Vários estudos indicam que o canabidiol (CBD) apresenta grande potencial terapêutico por possuir propriedades anti-inflamatória, analgésica, anticonvulsivante, anticompulsiva, entre outras. No entanto, o CBD apresenta baixa biodisponibilidade, o que pode comprometer seu uso clínico. Além disso, os múltiplos efeitos farmacológicos do CBD ocorrem por diferentes mecanismos. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento de compostos com efeitos semelhantes ao CBD, porém mais potentes e/ou com melhor perfil farmacocinético, seria importante. Assim, no presente estudo, nós avaliamos os efeitos induzidos por um derivado fluorado do CBD, o HU-474, comparando-os com aqueles induzidos pelo CBD. Para isso, camundongos suíços machos foram submetidos a modelos animais sensíveis a drogas anticompulsivas (teste de enterrar esferas) e antinociceptivas (teste da placa quente, contorção abdominal e hiperalgesia inflamatória). Para o estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos destes compostos, foram utilizados os antagonistas dos receptores canabinóides CB1, AM251, e CB2, AM630. Adicionalmente, nós avaliamos se o HU-474 induziria os efeitos clássicos (tétrade canabinóide) observados após a administração de agonistas dos receptores CB1 como hipolocomoção, hipotermia, catalepsia e antinocicepção. Os possíveis efeitos antinociceptivos e da tétrade canabinóide induzidos pelo CBD e HU-474 foram comparados com os efeitos induzidos pelo WIN55,212-2, uma agonista dos receptores CB1/2. Foi observado que o CBD (30 e 60mg/kg) e o HU-474 (10mg/kg) induziram uma diminuição no número de esferas enterradas, efeito comparado ao da fluoxetina e atenuado pelos antagonistas AM251 e AM630. Como esperado, o WIN55,212-2 induziu a tétrade canabinóide, um efeito não observado com o CBD e HU-474. No teste da placa quente o HU-474 (30 mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) induziram efeito antinociceptivo. O pré- tratamento com AM251 e AM630 atenuaram os efeitos do HU-474 e WIN55,212-2. No teste de contorção abdominal induzida pelo ácido acético, o CBD (30 e 90 mg/kg), HU-474 (30mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (3 e 5mg/kg) induziram efeito antinociceptivo caracterizado pela redução no número de contorções abdominais. O pré-tratamento com AM251 atenuou o efeito apenas do WIN55,212-2, mas não dos outros compostos. Já o antagonista AM630 não foi capaz de atenuar o efeito de nenhum dos compostos testados. No modelo de hiperalgesia inflamatória induzida por carragenina, o CBD (30 e 90mg/kg), HU-474 (3, 10 e 30mg/kg) e WIN55,212-2 (1mg/kg) foram capazes de diminuir a intensidade de hiperalgesia mecânica, avaliada pelo método de von Frey. Sendo que os efeitos do WIN55,212-2, CBD e HU-474 foram atenuados pelo pré-tratamento com AM251 e AM630. Estes resultados indicam que o HU-474 induz efeitos anticompulsivos semelhantes ao CBD, mas em doses mais baixas, através de mecanismo dependente da ativação dos receptores CB1 e CB2. Além disso, o HU-474 apresentou propriedades antinociceptivas em todos os testes utilizados, em doses semelhantes ou menores que o CBD. Os efeitos antinociceptivos dos três compostos testados foram dependentes da ativação de receptores CB1 e CB2, com exceção do teste de contorção abdominal, onde os efeitos do CBD e HU-474 não foram bloqueados por nenhum dos dois antagonistas testados. Diferente do WIN55,212-2, o CBD e HU-474 não induziram tétrade canabinóide. Esses resultados evidenciaram efeitos mais significativos do HU-474, indicando que a adição de um átomo de flúor a molécula de CBD foi capaz de melhorar o seu perfil farmacológico. Além disso, os resultados com o pré-tratamento com os antagonistas AM251 e AM630 nos permitem sugerir um mecanismo misto, visto que há o envolvimento dos receptores CB1 e CB2. Desse modo, esse novo composto poderia ser uma alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, bem como dores agudas em doses menores que o CBD / Cannabidiol (CBD) has several therapeutic properties such as antiinflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsivant and anticompulsive. These multiple pharmacological effects occur by different mechanisms. However, CBD exhibits low bioavailability, which may compromise its clinical use. Thus, the development of CBD analogues, more powerful and/or better pharmacokinetic profile would be interest. Here, we evaluated the effects of a fluorinated derivative of CBD, HU-474, comparing its effects with those induced by CBD. Male Swiss mice were submitted to animal models predictive to anti-compulsive (marble burying test) and antinociceptive drugs (hot plate, abdominal writhing and inflammatory hyperalgesia test). To study the mechanisms involved in their effects were used antagonist of the cannabinoid receptor CB1(AM251) and CB2 (AM630). We also evaluated whether HU-474 would induce the classic effects (cannabinoid tetrad) observed after the administration of CB1 receptors agonists. The cannabinoid tetrad is characterized by hypolocomotion, hypothermia, catalepsy, and antinociception. The possible antinociceptive effects and cannabinoid tetrad induced by CBD and HU-474 were compared with those induced by WIN55,212-2, a CB1/2 receptor agonist. CBD (30 and 60mg/kg), and HU-474 (10mg/kg) decreased the number of buried marble, an effect compared with fluoxetine an attenuated by AM251 and AM630. As expected, WIN55,212-2 induced the cannabinoid tetrad, an effect that was not observed after CBD or HU-474 administration. In the hot plate test, HU-474 (30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) induced antinociceptive effect. Pretreatment with AM251 and AM640 attenuated the effects induced by HU-474 and WIN55,212-2. In the abdominal writhing test induced by acetic acid, CBD (30 and 90mg/kg), HU-474 (30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (3 and 5mg/kg) induced antinociceptive effects characterized by a reduction in the number of writhing. Pretreatment with AM251 only attenuated the effect of WIN55,212-2, but not of the other compounds, while AM630 didn\"t attenuated the effect of any of the tested compounds. In an inflammatory hyperalgesia model induced by carrageenan, CBD (30 and 90mg/kg), HU-474 (3, 10 and 30mg/kg) and WIN55,212-2 (1mg/kg) decreased the intensity of mechanical hyperalgesia measured by electronic von Frey method. The effects of all compounds were attenuated by the pretreatment with AM251 and AM630. These results indicate that HU-474 exhibits anti-compulsive effects similar to CBD, but at lower doses, through a mechanism dependent of the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Furthermore, HU-474 showed antinociceptive properties in all tests at similar or lower doses than CBD. The antinociceptive effects of the three compounds tested were dependent on the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors, excepted to the writhing test, where the effects of CBD and HU-474 were not attenuated by any of the two antagonists tested. Moreover, unlike WIN55,212-2, CBD and HU- 474 didn\'t induce cannabinoid tetrad. These results showed more significant effects of HU-474, indicating that the addition of fluoride improved the pharmacological profile of CBD. Furthermore, the results with pretreatment with the antagonist AM251 and AM630 allow us to suggest that these effects involve the activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. Thus, this new compound could be a therapeutical alternative for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and acute pain in lower doses than CBD

The perinatal period is increasingly recognized as a vulnerable time for the development and exacerbation of psychopathology symptoms. Research has often focused on perinatal depression, with limited information on perinatal anxiety. This study examined the psychometric structure of all anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms as well as explored the relation between perinatal internalizing symptoms and sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychological risk factors. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common perinatal anxiety disorder that is now classified with the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum (OCS) (hoarding, body dysmorphic, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorders). This study also aimed to determine the prevalence of clinically significant OCS symptoms and their association with postpartum adjustment. Participants recruited from the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (N =246) completed an online questionnaire and a structured clinical interview during pregnancy (28-32 weeks gestation) and the postpartum (6-8 weeks). Questionnaires assessed demographics, pregnancy complications, anxiety sensitivity, coping strategies, maternal attitudes and experiential avoidance. Clinical interviews dimensionally assessed all anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as past psychiatric diagnoses. Confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors: Distress (depression, GAD, irritability, and panic); Fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specfic phobia, and OCD); and Bipolar (mania and OCD) during pregnancy and the postpartum. During pregnancy, structural equation modeling demonstrated that past psychiatric history predicted Distress and Fear symptoms. Experiential avoidance mediated the relation between negative coping strategies and Fear symptoms. In the postpartum, negative maternal attitudes predicted Distress symptoms. Experiential avoidance mediated the relation between negative coping strategies and Fear symptoms as well as between anxiety sensitivity and Fear symptoms. There were low rates of clinically significant OCS symptoms, except for body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Elevations in all OCS disorder symptoms were significantly associated with more difficulty adjusting to the postpartum. Past psychiatric history, negative maternal attitudes, and experiential avoidance are particularly important risk factors for perinatal anxiety. Future clinical research should be aimed at identifying at-risk women and modifying experiential avoidance during the perinatal period. Elevated OCS symptoms, particularly body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, affect postpartum adjustment. Future intervention work should focus on assessing and treating perinatal body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.

This research focuses on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and how games focused on making the player feel empathy (empathy games) can increase the public’s general knowledge of the disorder. The disorder is currently commonly misunderstood and is not always taken seriously, something that potentially could hurt those with OCD. The stigma surrounding OCD sometimes makes people avoid getting the help they need, making them suffer in silence. The objective of the research was to define several game design principles that suggests what a developer should focus on when making an empathy game about OCD with the purpose to inform the general public. This was done by analyzing several scientific articles discussing either OCD or empathy games, and concluding the most important parts from them into game design principles. Four game design principles were found; target audience, reality, clarity, and includation. These have not been tested in a practical setting, but can possibly serve as guidelines when making an empathy game focusing on OCD.

This diploma thesis deals with selected problems that result from a person's obsessive compulsive disorder and that can influence and impact their social functioning. It also looks at selected possibilities for social work that can help to address these problems and to restore social functioning. The first chapter of this diploma thesis is focused on obsessive compulsive disorder. This chapter contains basic information about this mental disorder and the problems caused by this disease. The second chapter deals with the treatment of this disease. The third chapter focuses on the social functioning of a person suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder. This chapter contains selected examples of problems caused by this disease and their impact on the social functioning of a person suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder. These are examples from the scientific literature supplemented with examples from the particular case of Peter N.. The fourth chapter deals with selected possibilities of social work that can help to solve these problems and to restore social functioning.

The overarching aim of this dissertation is to use health services research methods to address three problems in behavioral health services. This dissertation seeks to address the knowledge gaps in behavioral health services through the generation of evidence intended to support evidence-based practices (EBP). Previous work has examined epidemiology of behavioral health disorders in the ED, but they have not attempted to examine disorders by the cause of injury. Chapter 2 examines the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders among adults who seek care in the emergency department (ED) by cause of injury. Data from a national hospital discharge survey was analyzed using logistic and multinomial regression. Estimates are given as average marginal effects (AME) to simplify the interpretation and application. Intentionally-caused injury and undetermined cause of injury are significantly associated with psychiatric disorders. Patients with undetermined cause of injury were more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders, depressed mood, and psychoses relative to patients with unintentional injuries Since there are several treatment options for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), and combinations of these, a comparison of treatment effects denominated in dollars is helpful when comparing risks and benefits. Chapter 3 builds on previous randomized control trials of treatments for OCD in children and adolescents by ranks the cost-benefits of first-line treatments. The analysis aggregates treatment effects from published trials in meta-analytic framework and a Monte Carlo simulation of 100,000 hypothetic children and adolescents to derive ranked cost-benefit. Treatments strategies starting with CBT, but not CBT and SRIs concurrently, were the most cost-beneficial. The relationship between cost-sharing and utilization of behavioral health services has been studied in the aggregate, but there has been little work examining the relationship by disorder and treatment modality. The aim of Chapter 4 is to examine the association between cost-sharing and utilization of psychotherapy and adherence to pharmacotherapy among insured adults with OCD. This chapter utilizes the Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters dataset to perform zero-inflated negative binomial regression and logistic regression analyses. Increased cost-sharing was significantly, negatively associated with psychotherapy intensity and dose, but not associated with SRI adherence. This dissertation examined three different research questions to address gaps in the behavioral health services research. The findings of these chapters have implications for patients, clinicians, insurers, and policymakers. The results can be used to improve aspects of cost, quality, access, and efficiency of behavioral health services.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with diminished quality of life and cognitive control dysfunction. Conflict adaptation is a reflection of cognitive control, and consists of the ability to detect conflict in previous trials and adjust performance on current trials. Conflict adaptation is thought to rely on interplay between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) for detecting conflict and signaling for increases in control, respectively. We hypothesized that individuals with OCD would show reduced conflict adaptation effects in response times, error rates, ACC activation, and dlPFC activation when compared with healthy control subjects. We also expected diminished conflict adaptation to be associated with poorer quality of life in those with OCD. Nineteen individuals with OCD and twenty psychiatrically-healthy controls completed a Stroop task while response times, error rates, and fMRI data were recorded. 2-Group (OCD, control) x 2-Previous Trial Congruency (congruent, incongruent), x 2-Current Trial Congruency (congruent, incongruent) ANOVAs were conducted for both behavioral and fMRI data. Indices of conflict adaptation were correlated with quality of life scores. There was a significant response time conflict adaptation effect collapsed across groups; however, there were no between-groups interactions or main effects. No error rate conflict adaptation was observed at any level of the analysis. On fMRI analyses, the dlPFC showed increased activation on incongruent relative to congruent trials collapsed across groups; however, no ACC activation differences were observed between current incongruent and congruent trials. Conflict adaptation-related activation was noted in the ACC collapsed across groups. The between-groups ANOVA revealed a significant cluster in the ACC with control participants showing greater ACC, medial prefrontal cortex, and left orbitofrontal cortex conflict adaptation activation-related activation relative to individuals with OCD. No between-groups differences were seen in the dlPFC. Conflict adaptation was not significantly related to quality of life. Individuals with OCD may use different neural processes to achieve similar behavioral results to those of healthy controls. Alternative explanations of conflict adaptation effects such as temporal learning theory are also discussed. Our hypothesized model for the ACC and dlPFC functioning as the evaluative and regulative components of cognitive control was only partly supported. ACC and dlPFC activation appeared to highlight different roles, but these roles may be independent rather than existing in a feedback loop. Although quality of life is significantly diminished in individuals with OCD, this loss of quality of life does not appear to be mediated by conflict adaptation differences.

It is of crucial importance to identify and disseminate effective treatments for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is time-consuming and distressing, and can substantially disable functioning at school, at home, and with peers (Piacentini, 2003). Children who do not receive treatment are at risk of psychological difficulties in adulthood, including continued OCD, clinical anxiety and depression, personality disorders, and social maladjustment (Wewetzer et al., 2001). Two-thirds of adult cases of OCD develop in childhood, and adults with OCD have lower employment, poorer academic achievement, and lower marital rates compared to non-OCD adults (Hollander et al., 1996; Koran, 2000; Lensi et al., 1996; Steketee, 1993). The distressing nature of OCD in childhood, accompanying psychosocial impairment and risk of future psychopathology, underscore the need to identify effective treatments. The primary aim of this thesis was to expand knowledge of evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. A mixed-methodology approach was employed to examine key issues in this area. The first study used meta-analytic methodology to determine the evidence supporting available treatments for paediatric OCD. An extensive literature search revealed over 100 published reports of treatments, encompassing a broad array of theoretical approaches and treatment strategies. Examples of treatments used for paediatric OCD included psychodynamic therapy, pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), hypnosis, family therapy, immunotherapy, and homeopathy. / Study 1 comprised the first known meta-analysis of randomised, controlled treatment trials (RCTs) for paediatric OCD. Included studies were limited to RCTs as they are the most scientifically valid means for determining treatment efficacy and provide a more accurate estimate of treatment effect by removing error variance associated with confounding variables. The literature search identified 13 RCTs containing 10 pharmacotherapy to control comparisons (N = 1016) and 5 CBT to control comparisons (N = 161). Random effects modelling yielded statistically significant pooled effect size (ES) estimates for pharmacotherapy (ES = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.61, p < .00001) and CBT (ES = 1.45, 95% CI = 0.68 to 2.22, p =.002). The results support the efficacy of CBT and pharmacotherapy, and confirm these approaches as the only two evidence-based treatments for paediatric OCD. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. The effectiveness of CBT provided impetus to further examine this treatment. Group CBT is an understudied treatment modality among children with OCD. It was hypothesised that group CBT would possess efficacy because of the effectiveness of individual CBT for children with OCD, the demonstrated effectiveness of group CBT among adults with OCD, the practical and therapeutic advantages afforded by a group treatment approach, and the embeddedness of the approach in robust psychological theory. The aim of the second study was to evaluate the efficacy of group CBT. The study comprised the largest known conducted randomised, placebo-controlled trial of group CBT for paediatric OCD. / Twenty-two children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of OCD were randomly assigned to a 12-week program of group CBT or a credible psychological placebo. Children were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, and at 1 month follow-up. Outcome measures included the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, global measures of OCD severity, Children’s Depression Inventory, and parent- and child-rated measures of psychosocial functioning. An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that children in the group CBT condition had statistically significantly lower levels of symptomatology at posttreatment and follow-up compared to children in the placebo condition. Analysis of clinical significance showed that 91% of children that received CBT were ‘recovered’ or ‘improved’ at follow-up, whereas 73% of children in the placebo condition were ‘unchanged’. Effect size analysis using Cohen’s d derived an effect of 1.14 and 1.20 at posttreatment and follow-up, respectively. These effects are comparable to results from studies of individual CBT. This study supported group CBT as an effective treatment modality for paediatric OCD and demonstrated that the effect extends beyond placebo and nonspecific treatment factors. In addition to treatment efficacy, the inherent worth of a treatment lies in its adoption by the relevant clinical population. Children with OCD are known to be secretive and embarrassed about symptoms, and there is often a long delay between onset of symptoms and treatment-seeking (Simonds & Elliot, 2001). An important observation during the course of conducting the RCT was that a high rate (39%) of eligible families declined participation. / This led to the question, "What barriers prevent participation in group CBT for paediatric OCD?" Qualitative methodology was employed to address this research question. Eligible families that had declined participation in the RCT were contacted and invited to participate in semi-structured interviews that explored reasons for non-participation and positive and negative perceptions of group CBT. The average time between non-participation and interview was 1.33 years (SD = 3 months). Data were collected from nine families and thematic analysis methodology was utilised to identify emergent themes. Failure to participate was predicted by practical and attitudinal barriers. Practical barriers included a lack of time, distance, severity of OCD symptoms, financial, and child physical health. Attitudinal barriers included child embarrassment about OCD symptoms, child belief that therapy would be ineffective, fear of the social aspect of the group, lack of previous success with psychology, lack of trust in strangers, parental concern about the structure of the group, denial of a problem, and ‘not being ready for it’. Attitudinal barriers more frequently predicted treatment non-participation. Positive and negative perceptions of this treatment modality were informative. Parents showed no differences in preference for individual or group CBT. An important finding was that 56% of the children had not received treatment since parental expression of interest in the group CBT program. Application of the findings to methods that promote service utilisation is discussed.

Abstract not available

The pivotal role of inflated responsibility beliefs in the maintenance and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been clearly demonstrated (Rachman, 1993; Salkovskis, 1998; Shafran, 1997; van Oppen & Arntz, 1994). Yet little is known about the origins of these beliefs, their contribution to a sense of inflated responsibility or the symptoms of OCD, or the contribution of personality to inflated responsibility and to OCD, The aims of this thesis were to investigate a model of the inter-relationships among the personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism, inflated responsibility and OCD, and the origins of inflated responsibility to inflated responsibility and to OCD. In order to achieve these aims, a scale was developed to assess the origins of inflated responsibility based upon the five pathways proposed by Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, and Freeston (1999) and the additional domains of guilt, vigilance and thought-action fusion (Shafran, Thordarson, & Rachman, 1996; Shafran, Watkins & Charman, 1996; Tallis, 1994). Eighty-four participants with OCD (age M = 43.36) and 74 control participants (age M =37.14) volunteered to participate in the two studies of this thesis. The aim of Study 1 was to develop and validate a measure of the Origins of Inflated Responsibility (OIR). The results of the first study yielded a 25-ttem scale, the Origins of Inflated Responsibility Questionnaire (OIRQ) with five independent factors: responsibility, strictness, protection from responsibility, critical incidents, and peer blame which demonstrated both internal reliability and temporal stability over a 2-week period. In Study 2, participants also completed the Responsibility Attitudes Scale (Salkovskis, Wroe, Gledhill, Morrison, Forrester, Richards, ct al. (2000) (a measure of inflated responsibility), the Padua Inventory (Sanavio, 1988) (to measure of the symptoms of OCD)y and the Eysenck Personality Inventory-Revised (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991). Multivariatc Analysis of Variance revealed that the OCD group scored higher on all variables than the control group except for strictness where the groups were not different, and psychoticism where the OCD group scored lower. A series of Multiple Regression analyses revealed that both group and the OIR contributed to inflated responsibility (R2 = .56). When all variables, OIR, inflated responsibility and neuroticism were entered as predictors of OCD, 60% of the variance in OCD was explained however, 49% of the variance was shared by the independent variables suggesting the presence of some underlying construct. Structural Equation Modelling, where all the constructs in the model were examined simultaneously, revealed that neuroticism contributed to the OIR, inflated responsibility and OCD. The OIR were also significant predictors of inflated responsibility and indirectly through inflated responsibility predictive of OCD. The OIR also directly predicted OCD and when the total effects are considered, their contribution was greater than the total effect for inflated responsibility alone. The results of these studies provide good support for the origins of inflated responsibility proposed by Salkovskis et al. (1999), as measured by the OIRQ developed for use in the current thesis. The results also support the contribution of inflated responsibility and neuroticism, as well as the OIR, to OCD, The large amount of variance shared by the OIR, inflated responsibility and neuroticism suggest that there might be some underlying construct, perhaps of a biopsychosocial nature, that requires further investigation for its role in the onset and maintenance of OCD. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed in terms of early prevention strategies and interventions.

La passion représente une force énergisante importante des mouvements sociétaux. Les souverainistes, les environnementalistes, et les islamistes partageraient alors une vive passion pour leur idéologie, cause ou vision du bien commun particulière. Cette passion idéologique les stimulerait à l'action publique orientée vers les changements sociétaux. Même si la plupart des mouvements sociétaux du XXe siècle ont mené à la violence (Gray, 2007), les idéologies politiques et religieuses à la base de ces mouvements contiennent des édits qui justifient le militantisme pacifique, ainsi que certains qui justifient le militantisme radical et violent (Appleby, 2000 ; Gray, 2007). Les personnes idéologiquement inspirées, leurs chefs et factions choisiraient alors des moyens pacifiques ou radicaux et même violents pour effectuer les changements sociétaux souhaités. Cela nous conduit à la question qui est au cœur de cette thèse, notamment, quels facteurs personnels et sociaux influencent le type de comportement idéologiquement inspiré que l'on observe en milieu public? Dans cette thèse, je me base principalement sur le Modèle Dualiste de la Passion (MDP) (Vallerand et al., 2003). Le dernier modèle est appliqué dans cette thèse à l'étude de la passion idéologique. La passion idéologique est définie comme étant une vive inclination envers une idéologie, une cause ou une vision du bien commun sociale, politique ou religieuse valorisée et aimée, qui fait partie de l'identité de la personne et à laquelle cette dernière consacre beaucoup de temps et d'énergie. La passion idéologique, comme la passion pour les activités de vie (voir Vallerand, 2010), est postulée se manifester de deux manières chez la personne, notamment, comme passion harmonieuse (PH) et passion obsessive (PO). Selon le MDP, la passion harmonieuse résulte d'une intériorisation autonome (Deci & Ryan, 2000) de l'objet de passion dans l'identité de la personne, alors que la passion obsessive résulte d'une intériorisation contrôlée. La personne motivée par la PH se sent alors libre dans son engagement idéologique passionné. L'objet de sa passion fait harmonieusement partie de son identité diversifiée et équilibrée. Une telle identité rendrait la personne motivée par la PH relativement invulnérable aux menaces identitaires ciblant le domaine de sa passion. Par contre, la personne motivée par la passion obsessive ne se sent pas en contrôle de son engagement idéologique passionné. Elle se sent plutôt contrôlée par sa passion et dépendante de celle-ci. Dans des cas extrêmes, la personne pourrait en venir à aimer l'objet de sa passion idéologique plus que toute autre chose dans sa vie. Celui-ci prendrait alors de plus en plus d'ampleur dans son identité, en entrant en conflit avec d'autres sphères de vie de la personne (Vallerand et al., 2010) et en les bousculant peut-être graduellement de son identité. Une telle identité déséquilibrée par l'objet de passion rendrait la personne motivée par la PO vulnérable aux menaces identitaires ciblant le domaine de sa passion. Dans deux études rapportées dans deux articles nous avons tenté de mieux comprendre ce qui amène les personnes passionnées d'une idéologie ou une cause, soit politique, soit religieuse, à choisir le militantisme extrémiste au lieu du militantisme pacifique. L'objectif de la première étude consistait à tester si les moyens que les militants passionnés endossent comme étant légitimes pour effectuer les changements politiques souhaités dépendent, en partie, du type de passion idéologique qui les anime. Une étude à caractère corrélationnel par questionnaire a été menée auprès de 114 souverainistes québécois passionnés. Les résultats ont démontré que la PH pour la souveraineté était positivement reliée à l'endossement du militantisme politique pacifique et démocratique visant l'indépendance du Québec (ex. l'organisation de forums publics), alors que la PO pour la Souveraineté était positivement reliée à l'endossement du militantisme politique radical et agressif (ex. le sabotage). Seule la PH pour la Souveraineté était également associée au bien-être psychologique des militants. À première vue, la passion idéologique obsessive semblerait donc engendrer le radicalisme et l'absence de bien-être, alors que la passion idéologique harmonieuse semblerait promouvoir le militantisme pacifique et le bien-être psychologique des personnes passionnées. La deuxième étude tentait d'abord de répliquer les résultats de la première étude, mais dans un autre contexte, notamment, religieux. Son objectif principal consistait à tester la viabilité du processus de radicalisation psychosocial proposé sous-jacent à la relation entre la passion idéologique obsessive et le radicalisme. Une étude à caractère mixte par questionnaire a été menée auprès de 111 musulmans passionnés. Les participants ont été aléatoirement repartis à une des deux conditions ou versions du questionnaire. Dans les deux versions, la PH et la PO pour l'Islam, ainsi que les variables de définition de passion idéologique, ont été mesurées d'abord. Dans la version expérimentale de menace identitaire, les participants ont ensuite lu une citation cinglante et dénigrante du Pape Benoît à propos de l'Islam ; dans la version contrôle du questionnaire cette citation était absente. La haine et l'endossement du militantisme religieux pacifique et extrémiste ont étés mesurés en dernier. Les résultats des analyses par équations structurelles ont appuyé le modèle postulé. Notamment, la PO pour l'Islam prédisait la haine dans la condition expérimentale de menace identitaire, mais pas dans la condition contrôle. La haine elle-même prédisait l'endossement du militantisme religieux extrémiste et violent (ex. les mises à mort, une guerre sainte). De manière importante, la relation entre la PO pour l'Islam et l'extrémisme religieux était médiatisée par le vécu de la haine suite à la menace identitaire. Au contraire, la PH pour l'Islam prédisait l'endossement du militantisme religieux pacifique (ex. le dialogue visant la compréhension et la réconciliation entre les religions), tout en demeurant non reliée à la haine et à l'endossement du militantisme religieux extrémiste dans la condition de menace identitaire. En conclusion, alors que la passion idéologique harmonieuse est directement liée à l'endossement du militantisme pacifique, soit politique, soit religieux, le lien entre la passion idéologique obsessive et le militantisme radical semblerait plus complexe. En d'autres mots, les personnes motivées par la passion idéologique obsessive semblent spécialement vulnérables aux menaces identitaires ciblant le domaine de leur passion, car de telles menaces les radicalisent en les rendant haineuses, extrémistes et violentes. Une direction importante pour les recherches futures serait alors d'investiguer comment l'identité des personnes motivées par la passion idéologique obsessive peut être sécurisée (voir Steele, 1988 ; Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2002) afin de neutraliser, de manière préemptive et sans effets pervers (voir Brown, 2000 ; Sherman & Cohen, 2006), leur radicalisation potentielle réactive. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : passion idéologique, politique, religion, passion harmonieuse, passion obsessive, menace identitaire, haine, militantisme pacifique, militantisme extrémiste, radicalisation.