulation du puceron de la pomme rosâtre Dysaphis plantaginaea (chapitre III). En ce qui concerne les principaux ennemis naturels, nos résultats ont montré une densité plus élevée de hoverflies par rapport à d'autres types de bande, mais aucune différence pour les coccinelles (coccinelidae). Cependant, aucune différence de densité naturelle de l'ennemi n'a été observée à l'intérieur des vergers. Le nombre de pucerons était plus élevé près des marges, ce qui suggère que la colonisation à partir des bandes marginales peut contrecarrer les effets régulateurs positifs des ennemis naturels. Les effets positifs de la végétation de la marge de bande sur la régulation des ravageurs de la pomme nécessitent un mouvement d'ennemis naturels dans le verger. Nous avons testé les mouvements des prédateurs généralistes en étiquetant les bandes de marge avec des protéines d'oeufs et nous avons vérifié si elles se nourrissaient d'insectes nuisibles en utilisant l'analyse de marqueurs génétiques des gènes de papillon (Cydia pomonella) à l'intérieur des prédateurs (chapitre IV). Les résultats ont montré que peu de personnes se déplaçaient des marges de champ dans le verger. Cependant, 25% des prédateurs capturés se nourrissaient de C. pomonella indiquant encore un haut niveau de régulation naturelle. En conclusion, le mouvement limité des prédateurs à partir des bandes de marges dans les vergers peut expliquer l'absence de différences entre les traitements de bandes dans la régulation des ravageurs du verger (pucerons). Les habitats naturels et semi-naturels peuvent contribuer à la lutte contre les ravageurs en marge des cultures, mais dans les vergers de pommiers cet effet a fortement diminué avec la distance. / The expansion of agricultural areas has led to the loss of biodiversity due to the reduction of natural and semi-natural habitats in agricultural landscapes. With the increase of agricultural production in the world, environmentally sound techniques are increasingly discussed that allow a sustainable management of surrounding habitats. The effects of these habitats on the population of insect pests and their natural enemies are still poorly understood. The objective of this thesis was to understand the effects of natural and semi-natural environments on the population of insect pests and natural enemies in tropical (Brazil) and temperate (France) regions. In Brazil (Chapter II) the effect of the distance of fragments on the population of predatory and omnivorous ants in sugarcane was evaluated. The results showed that the species richness decrease with distance from forest fragments and that the dominance of the species Dorymyrmex bruneus and Pheidole oxyops increase. Ant species colonizing sugarcane fields were also found in forest fragments suggesting that the latter habitats are shelters for predatory ant species during periods of disturbance such as sugarcane harvest or soil tillage. This was confirmed by stronger differences in ant communities after sugarcane harvest (dry season) than four months later /(rainy season) when absence of disturbance allowed re-colonization by ants. There was also a difference in the richness of ant species between different fragment types (river valleys and plateaus). In France, the effect of wildflower strips, spontaneous vegetation and grass strips on the community of natural enemies and the regulation of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginaea (Chapter III) were evaluated. Concerning major natural enemies, our results showed a higher density of hoverflies compared with other strip types but no difference for ladybirds (coccinelidae). No differences in natural enemy densities were observed inside orchards. Aphid number was higher close to the margins suggesting that colonization from margin strips may counteract positive regulatory effects of natural enemies. Positive effects of strip margin vegetation on regulation of apple pests require a movement of natural enemies into the orchard. We tested the movements of generalist predators by labelling margin strips with egg protein and we checked whether they fed on pest insects using genetic marker analysis of codling (Cydia pomonella) moth genes inside predators (chapter IV). The results showed that few individuals were moving from the field margins into the orchard. However, 25% of the captured predators fed on C. pomonella still indicating a high level of natural regulation. In conclusion, the limited movement of predators from margin strips into orchards may explain the absence of differences between strip treatments in orchard pest regulation (aphids). Natural and semi-natural habitats can contribute to pest control at the margins of crops, but in apple orchards this effect strongly decreased with distance.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-230). Details the biology and life history of the Quandong moth and investigates management strategies that would enable growers to manage the pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable program.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-230). / 230 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Details the biology and life history of the Quandong moth and investigates management strategies that would enable growers to manage the pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable program. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology, 2001

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-22T17:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ERBIA BRESSIA GONÇALVES ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT - 2017.pdf: 1383874 bytes, checksum: b5f572bb8228fa61951814df473903f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T17:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ERBIA BRESSIA GONÇALVES ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT - 2017.pdf: 1383874 bytes, checksum: b5f572bb8228fa61951814df473903f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / No Brasil, a maioria dos pomares de cajueiro está localizada no tropico semiárido, onde os recursos hídricos são escassos e apresentam problemas de salinidade. Diante da importância socioeconômica do cajueiro para região nordeste do Brasil bem como das dificuldades relacionadas a escassez hídrica e qualidade de agua para irrigação, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes doses de matéria orgânica combinadas com águas de distintos níveis salinos na produção de porta-enxerto de cajueiro. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação (ambiente protegido) do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), localizado no município de Pombal-PB. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com os tratamentos referentes à cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação CEa de (0,3; 1,0; 1,7; 2,4 e 3,1 dS m-1 ) em interação com quatro doses matéria orgânica MO (2,5; 3,5; 4,5 e 5,5%). Utilizaram-se três repetições, com duas plantas úteis por parcela, onde se avaliou o clone de cajueiro anão precoce CCP 06. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de diâmetro do caule, número de folhas e área foliar aos 20 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT), taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo da altura de planta e do diâmetro do caule nos períodos de 10 a 30 DAT, fitomassa fresca e seca de caule, folhas e parte aérea, fitomassa seca de raiz, seca total e o índice de qualidade de Dickson aos 30 DAT. As doses crescentes de matéria orgânica não atenuaram o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre as variáveis estudadas no presente trabalho. A transpiração, condutância estomática e a fotossíntese líquida dos porta-enxerto de cajueiro CCP 06 diminuem com o acréscimo da salinidade do extrato de saturação do solo.Doses crescentes de MO não reduzem o efeito deletério da irrigação com águas salinizadas sobre a fitomassa e a fisiologia de portaenxerto de cajueiro CCP 06. A irrigação de água CEa de até 2,49, 0,90 e 1,01 dS m-1 , na produção de porta-enxerto de cajueiro CCP 06 promove redução aceitável no crescimento (diâmetro, área foliar e TCRap), fisiologia e fitomassa aos 30 DAT de 10% respectivamente. A dose de matéria orgânica de 2,5% apresentou o melhor resultado para as variáveis estudadas. / In Brazil, most of the cashew orchards are located in the semi-arid tropics, where water resources are scarce and present salinity problems. In view of the socioeconomic importance of cashew trees in the northeastern region of Brazil, as well as the difficulties related to water scarcity and water quality for irrigation, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the use of different doses of organic matter combined with waters of different saline levels In the production of cashew rootstock. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse (protected environment) of the Center for Science and Technology Agro-Food of the Federal University of Campina Grande (CCTA / UFCG), located in the municipality of Pombal-PB. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with the treatments referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of ECw irrigation water of (0.3, 1.0, 1.7, 2.4 and 3, 1 dS m-1 ) in interaction with four organic matter doses OM (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5%). Three replicates were used, with two useful plants per plot, where the precocious dwarf cashew clone CCP 06 was evaluated. The variables of stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area were evaluated at 20 and 30 days after application of the treatments (DAT), absolute and relative growth rate of plant height and stem diameter in periods of 10 to 30 DAT, fresh and dry stem, leaf and shoot biomass, dry root phytomass, total dry matter and Quality of Dickson at 30 DAT. Increasing doses of organic matter did not attenuate the effect of irrigation water salinity on the variables studied in the present study. The transpiration, stomatal conductance and the net photosynthesis of the CCP 06 cashew rootstocks decrease with the increase of the salinity of the soil saturation extract. Increasing OM masses do not reduce the deleterious effect of irrigation with salinized waters on phytomass and physiology Of CCP 06 cashew tree rootstock. ECw water irrigation of up to 2.49, 0.90 and 1.01 dS m-1 in the production of CCP 06 cashew rootstock promotes acceptable growth reduction (diameter, Leaf area and TCRap), physiology and phytomass at 30 DAT of 10%, respectively. The organic matter dose of 2.5% presented the best results for the studied variables.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar cigarrinhas vetoras ou potenciais vetoras de Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. em pomares cítricos do litoral norte da Bahia, determinando-se as espécies predominantes com ênfase na subfamília Cicadellinae. Os levantamentos foram conduzidos no período de março/2002 a fevereiro/2003, em cinco propriedades do litoral norte do Estado da Bahia, nos municípios de Alagoinhas, Inhambupe e Rio Real, em pomares de laranja doce [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cv. Pêra, enxertada sobre limão cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) com idade de 7 a 9 anos. Em cada pomar, foram instalados 15 cartões adesivos amarelos de 8,5 X 11,5 cm, dispostos em um espaçamento de 40x40 m. Os cartões foram amarrados a 1,5 m de altura em ramos da face norte, na periferia da copa, sendo substituídos periodicamente. Também foram realizadas avaliações periódicas na vegetação rasteira presente nas entrelinhas dos pomares através de rede de varredura, amostrando-se, em cada avaliação, cinco pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente e efetuando-se 30 redadas por ponto. Os dados de coleta foram submetidos a uma análise faunística, calculando-se os índices de constância, freqüência, abundância, dominância, diversidade, eqüitabilidade e similaridade. Coletaram-se 1860 espécimes pertencentes a 54 espécies de sete famílias da subordem Auchenorrhyncha, sendo a maioria deles das famílias Cicadellidae (84,3%) e Membracidae (14,2%). Um maior número de espécies de Auchenorrhynca foi observado em pomar vizinho a mata nativa pouco degradada. A subfamília Cicadellinae, que inclui os vetores de X. fastidiosa, foi a mais representativa em número de espécies (15) e de indivíduos coletados (63,92%). Observou-se variação na composição de espécies de Cicadellinae dependendo do método e local de amostragem, evidenciando-se a existência de dois grupos de potenciais vetores habitando a copa das laranjeiras e a vegetação rasteira. Acrogonia flagellata Young, A. citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodica sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 predominaram nos cartões adesivos amarelos (árvores cítricas), enquanto que Hortensia similis (Walker) e Erythrogonia dubia (Medler) foram dominantes na rede de varredura (vegetação rasteira). Entre as espécies de Cicadellinae já conhecidas como vetoras de X. fastidiosa em citros, apenas A. citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret) foram observadas, sendo que as duas últimas foram de ocorrência acidental na vegetação rasteira. Entre os novos potenciais vetores, A. flagellata, Homalodisca sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 são espécies predominantes nos pomares cítricos do litoral norte da Bahia, devendo ser investigadas quanto à capacidade de transmissão de X. fastidiosa para citros. / This study was carried out to identify vectors or potential vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. in citrus groves of the north coast of Bahia State, Brazil, based on a faunistic survey and determination of predominant sharpshooter leafhoppers (subfamily Cicadellinae). The survey was carried out from March/2002 to February/2003 in five old sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, cv. Pêra, grafted on rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck); 7-9 years old] groves of northeastern Bahia State, located in Alagoinhas, Inhambupe and Rio Real. Fifteen yellow sticky cards (8,5 X 11,5 cm) were installed 40x40 m apart in each grove, hanged at the height of 1.5 m on the upper north side of citrus canopies. Cards were replaced monthly or fortnightly. A sweep net was periodically used to sample leafhoppers in the herbaceous weeds inside the groves, by selecting five points at random and performing 30 sweeps in each point (sample unit). Data was uses to calculate indices of constancy, frequency, abundance, dominance, diversity, equitability and similarity. A total of 1860 specimens of 54 species belonging to 7 families of suborder Auchenorrhyncha were collected, most of them in the families Cicadellidae (84,3%) and Membracidae (14,2%). A larger number of species was observed in a grove located nearby a non-degraded native wood. The subfamily Cicadellinae, which includes the sharphooter vectors of X. fastidiosa, showed the largest number of species (15) and specimens (63,92%). There was a variation in Cicadellinae species composition depending upon the sampling method, which indicates that two distinct groups of potential sharpshooter vectors are inhabiting the citrus canopy and the weedy vegetation. Acrogonia flagellata Young, A. citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodica sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 predominate in the yellow sticky cards hanged on the citrus canopy, whereas Hortensia similis (Walker) e Erythrogonia dubia (Medler) were dominant species on weeds. Among the Cicadellinae species already known as vectors of X. fastidiosa in citrus, only A. citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret) were found; the two latter species were accidentally trapped by sweep net in the weedy vegetation. Among the new potential vectors, A. flagellata, Homalodisca sp. e Cicadellini sp.1 are predominant species in citrus groves of the north coast of Bahia and should be tested with respect to their ability to transmit X. fastidiosa to citrus.

The rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is the most serious pest apple aphid in view of the scale of damages inflicted to the fruits by a small number of individuals. Although numerous natural enemies have been associated with D. plantaginea, they are unable to halt infestations soon enough in most commercial apple orchards obliging fruit growers to control it chemically to prevent severe economic losses. In order to reinforce the contribution of indigenous aphidophaga in regulating rosy apple aphids, the use of insectary plants selected to support two groups of specialist aphid antagonists, notably aphid parasitoids and aphidophagous monovoltine syrphids, was investigated. 1. A first step consisted in selecting appropriate plant species. The rowan tree Sorbus aucuparia L. and the common elder Sambucus nigra L. were selected for their ability to support substitute aphids for the rosy apple aphid parasitoid E. persicae Froggatt (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) and monovotine syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) respectively. 2. Next, trials were conducted to induce substitute aphid infestations on their host plants by introducing eggs of Dysaphis sorbi Kaltenbach on rowan and small colonies of Aphis sambuci L. on elder. The resulting aphid populations which developed on their respective host plants in spring proved to be exploited by the natural enemies expected, i.e. E. persicae and monovoltine syrphids of the genus Epistrophe. Besides, diapause mummies of E. persicae and diapausing last-instar Epistrophe larvac were recorded on rowan and in the elder litter respectively, indicating the successful settlement of the antagonists in the orchard environment. A complementary investigation devoted to syrphid adults indicated that females of all species recorded ovipositing on the eider shrubs, including Epistrophe spp. had consumed a large majority of apple pollen grains as a protein source required for egg maturation. 3. To comfort our choice in the two groups of aphidophaga considered, a study dedicated to their respective phenology versus the one of D. plantaginea showed that they could both potentially halt rosy apple aphid infestations by attacking the aphids while the latter still occupied the primary, fundatrix-induced rosette leaf colonies, i.e. a critical moment in rosy apple aphid control. 4. Finally, marking methods were tested to label E. persicae internally and the egg load of gravid syrphids. These trials were intended to pave the way towards future mark-release-recapture experiments aimed to evaluate the antagonists’ activity range and thus strategically position the insectary plants for optimal aphid biological control in the whole orchard. The first step of new approach in the biological control of D. plantaginea has been set with this study. Its originality lies in the induction of economically indifferent aphid infestations on selected plants introduced in the orchard to encourage well-targeted groups of specialist aphid antagonists. Further trials are still needed to validate the field efficacy of the insectary plant systems developed and evaluate their possible integration within the whole array of pest management tools in both organic and integrated apple production. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No abstract available. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1966. / gm2014 / Plant Science / Unrestricted