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This study investigates modes of atmospheric variability in response to changes in Earth's orbit and changes in 20th century sea surface temperatures (SST). The orbital forcing is manifested by a change in obliquity and precession, and changes the distribution of the top-of-atmosphere insolation. A smaller obliquity reduces the the annual insolation that the poles receive and increases the annual insolation in the tropics. As the meridional insolation gradient increases, the zonal mean atmospheric-ocean circulation increases. The resulting climate also has a reduced global mean temperature due to the effect of climate feedbacks. This cooling can be attributed to a reduced lapse rate, increased cloud fraction. reduced water vapor in the atmosphere, and an increase in the surface albedo. A change in the precession, as the perihelion shifts from the winter to the summer solstice, causes a strengthening as well as an expansion of the N. Pacific summer subtropical anticyclone. This anticyclonic anomaly can be attributed to the weakening of the baroclinic activity, but also represents the circulation response to remote and local diabatic heating. The remote diabatic heating is associated with monsoonal activity in the SE Asia and North Africa. Regarding the 20th century SST forcing, it is represented by a multidecadal variability in the inter-hemispheric SST difference. This change in the SST causes a latitudinal shift in the ascending branch of the Hadley cell and precipitation in the tropics, as well as an increase in the atmospheric meridional heat transport from the warmer to the colder hemisphere.

The goals of the pelvis include maintaining the center of mass of the body, assisting in foot clearance and absorb forces from the lower extremities using muscles and ligaments to stabilize the joint. A better understanding of the influence of muscle strength on controlling pelvic obliquity in a healthy population will help in understanding low back pain and overuse lower extremity injuries. Thirteen females (22 ±2 yrs) participated in isokinetic strength testing of the hip abductors, adductors, internal rotators and external rotators on a Biodex dynamometer. The subjects also underwent gait analysis during self selected pace walking and stair descent. For each muscle group subjects were divided into weaker and stronger groups based on the mean. Independent t-test revealed a significantly greater amount of pelvic obliquity in the stronger group for abductors, adductors, and internal rotators during stair descent. Subjects may be compensating for more pelvic obliquity with less movement of the hip, knee and ankle. During walking weaker external rotators was the only muscle group that significantly increased pelvic obliquity. Our study supports the finding of other studies that the external rotators contribute to pelvic stabilization during walking (Powers, 2003).

Submitted by Marina Gonzaga de Oliveira (marina_oliveiira@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-13T18:44:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marina Gonzaga de Oliveira.pdf: 2620902 bytes, checksum: 459ac9bfc6bdcf9d2b46699b0031a626 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-06-13T19:49:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mg_me_rcla.pdf: 2620902 bytes, checksum: 459ac9bfc6bdcf9d2b46699b0031a626 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T19:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mg_me_rcla.pdf: 2620902 bytes, checksum: 459ac9bfc6bdcf9d2b46699b0031a626 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / É quase um consenso que os planetas ao serem formados, nasceram com obliquidades quase nulas. No entanto, para os planetas gigantes, exceto Júpiter, as atuais obliquidades estão longe de zero. Para Saturno, Urano e Netuno elas são, respectivamente, 25,61°, 97,86°, 28,31°. Em geral, as razões que alteraram as obliquidades estão associadas a efeitos gravitacionais como colisões ou capturas em ressonâncias. Neste trabalho pretendemos montar o sistema médio que governa a dinâmica de longo período da variação da obliquidade de um planeta considerando o Sol e um satélite com massas e distâncias diversas. Usaremos variáveis de Andoyer pois, por serem canônicas, as médias podem ser realizadas de forma rigorosa sempre que feitas em variáveis ação - ângulo. A questão do “wooble” pode ser facilmente incorporada se necessário. Pretendemos com este modelo estudar a variação da obliquidade de Netuno, mas em princípio pode ser usado também nos casos de exoplanetas (ARMSTRONG et al., 2014). O planeta Netuno, aparentemente é o único que não tem nenhum satélite regular primordial, ao contrário dos demais. Boué e Laskar (2010) fizeram uso de um satélite adicional para explicar a obliquidade de Urano. Porém, a presença de um satélite adicional de massa muito elevada, poderia desestabilizar os primordiais já existentes. No caso de Netuno, as massas dos satélites adicionais que pretendemos usar podem ser muito menores do que aquelas usadas por Boué e Laskar, o que elimina de vez, possível desestabilização de eventuais satélites primordiais regulares, caso eles tenham existido. / It is almost a consensus that the planets, when formed, were born with almost zero obliquities. However, for giant planets except Jupiter, the current obliquities ( ) are far from zero. For Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune they are, respectively, 25 . 6 ◦ , 97 . 8 ◦ , 28 . 3 ◦ . In general, the reasons that changed the obliquities are associated to gravitational effects such as collisions or captures in resonances. In this work we intend to build the average system that governs the long period dynamics of the variation of the obliquity of a planet considering the Sun and a satellite with different masses and distances. We will use Andoyer variables, because they are canonical, so averages can be performed rigorously whenever they are made in angle-action variables. The “wooble” issue can be easily incorporated if necessary. We intend with this model to study the variation of the Neptune’s obliquity, but in principle it can also be used in the case of exoplanets (ARMSTRONG et al., 2014). The planet Neptune, apparently is the only one that has no regular primordial satellite, unlike the others. Boué e Laskar (2010), used an additional satellite to explain the Uranus’ obliquity. However, the presence of an additional satellite with very high mass could destabilize the existing primordial ones. In the case of Neptune, the masses of the additional satellites that we intend to use may be much smaller than those used by Boué and Laskar, which eliminates possible destabilization of eventual regular primordial satellites, if they existed. / FAPESP: 2016/07046-4.

Excess ice with a minimum age of tens of millions of years is widespread in Arcadia Planitia on Mars, and a similar deposit has been found in Utopia Planitia. The conditions that led to the formation and preservation of these midlatitude ice sheets hold clues to past climate and subsurface structure on Mars. We simulate the thermal stability and retreat of buried excess ice sheets over 21Myr of Martian orbital solutions and find that the ice sheets can be orders of magnitude older than the obliquity cycles that are typically thought to drive midlatitude ice deposition and sublimation. Retreat of this ice in the last 4Myr could have contributed similar to 6% of the volume of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) and more than 10% if the NPLD are older than 4Myr. Matching the measured dielectric constants of the Arcadia and Utopia Planitia deposits requires ice porosities of similar to 25-35%. We model geothermally driven vapor migration through porous ice under Martian temperatures and find that Martian firn may be able to maintain porosity for timescales longer than we predict for retreat of the ice.

Três eram as principais tarefas da retórica clássica: instruir, deleitar e mover as almas à ação. Nas Confissões, contudo, percebe-se que elas são excedidas por um emprego nada convencional dos recursos da ars, de que rhetor Agostinho era mestre, a fim de perse-guir finalidade filosófica ulterior: dizer o indizível. Trata-se do uso duma palavra retórica que se quer circular, tautócrona, oblíqua, poética, oracular e paradoxal, em sua eloquência silenciosa. Numa primeira parte, pretende-se ressaltar a circularidade e tautocronia dessa palavra retórica que quer invocar, louvar e conhecer o incognoscível, mas que não prescinde da fé, tampouco da inteligência daquilo em que pretende crer e que quer apregoar, o que se faz por meio duma leitura analítica dos dois primeiros parágrafos do livro inaugural (Conf. 1,1,1-2). Na sequência, procura-se analisar os mecanismos elocutórios, de modo especial o oximoro, da palavra retórica com que Agostinho pretende dar conta da própria Palavra divina, Verbum que se fez carne. De duas maneiras se destacam essas ferramentas retóricas. Primeiro, por sua obliquidade, própria a uma linguagem que busca incessantemente extrapolar seus limites, encontrando um certo modo novo de dizer com arte, segundo a definição de figura de Quintiliano. Depois, por seu inusitado silêncio, próprio dum dizer que nada diz, em sua pretensão de exprimir o inexprimível, e que nesse não dizer diz mais do que se tivesse dito muito. Trata-se, pois, duma retórica do silêncio, que não se conforma em não dizer o indizível, pretendendo superar os limites impostos por um discurso de gênero redutor, que nega qualquer possibilidade de dizer aquilo que se tem por inefável, o Ser supremo, ainda que se veja reduzida a fazê-lo através dum espelho, em enigma (1Cor 13,12). Lo-go, desenvolve-se neste trabalho um estudo filosófico das técnicas retóricas utilizadas pelo pensador de Hipona, de modo especial as figuras de elocução, que se utilizam como meio de ultrapassar os limites duma linguagem estritamente apofática, a fim de que se cumprisse a missão cristã da pregação do Verbo encarnado. / Three were the main tasks of classical rhetoric: instruct, delight and move souls to action. In the Confessions, however, one realizes that they are exceeded by an uncon-ventional application of the arss resources, of which the rhetor Augustine was master, in order to pursue a further philosophical purpose: saying the unsayable. This is done primarily by the use of a rhetoric word that pretends to be circular, simultaneous, oblique, poetic, oracular and paradoxical, in its silent eloquence. Firstly it is intended to emphasize the circularity and simultaneity of this rhetoric word that wants to invoke, praise and know the unknowable, but that neither prescinds from faith nor from the un-derstanding of what it wants to believe in and proclaim, what is done by means of an analytical reading of the first two paragraphs of the opening book (Conf. 1.1.1-2). Sub-sequently, with an special emphasis on the oxymoron, the elocution mechanisms are analyzed: the rhetoric word with which Augustine gives an account of the divine Word, the Verbum that was made flesh. These rhetorical tools stand out in two ways. First, by their obliquity, peculiar to a language that ceaselessly seeks to extrapolate its limits, finding a certain new way to say with art, according to Quintilians definition of figure. Then, by its unaccustomed silence, peculiar to a saying that nothing says, in its aspira-tion to express the inexpressible, and by not saying it says more than if it had much said. And that is what is named a rhetoric of silence: one that does not resign itself to not saying the unsayable and intends to overcome the limits imposed by a reductive gender of discourse which denies any possibility of saying what is considered to be ineffable, the Supreme Being, even if it sees itself obliged to perform it through a mirror, in a riddle (1Cor 13,12). Therefore, it is developed in this work a philosophical study of the rhetorical techniques utilized by the thinker of Hippo, especially the figures of speech, which are put to use as a means to overcome the limits of a strictly apophatic language, so that the Christian mission could be fulfilled, preaching the Incarnate Word.

Três eram as principais tarefas da retórica clássica: instruir, deleitar e mover as almas à ação. Nas Confissões, contudo, percebe-se que elas são excedidas por um emprego nada convencional dos recursos da ars, de que rhetor Agostinho era mestre, a fim de perse-guir finalidade filosófica ulterior: dizer o indizível. Trata-se do uso duma palavra retórica que se quer circular, tautócrona, oblíqua, poética, oracular e paradoxal, em sua eloquência silenciosa. Numa primeira parte, pretende-se ressaltar a circularidade e tautocronia dessa palavra retórica que quer invocar, louvar e conhecer o incognoscível, mas que não prescinde da fé, tampouco da inteligência daquilo em que pretende crer e que quer apregoar, o que se faz por meio duma leitura analítica dos dois primeiros parágrafos do livro inaugural (Conf. 1,1,1-2). Na sequência, procura-se analisar os mecanismos elocutórios, de modo especial o oximoro, da palavra retórica com que Agostinho pretende dar conta da própria Palavra divina, Verbum que se fez carne. De duas maneiras se destacam essas ferramentas retóricas. Primeiro, por sua obliquidade, própria a uma linguagem que busca incessantemente extrapolar seus limites, encontrando um certo modo novo de dizer com arte, segundo a definição de figura de Quintiliano. Depois, por seu inusitado silêncio, próprio dum dizer que nada diz, em sua pretensão de exprimir o inexprimível, e que nesse não dizer diz mais do que se tivesse dito muito. Trata-se, pois, duma retórica do silêncio, que não se conforma em não dizer o indizível, pretendendo superar os limites impostos por um discurso de gênero redutor, que nega qualquer possibilidade de dizer aquilo que se tem por inefável, o Ser supremo, ainda que se veja reduzida a fazê-lo através dum espelho, em enigma (1Cor 13,12). Lo-go, desenvolve-se neste trabalho um estudo filosófico das técnicas retóricas utilizadas pelo pensador de Hipona, de modo especial as figuras de elocução, que se utilizam como meio de ultrapassar os limites duma linguagem estritamente apofática, a fim de que se cumprisse a missão cristã da pregação do Verbo encarnado. / Three were the main tasks of classical rhetoric: instruct, delight and move souls to action. In the Confessions, however, one realizes that they are exceeded by an uncon-ventional application of the arss resources, of which the rhetor Augustine was master, in order to pursue a further philosophical purpose: saying the unsayable. This is done primarily by the use of a rhetoric word that pretends to be circular, simultaneous, oblique, poetic, oracular and paradoxical, in its silent eloquence. Firstly it is intended to emphasize the circularity and simultaneity of this rhetoric word that wants to invoke, praise and know the unknowable, but that neither prescinds from faith nor from the un-derstanding of what it wants to believe in and proclaim, what is done by means of an analytical reading of the first two paragraphs of the opening book (Conf. 1.1.1-2). Sub-sequently, with an special emphasis on the oxymoron, the elocution mechanisms are analyzed: the rhetoric word with which Augustine gives an account of the divine Word, the Verbum that was made flesh. These rhetorical tools stand out in two ways. First, by their obliquity, peculiar to a language that ceaselessly seeks to extrapolate its limits, finding a certain new way to say with art, according to Quintilians definition of figure. Then, by its unaccustomed silence, peculiar to a saying that nothing says, in its aspira-tion to express the inexpressible, and by not saying it says more than if it had much said. And that is what is named a rhetoric of silence: one that does not resign itself to not saying the unsayable and intends to overcome the limits imposed by a reductive gender of discourse which denies any possibility of saying what is considered to be ineffable, the Supreme Being, even if it sees itself obliged to perform it through a mirror, in a riddle (1Cor 13,12). Therefore, it is developed in this work a philosophical study of the rhetorical techniques utilized by the thinker of Hippo, especially the figures of speech, which are put to use as a means to overcome the limits of a strictly apophatic language, so that the Christian mission could be fulfilled, preaching the Incarnate Word.

Étudier la représentation de l’écrivain dans son rapport à l’Histoire permet d’analyser les enjeux d’un retour de l’Histoire dans la fiction, accompagné d’une volonté auctoriale référentielle, sans retour d’un auteur démiurge ou d’une littérature purement référentielle. Il s’agit alors d’analyser comment Imre Kertész et Antonio Tabucchi conjuguent fictionnalisation de l’Histoire et fictionnalisation de l’écrivain en privilégiant les liens entre littérature et politique, et en s’appuyant sur la place du lecteur dans la construction du sens afin de déterminer une responsabilité des écrivains, dans l’oblicité de la représentation et du témoignage. Les désastres du XXe siècle font retour de manière spectrale dans les récits et la définition d’une poétique de l’inquiétude constitue alors le pivot entre la responsabilité du lecteur et celle des auteurs, pour l’émergence d’une littérature responsable. / Studying the way a writer is represented in his relationship to history allows us to analyse the stakes of a return of history within fiction, along with an author’s referential will, without witnessing any coming back of a demiurgic author or of a purely referential literature. The question, then, is to find out how Imre Kertész and Antonio Tabucchi combine fictionalization of history with fictionalization of the writer by emphasizing the links between literature and politics and by relying upon the reader’s role in the elaboration of the meaning, in order to give rise to a responsibility of writers for oblique representation and testimony. In all the narrations, the disasters of the XXth century are recurrent in a ghostly manner and then the definition of a poetics of disquiet constitutes the pivot between the reader’s responsibility and the authors’ in order to lead to responsible literature.

No description available.