Située à l’intersection de la recherche en stratégie et de la théorie des organisations, la thèse s’intéresse à la manière dont une idée, émise par des instances internationales sous la forme d’une doctrine imprécise, le développement durable, a transformé en profondeur la stratégie, le fonctionnement et la nature même des entreprises. Pour comprendre ce phénomène, la recherche mobilise la notion de performativité, c’est-à-dire la capacité d’une théorie à créer la réalité qu’elle décrit. Mais toutes les théories ou doctrines ne performent pas les comportements des acteurs et trois conditions de performativité ont été identifiées. Lorsque ces conditions sont réunies, deux processus de performativité peuvent intervenir, par cadrage et par débordement. Le développement durable peut donc performer les pratiques si cette doctrine est transformée en principes opérationnalisables (première condition), incorporés dans des dispositifs à différents niveaux, de la méta-organisation au dispositif micro-local dans les firmes (deuxième) et que ces dispositifs sont performants ou deviennent incontournables (troisième). Parmi les dispositifs étudiés au niveau de la deuxième condition, l’accent a été mis sur le rôle joué par les méta-organisations (des organisations dont les membres sont des organisations). La thèse constitue la première recherche empirique sur le rôle de ces dispositifs d’action collective dans un secteur industriel, le secteur pétrolier. La méthodologie est compréhensive, s’appuyant sur 80 entretiens semi-directifs, sur la construction d’une base de données de 100 méta-organisations et la mise en place d’un dispositif de recherche intervention sur le problème émergent du bruit marin. La thèse a mis en évidence des formes nouvelles de méta-organisations, thématiques et multi-parties prenantes, opérant comme un espace de négociation interorganisationnelle, comme dispositif stratégique de légitimation des firmes et comme dispositif normalisateur participant d’une gouvernance distribuée. La notion de performativité a été précisée par la mise en évidence de ses conditions de réalisation et les deux types de processus qu’elle peut emprunter. La théorie des méta-organisations a été prolongée par l’identification des types jusque-là peu étudiés. La thèse a ainsi des implications managériales pour l’élaboration de stratégies collectives par les firmes. / Drawing on research in strategy and organization theory, this thesis focuses on the way an idea that was formulated by international instances as an imprecise doctrine – sustainable development, still managed to deeply change firms’ strategy, practices and even nature. This research uses the concept of performativity, i.e. the capacity of a theory to create the reality that it describes. However, all theories or doctrines do not necessarily succeed to perform behaviors and the thesis identifies three conditions of performativity. When the conditions are met, two performativity processes can occur, a framing and an overflowing process. Sustainable development can perform practices if it becomes operationalisable principles (first condition), if these principles are incorporated in devices at different levels, from meta-organizations to micro-local instruments in firms (second) and if these devices are efficient or irremediable (troisième). Among the studied devices, the accent was put on the role of meta-organizations, organizations which members are themselves organizations. The thesis constitutes the first empirical survey of this collective action device’s role in an industrial sector, the oil and gas. Using a comprehensive methodology, data collection consisted in 80 semi-structured interviews, constructing a database of about 100 meta-organizations and setting up an intervention-research device on the emerging issue of marine sound. The thesis highlights new forms, thematic and multi-stakeholder, that act like an inter-organizational negotiation space, as a strategic device for the legitimization of firms’ activities, and as a normalizing device participating to a distributed governance of business conduct and society. The thesis clarifies the concept of performativity by identifying its conditions of success and the two processes it can follow. The thesis also contributes to the literature on meta-organizations by showing its empirical diversity and by identifying types that we knew little about before. As such, the thesis has managerial implications for collective strategies of firms.

Triple junctions form at the intersection of three tectonic plates and are a necessary consequence of new microplate formation. The splitting of a plate into two smaller plates always results in the formation of two triple junctions. As a result, they are fundamental structural elements of ocean floor geodynamics. Their evolution is influenced by the complex interplay of near- and far-field plate dynamics, crustal types, and mantle processes, and they include a wide range of boundary types. The long-term stability and evolution of triple junctions are influenced by continuous plate reorganization, such as in the complex microplate mosaics of the Western Pacific margin. To better understand how triple junctions form and respond to near- and far-field stresses, this study presents a detailed examination of the North Fiji Basin Triple Junction (NFBTJ), which is located within one of the largest and most mature back-arc basins of the Pacific margin. A new geological map of the NFBTJ at a 1:500,000 scale is presented. The mapping provides insight into the factors controlling plate fragmentation and crustal growth during triple junction formation. The map is based on a compilation of more than 50 years of ship-based bathymetry, backscatter data, gravity and magnetics used to reconstruct the spreading history, magmatic productivity, tectonic fabric and origin of geological formations of the basin. These aspects also have important implications for understanding the origins and evolution of large-scale back-arc basin hydrothermal systems. Crustal growth in the NFB is recorded by the area-age relationships of different geological formations identified in the new geological map. The triple junction is the site of volume addition related to enhanced magmatic productivity, with a large Central Volcanic Complex (CVC) (shield volcano and inflated ridge) at its centre and a well-developed spreading ridge along the SW limb. Extensive lava flows emanating from the CVC covers early spreading-related fabric in the NE and NW limbs. The large shield volcano, which is 0.5 km high and occupies an area of at least 62.3 km², has a distinctive 2.5-km diameter summit caldera with extensive hydrothermal activity in the south. The CVC and surrounding lava flows are estimated to have grown in place at a rate of 3,000 m²/yr, thus dominating the recent history of the NFBTJ. By contrast, earlier crustal growth along the SW and NW spreading segments, prior to the emergence of CVC, is estimated to have been ~1,650 m²/yr and 200 m²/yr respectively. The quantitative analysis of rifting and the eruptive history highlight previously unrecognized near and far-field geodynamic influences on the triple junction formation. In particular, the pulse of crustal growth at the NFB beginning at 3 Ma was related to rift propagation from the south in response to rotation of the NFB that produced some of the fastest growing crust in the oceans. Comparisons with a global database of triple junctions show that the evolution of the NFBTJ shares many features with other microplate mosaics and that processes related to triple junction formation is associated with crustal growth wherever triple junctions occur. The high heat flow and voluminous mafic magmatism has been compared to rapid crustal growth in some ancient greenstone belts, such as the Archean Abitibi Greenstone Belt in the Superior Province of Canada. In particular, the NFBTJ is a possible modern analog of large central volcanic complexes that characterize ancient greenstone-belt development.

The huge natural energy resources available in the world’s oceans are attracting increasing commercial and political interest. In order to evaluate the status and the degree of acceptability of future Ocean Energy (OE) schemes, it was considered important to develop an Integrated Assessment Methodology (IAM) for ascertaining the relative merits of the competing OE devices being proposed. Initial studies included the gathering of information on the present status of development of the ocean energy systems on wave, OTEC and tidal schemes with the challenges faced for their commercial application. In order to develop the IAM, studies were undertaken for the development and standardization of the assessment tools focussing on: • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on emission characteristics. • Energy Accounting (EA) studies. • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) over different environmental issues. • Resource captures aspects. • Defining economy evaluation indices. The IAM developed from such studies comprised of four interrelated well defined tasks and six assessment tools. The tasks included the identification of the modus operandi on data collection to be followed (from industry) for assessing respective OE devices, and also advancing relevant guidelines as to the safety standards to be followed, for their deployment at suitable sites. The IAM as developed and validated from case studies in ascertaining relative merits of competing OE devices included: suitable site selection aspects with scope for resource utilisation capability, safety factors for survivability, scope for addressing global warming & energy accounting, the environmental impact assessment both qualitatively and quantitatively on different environmental issues, and the economic benefits achievable. Some of the new ideas and concepts which were also discovered during the development of the IAM, and considered useful to both industry and researchers are given below: • Relative Product Cost (RPC) ratio concept- introduced in making an economic evaluation. This is considered helpful in sensitivity analysis and making design improvements (hybridising etc) for the cost reduction of OE devices. This index thus helps in making feasibility studies on R&D efforts, where the capital cost requirement data and life span of the device is not well defined in the primary stages of development. • Determination of the threshold limit value of the barrage constant - considered useful in determining the efficacy of the planning process. The concept ascertained the relative efficiency achieved for various barrage proposals globally. It could also be applied to suggest the revisions required for certain barrage proposals and also found useful in predicting the basin area of undefined barrage proposal for achieving economic viability. • Estimations made on the future possibility of revenue earnings from the by-products of various OTEC types, including the scope of chemical hubs from grazing type OTEC plants. • Determination of breakeven point- on cost versus life span of wave and OTEC devices studied, which is useful in designing optimum life of the concerned devices. The above stated multi-criterion assessment methodology, IAM, was extended leading to the development of a single criterion model for ascertaining sustainability percent achievable from an OE device and termed IAMs. The IAMs was developed identifying 7 Sustainability Development Indices (SDI) using some the tools of the IAM. A sustainability scale of 0-100 was also developed, attributing a Sustainability Development Load Score (SDLS) percentage distribution pattern over each SDIs, depending on their relative importance in achieving sustainability. The total sum of sustainability development (SD) gained from each SDI gave the IAMs (for the concerned device), indicating the total sustainable percentage achieved. The above IAMs developed, could be applied in ranking OE devices alongside the unsustainable coal power station. A mathematical model of estimating the IAMs was formulated, in order to ascertain the viability to the sustainable development of any energy device. The instruments of IAM and IAMs which have been developed would be helpful to the OE industry in ascertaining the degree of acceptability of their product. In addition it would also provide guidelines for their safe deployment by assessing the relative merits of competing devices. Furthermore, IAM and IAMs would be helpful to researchers undertaking feasibility studies on R&D efforts for material development research, ‘hybridization studies’ (as also new innovations), cost reduction, the performance improvement of respective devices, and any economic gains. With future advancements in OE systems and the availability of field data from large scale commercial applications, the specific values/data of the IAM & IAMs may be refined, but the logic of the models developed in this research would remain the same.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação temporal entre a vazão de rios do Pantanal brasileiro com as informações sobre a temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) dos oceanos globais, índices climáticos e precipitação. A motivação que conduziu esta investigação esteve atrelada aos conhecimentos teóricos trazidos pelas contribuições de Walker (1924 e 1928), Walker e Bliss (1932), Bjerknes (1969), Trop (1965), Hoskins e Karoly (1981), Horel e Wallace (1981), Karoly (1989) e Müller e Ambrizzi (2009) sobre os papéis desempenhados por forçantes oceânicas (aquecimento anômalo das TSM) dentro dos sistemas climáticos. As hipóteses norteadoras para a realização deste trabalho foram de que algumas regiões específicas de TSM dos oceanos, assim como padrões climáticos estabelecidos a partir de alguns índices seriam capazes de influenciar o comportamento fluvial de rios no centro da América do Sul. A partir de levantadas estas hipóteses foram realizadas uma série de cálculos de correlação entre as vazões do rio Miranda e (média regional) do Pantanal, com as séries de dados de TSM, índices climáticos e precipitação. Os testes de correlação foram importantes para a identificação geral de quais áreas de TSM e índices climáticos tinham mais associação estatística com as duas séries de vazões utilizadas. Os primeiros resultados dos testes de correlação em lag entre TSM dos oceanos globais e as vazões dos postos regional do Pantanal e do rio Miranda permitiram a identificação de muito mais áreas de TSM sobre o oceano Pacífico do que sobre o oceano Atlântico. Além deste fato, os mapas de correlação em lags temporais, demonstraram valores de correlação mais estáveis com até quatro meses de defasagens de TSM com relação às duas séries de vazões. A partir deste lag de defasagem, os sinais de correlação começaram a sofrer diminuições significativas dentro das bacias dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico para ambas as séries de vazão. Outro padrão de correlação observado, exclusivamente, para a série do posto de vazão do rio Miranda, foi o aparecimento de anomalias negativas dentro da bacia do Índico tropical e subtropical a partir dos lags seis e sete e, sua intensificação quanto mais defasada os tempos. Além destes padrões de anomalias, os resultados entre TSM e vazão dos rios evidenciaram que, possivelmente, o oceano Atlântico (norte e sul) influencia a vazão dos rios do centro da América do Sul dentro de uma escala interdecadal (sobretudo as regiões dos extratropicos) e o oceano Pacífico exerce suas influências dentro de uma escala inter-anual (sobretudo as regiões tropicais e subtropicais). Além destas constatações, desconfia-se que a bacia norte subtropical do Pacífico, também, exerça forças dentro de uma escala decadal, porém atreladas a própria variabilidade da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (PDO). Outro padrão encontrado entre as correlações de TSM dos oceanos e os dados de vazões foi a do padrão de anomalias horseshoes dentro da bacia do Pacífico Tropical, o que sugere grandes influências da faixa tropical do Pacífico, além de reforçar a hipótese de que esta região condiciona uma variabilidade inter-anual, nas vazões dos rios do centro da América do Sul. Além destas observações iniciais, os resultados de correlações entre índices climáticos (PDO, SAM, NAO, SOI e as regiões de Niños1+2, 3, 3+4 e 4) e vazões dos rios evidenciaram relações estatísticas bem distintas em todo o Pantanal. Os resultados mostraram que o índice da região de Niño1+2, estatisticamente, se correlaciona com áreas do Pantanal de forma bem homogênea, diferentemente, dos demais índices que têm regiões exclusivas de correlação estatística. Os resultados das correlações da PDO, estatisticamente, mostram uma quase influência em toda a área de estudo, exceto a porção ao sul. Os resultados das correlações do índice SOI e a região de Niño3. 4, estatisticamente, aparecem mais fortes dentro das porções centrais e norte da área de estudo. Já a SAM, apresentou valores de significância estatística de correlação, somente, na porção sul e a NAO apenas com a região nordeste do Pantanal. Já as áreas de Niño3 e (Niño4) apresentaram valores de significância estatística mais relevante com as áreas centrais (centrais e nordeste) do Pantanal. A realização dos cálculos de correlação possibilitou a identificação de um conjunto de variáveis independentes que, estatisticamente, se apresentaram com maiores dependências nos estudos de modelagem da vazão. A partir destas observações, estas variáveis independentes serviram como dados para os modelos de regressão linear múltipla para a realização da simulação e previsão da vazão no Pantanal. O modelo de simulação selecionou os dados de TSM das regiões: Equatorial Sul (região do Niño1+2, próximo a costa oeste do continente sul-americano), a região do Pacífico Norte (golfo do Alaska), a região Equatorial do Pacífico (região leste da costa da Ásia), região extratropical central do Pacífico Sul, a região do Atlântico Tropical Norte (próximo a costa oeste da Mauritânia e Marrocos, na África) e a região extratropical do Atlântico Norte (próxima a baixa da Islândia). Os índices climáticos selecionados foram: o Modo Anular Sul (SAM), o Índice da Oscilação Sul (IOS), o Índice da Oscilação do Atlântico Norte e os índices das regiões de Niños4, 1+2 e 3+4, da bacia do Pacífico Equatorial. A seleção destas variáveis foi capaz de explicar 99.1% (95.5%) da variância total das vazões média regional do Pantanal (rio Miranda). Já o modelo de previsão conseguiu identificar as seguintes variáveis independentes: Pacífico Equatorial (região de niño 1+2 e de nino 3+4), Pacífico Norte subtropical (golfo do Alaska), Atlântico Norte tropical (Açores), Atlântico Norte extratropical (Islândia) e o Pacífico Central Sul extratropical. Estas variáveis, estatisticamente, para o modelo de previsão conseguem antever a vazão com até três meses de antecedência e conseguiu explicar, aproximadamente, 57% da variância total da vazão média regional do Pantanal. Além disso, os testes de validação do modelo de previsão se apresentaram com valores baixos de erros, apenas 31.7%. Os resultados do R2 e da margem de erro do modelo de previsão mostraram que, estatisticamente, o modelo mensal de previsão é bem relevante o que se mostra, estatisticamente, bastante útil em pesquisas de previsão da vazão. Após todo este arcabouço estatístico descrito em metodologia e resultados acima, o trabalho foi analisando a partir de um ponto de vista da dinâmica da atmosfera. A primeira análise com um viés um pouco mais dinâmico foi a dos padrões atmosféricos: vorticidade e divergência (250 e 850 mb), escoamento em 850 hPa e velocidade vertical (500 e 850 mb). A segunda análise com este viés foi realizada a partir dos estudos das anomalias de função de corrente () em 250 mb. O padrão atmosférico anômalo associado aos sub-períodos da vazão apresentaram anomalias negativas e positivas. O comportamento destas anomalias da vazão foi associado aos campos atmosféricos. Os resultados destes campos mostraram que a variabilidade atmosférica é determinante às anomalias observadas da vazão. Já as análises de função de corrente () em 250 mb foram realizadas para períodos específicos, marcados pela existência de anomalias de TSM positivas, negativas e neutra e tiveram, exclusivamente, o objetivo de identificar se as anomalias de TSM (em períodos específicos) seriam capazes de se comportar como forçantes térmicas e promover propagações de ondas de Rossby capazes de modificar os campos atmosféricas e, indiretamente, interferir na variabilidade atmosférica e fluvial do centro da América do Sul. Todos os períodos de escolha das TSM e das análises das anomalias de função de corrente () foram coincidentes com as fases de anomalias positivas e negativas da vazão. Os resultados obtidos a partir destas análises mostraram que as áreas tropicais oceânicas são geradoras de perturbações atmosféricas que se propagam em direção aos subtrópicos e podem, possivelmente, gerar modificações dentro dos padrões atmosféricos. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que pode haver a interferência de uma ou mais forçantes que interferem em conjunto e são capazes de alterar as propagações de ondas de Rossby já existentes. Por fim, acredita-se que as grandes contribuições desta pesquisa tenha sido o fato de ter identificado as, possíveis, variáveis independentes (regiões de TSM e índices climáticos) que mais conseguem exercer influência na variabilidade fluvial dos rios do Pantanal Brasileiro. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal association between the flow of rivers of the Brazilian Pantanal with information about sea surface temperature (SST) in the global oceans, precipitation and climate index. The motivation that led this research was linked to theoretical knowledge brought by the contributions of Walker (1924 and 1928), Walker and Bliss (1932), Bjerknes (1969), Trop (1965), Hoskins and Karoly (1981), Horel and Wallace (1981), Karoly (1989) and Müller and Ambrizzi (2009) on the roles played by oceanic forcings (anomalous warming of SST) in the climate system. The guiding hypothesis for this study was that specific regions of SST oceans, as well as weather patterns established from some index would be able to influence the behavior of river outflows in the center of South America. On the other hand these hypotheses made a series of calculations of correlation between the flow of the river and Miranda (regional average) of the Pantanal, with the series of SST, precipitation and climate index. Correlation tests were important to identify areas where SST and climate index had more statistical association with the two sets of river outflows used. The first test results of the lag correlation between SST in the global oceans and rivers outflow of the regional stations of the Pantanal and the Miranda allowed the identification of more areas of SST over the Pacific Ocean than the Atlantic ocean. On the other hand, correlation maps for temporal lags showed correlation values more stable with up to four months of lags of SST with respect to two sets of river outflows. Here, the correlation signals began to have significant decreases in the basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans for both series of river outflow. Another pattern of correlation observed exclusively for the series of river flow station Miranda was the appearance of negative anomalies in the basin of the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean from six to seven months of delay. That is the intensification is more delay. Results between SST and river flows showed that possibly the Atlantic Ocean (north and south) influences the river flows from the center of South America on a scale interdecadal (mainly the regions of the extratropics) and the Pacific Ocean exerts its influence within an inter-annual scale (mainly tropical and subtropical regions). On the other hand, suspects that the subtropical North Pacific basin also exert forces in a decadal scale, however linked the variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Another pattern found correlations between SST and ocean data river outflows was the pattern of anomalies horseshoes in the tropical Pacific basin, which suggests more influences in the tropical zone of the Pacific, and reinforce the hypothesis that this region affects an inter-annual variability in river flows from the center of South America. Furthermore, the results of correlations between climate index (PDO, SAM, NAO, and SOI regions Niños1 +2, 3, 3.4 and 4) and river flows showed distinct statistical relationships in the Pantanal. The results showed that the index of the region Niño1 +2 statistically correlates with areas of the Pantanal is homogeneous, in contrast, the other indexes that have only a regions of statistical correlation. The results of the correlations of the PDO, statistically, show an influence on the almost the entire study area, except the south portion. The results of the correlations of the index and the SOI region Niño3.4, statistically, appear stronger in the central and northern portions. The SAM values were statistically significant correlation only in the southern portion and the NAO only northeastern Pantanal. Areas of Niño3 and (Niño4) showed statistical significance values more relevant to the central areas (central and northeast) of the Pantanal. The achievement of the correlation calculations allowed the identification of a set of independent variables that statistically, if presented with more dependencies in modeling studies of river outflow. From these observations, this data served as independent variables for multiple linear regression models to make the simulation and prediction of river outflow in the Pantanal. The simulation model selected the SST regions: the South Equatorial (Niño1+2 region, near the west coast of South America), the North Pacific (Gulf of Alaska), the Equatorial Pacific region (eastern region coast of Asia), extratropical central region of the South Pacific, Tropical North Atlantic region (near the west coast of Mauritania and Morocco, Africa) region and the extratropical North Atlantic (near low Iceland). The climate indexes selected were: the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the index of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the regions of Niños4, 1 +2 and 3.4, equatorial Pacific. The selection of these variables could explain 99.1% (95.5%) of the total variance of the regional average river outflow of the Pantanal (Rio Miranda). The model prediction was able to identify the following independent variables: the equatorial Pacific (Niño 1 +2 region and Niño 3 +4), subtropical North Pacific (Gulf of Alaska) tropical North Atlantic (Azores), extratropical North Atlantic (Iceland ) and the Central South Pacific extratropical. These variables, statistically, wer able to explain approximately 57% of the total variance of the regional average river outflow of Pantanal. Furthermore, the validation tests of the prediction model is able to present error of the only 31.7%. The results of R2 and the margin of error of the prediction model showed that, statistically, the model monthly prediction is relevant as shown, statistically, very useful in research to predict the river outflow. After all this statistical framework methodology and results described above, was analyzing the dynamics of the atmosphere. The first most dynamic analysis was the weather patterns of vorticity and divergence (250 and 850 mb), the low level jet (850 mb) and vertical velocity (500 and 850 mb). The second analysis was based on studies of anomalous stream function () at 250 mb. The anomalous atmospheric patterns associated with subperiods of the river outflow showed positive and negative anomalies. The behavior of these anomalies was associated with atmospheric fields. The results of these fields showed that the atmospheric variability is crucial to the river outflow anomalies observed. Analyzes of stream function () at 250 mb were performed for specific periods, marked by the existence of positive SST anomalies, negative and neutral and had, exclusively, aimed of the identify if the SST anomalies (in particular periods) would be able to behave as thermal forcing and promote propagation of Rossby waves, that could modify the atmospheric fields and indirectly affect the atmospheric variability and river outflow from the center of South America. All periods of choice and analysis of SST anomalies in stream function () were coincident with the phases of positive and negative anomalies of the river outflow. The results from these analyzes showed that the tropical ocean areas are generating atmospheric disturbances that if propagated towards the subtropics and can possibly generate changes in the weather patterns. Furthermore, the results showed that may have interfered one or more forces that interfering together and are able to alter the propagation of waves Rossby. Finally, we believed that more contributions of this research was the fact that we identified them, possible independent variables (regions of SST and climate indices) that can exert more influence in the variability of river outflows of the Brazilian Pantanal.

Internal waves (IWs) owe their existence to the stratification in the medium. These waves affect acoustic transmission greatly. Impact of these waves on acoustic transmission in deep water is fairly well understood due to better performance of well-celebrated Garrett-Munk (GM) model. However, in shallow waters, predicting these waves is not as easy, because of interactions with the bottom and surface. Hence two experiments, one during October 2002 and the other during October 2004 were conducted to characterize IWs in the shallow waters of northeastern Arabian Sea. The first experiment was carried out during October 2002 south of Gulf of Kutch (GOK) and the second experiment during October 2004 both south and north of GOK. During these experiments CTD moorings were deployed and temperature and salinity (TS) data were collected at 5 seconds interval. CTD Yo-Yo collected vertical profiles of TS at a sampling interval of 2.5 minutes for 3.5 hours during October 2002 and 1 hour during October 2004 experiment. In addition, during the first experiment, currents were measured using a vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and in both experiments CTD TS profiles were taken from the ship. This data set has been used for characterizing internal waves in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Experiment conducted during October 2002, south of GOK has revealed large tidal ranges. The barotropic tidal range at the experimental site was 1.5m. Current observations made using the vessel mounted ADCP, along the shore and across the shore, showed signs of first mode (baroclinic) oscillations; currents in the top and bottom layers were in opposing directions. They were found to be southwesterly in the top layer and northeasterly in the bottom layer. Time - depth sections of TS profiles from CTD yo-yo data, revealed the presence of high frequency internal waves and solitons overriding on low frequency trend. Moored CTD time series of temperature records showed the presence of internal solitons, which caused a vertical displacement of about 8m in the isotherms, which is equivalent to 3OC change in temperature, in less than 10 minutes. Passage of internal solitons induced vertical mixing causing the mixed layer to deepen by about 10m and current speed increased by about 0.1 m/s. Internal solitons were traveling towards northwest and current vectors suggest that they were generated when the internal tide is reflected from the bottom. Vertical displacement spectra agreed well with GM spectra when solitons were not present. However, when the solitons were present the displacement spectra had higher energy levels compared to the GM spectra. Another experiment was done in October 2004, mainly aimed at characterizing internal solitons and to verify the consistency of the results obtained during October 2002 experiment. This experiment also showed that IWs of both high and low frequency along with internal solitons were present at the experimental site. It was found that internal solitons were more energetic during spring tide than the neap. The observed amplitudes of these solitons were around 12m and were not rank ordered suggesting that the experimental site is close to the generation point. It is believed that, generally, solitons get phase locked to the barotropic tide’s trough and travel. Such phase locking was not observed at the experimental site. They were observed riding on both troughs and crests of barotropic tide. One of the aims of this thesis is to develop a simulation model based on Garrett-Munk steady state internal wave spectrum. Hence, an internal wave model IWAVE was developed to simulate the sound speed structure due to internal waves. Sound speed structure is simulated instead of TS structure, because of their direct utility in sonar range prediction models. Since the GM model is a deep-water and mid-latitude model, it was calibrated to suite shallow-water tropical environment by incorporating the site and region specific parameters. EOFs and Dynamical modes estimated using TS profiles were used to identify the site-specific parameters of the GM model. Values for characteristic mode number and spectral slope used in the GM model are 3 and 2 respectively. However, it was found that they are different in the northeastern Arabian Sea. At this site, the characteristic mode number was found to be 1 and the spectral slope was found to be 3. The modified model was validated against the measured sound speed profiles. In the first case, the first sound speed profile (TS) of the CTD yo-yo data (20 October 2002) was used for predicting the remaining profiles and compared them with observations. This was done to verify the model’s ability to predict high frequency case (TS profiles are measured at every 2.5min.). In the second case, during October 2004, TS profiles collected at every one-hour for 24 hours were used. This gives an idea of the model’s performance for the low frequency case. The variances of the measured and simulated sound speed profiles matched well in both cases with the modified GM model.

La métagénomique vise à étudier le contenu génétique et génomique d'un échantillon provenant d'un environnement naturel. Cette discipline récente s'attache à étudier les génomes de différents organismes provenant d'un même milieu. La métagénomique pose de nouvelles questions, tant d'un point de vue biologique qu'informatique. Les masses de données générées par les études métagénomiques et la complexité des milieux étudiés, nécessitent de développer de nouvelles structures de données et de nouveaux algorithmes dédiés. Parmi les différentes approches existantes en métagénomique, la métagénomique comparative consiste à comparer plusieurs métagénomes afin d'en connaître les divers degrés de similarité. Lorsque cette comparaison se base uniquement sur le contenu brut des échantillons, sans faire appel à des connaissances externes, on parle de métagénomique comparative de novo. L'objectif des travaux que nous proposons est de développer une méthode permettant d'extraire les séquences similaires de deux jeux de données métagénomiques, où chaque jeu peut être composé de centaines de millions de courtes séquences. La comparaison proposée consiste à identifier les séquences d'un premier jeu similaires à au moins une séquence d'un second jeu. Afin d'être rapide et économe en mémoire, l'implémentation de notre méthode a nécessité la conception d'une nouvelle structure d'indexation, basée sur le filtre de bloom. Le logiciel final, nommé Compareads, a une consommation mémoire faible (de l'ordre de quelques go) et peut calculer l'intersection de deux échantillons de 100 millions de séquences chacun en une dizaine d'heures. Notre méthode est une heuristique qui génère un faible taux de faux positifs. Le logiciel Compareads est dédié à l'analyse de grands jeux de données métagénomiques. À l'heure actuelle, il est le seul outil capable de comparer de tels jeux. Compareads a été appliqué sur plusieurs projets métagénomiques. Notre outil produit des résultats robustes, biologiquement exploitables et en accord avec diverses méthodes fondamentalement différentes. Il est actuellement utilisé de manière intensive sur les échantillons provenant de l'expédition tara oceans. Sur ce projet, notre méthode à permis de mettre en évidence que les grands systèmes océaniques influent sur la répartition globale des micro-organismes marins.

In 2006, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) accepted an industry proposal called the Commercial Groundfish Integration Pilot Program (CGIPP), which integrated each of the seven commercial groundfish fisheries in British Columbia. The industry proposal, developed by the Commercial Industry Caucus (CIC), was the result of guiding principles developed by DFO that focused on the conservation of certain rockfish species on the Pacific Coast. If industry had not developed a plan, DFO would have developed an alternative fishing plan (AFP). This thesis evaluates whether DFO's conservation objectives were met under the CGIPP and if there were any social and economic impacts. These same impacts are compared to what may have occurred under the AFP. The results of this thesis indicate that the CGIPP is a sustainable template for multi-species commercial fisheries--a first step in achieving an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management.

La métagénomique vise à étudier le contenu génétique et génomique d'un échantillon provenant d'un environnement naturel. Cette discipline récente s'attache à étudier les génomes de différents organismes provenant d'un même milieu. La métagénomique pose de nouvelles questions, tant d'un point de vue biologique qu'informatique. Les masses de données générées par les études métagénomiques et la complexité des milieux étudiés nécessitent de développer de nouvelles structures de données et de nouveaux algorithmes dédiés. Parmi les différentes approches existantes en métagénomique, la métagénomique comparative consiste à comparer plusieurs métagénomes afin d'en connaitre les divers degrés de similarité. Lorsque cette comparaison se base uniquement sur le contenu brut des échantillons, sans faire appel à des connaissances externes, on parle de métagénomique comparative de novo. L'objectif des travaux que nous proposons est de développer une méthode permettant d'extraire les séquences similaires entre deux jeux de données métagénomiques, où chaque jeu peut être composé de centaines de millions de courtes séquences d'adn. La comparaison proposée consiste à identifier les séquences d'un premier jeu similaires à au moins une séquence d'un second jeu. Afin d'être rapide et économe en mémoire, l'implémentation de notre méthode a nécessité la conception d'une nouvelle structure d'indexation, basée sur le filtre de bloom. Le logiciel final, nommé Compareads, a une consommation mémoire faible (de l'ordre de quelques go) et peut calculer l'intersection de deux échantillons de 100 millions de séquences chacun en une dizaine d'heures. Notre méthode est une heuristique qui génère un faible taux de faux positifs. Le logiciel Compareads est dédié à l'analyse de grands jeux de données métagénomiques. À l'heure actuelle, il est le seul outil capable de comparer de tels jeux. Compareads a été appliqué sur plusieurs projets métagénomiques. Notre outil produit des résultats robustes, biologiquement exploitables et en accord avec diverses méthodes fondamentalement différentes. Il est actuellement utilisé de manière intensive sur les échantillons provenant de l'expédition tara oceans. Sur ce projet, notre méthode a permis de mettre en évidence que les grands systèmes océaniques influent sur la répartition globale des microorganismes marins.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação temporal entre a vazão de rios do Pantanal brasileiro com as informações sobre a temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) dos oceanos globais, índices climáticos e precipitação. A motivação que conduziu esta investigação esteve atrelada aos conhecimentos teóricos trazidos pelas contribuições de Walker (1924 e 1928), Walker e Bliss (1932), Bjerknes (1969), Trop (1965), Hoskins e Karoly (1981), Horel e Wallace (1981), Karoly (1989) e Müller e Ambrizzi (2009) sobre os papéis desempenhados por forçantes oceânicas (aquecimento anômalo das TSM) dentro dos sistemas climáticos. As hipóteses norteadoras para a realização deste trabalho foram de que algumas regiões específicas de TSM dos oceanos, assim como padrões climáticos estabelecidos a partir de alguns índices seriam capazes de influenciar o comportamento fluvial de rios no centro da América do Sul. A partir de levantadas estas hipóteses foram realizadas uma série de cálculos de correlação entre as vazões do rio Miranda e (média regional) do Pantanal, com as séries de dados de TSM, índices climáticos e precipitação. Os testes de correlação foram importantes para a identificação geral de quais áreas de TSM e índices climáticos tinham mais associação estatística com as duas séries de vazões utilizadas. Os primeiros resultados dos testes de correlação em lag entre TSM dos oceanos globais e as vazões dos postos regional do Pantanal e do rio Miranda permitiram a identificação de muito mais áreas de TSM sobre o oceano Pacífico do que sobre o oceano Atlântico. Além deste fato, os mapas de correlação em lags temporais, demonstraram valores de correlação mais estáveis com até quatro meses de defasagens de TSM com relação às duas séries de vazões. A partir deste lag de defasagem, os sinais de correlação começaram a sofrer diminuições significativas dentro das bacias dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico para ambas as séries de vazão. Outro padrão de correlação observado, exclusivamente, para a série do posto de vazão do rio Miranda, foi o aparecimento de anomalias negativas dentro da bacia do Índico tropical e subtropical a partir dos lags seis e sete e, sua intensificação quanto mais defasada os tempos. Além destes padrões de anomalias, os resultados entre TSM e vazão dos rios evidenciaram que, possivelmente, o oceano Atlântico (norte e sul) influencia a vazão dos rios do centro da América do Sul dentro de uma escala interdecadal (sobretudo as regiões dos extratropicos) e o oceano Pacífico exerce suas influências dentro de uma escala inter-anual (sobretudo as regiões tropicais e subtropicais). Além destas constatações, desconfia-se que a bacia norte subtropical do Pacífico, também, exerça forças dentro de uma escala decadal, porém atreladas a própria variabilidade da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (PDO). Outro padrão encontrado entre as correlações de TSM dos oceanos e os dados de vazões foi a do padrão de anomalias horseshoes dentro da bacia do Pacífico Tropical, o que sugere grandes influências da faixa tropical do Pacífico, além de reforçar a hipótese de que esta região condiciona uma variabilidade inter-anual, nas vazões dos rios do centro da América do Sul. Além destas observações iniciais, os resultados de correlações entre índices climáticos (PDO, SAM, NAO, SOI e as regiões de Niños1+2, 3, 3+4 e 4) e vazões dos rios evidenciaram relações estatísticas bem distintas em todo o Pantanal. Os resultados mostraram que o índice da região de Niño1+2, estatisticamente, se correlaciona com áreas do Pantanal de forma bem homogênea, diferentemente, dos demais índices que têm regiões exclusivas de correlação estatística. Os resultados das correlações da PDO, estatisticamente, mostram uma quase influência em toda a área de estudo, exceto a porção ao sul. Os resultados das correlações do índice SOI e a região de Niño3. 4, estatisticamente, aparecem mais fortes dentro das porções centrais e norte da área de estudo. Já a SAM, apresentou valores de significância estatística de correlação, somente, na porção sul e a NAO apenas com a região nordeste do Pantanal. Já as áreas de Niño3 e (Niño4) apresentaram valores de significância estatística mais relevante com as áreas centrais (centrais e nordeste) do Pantanal. A realização dos cálculos de correlação possibilitou a identificação de um conjunto de variáveis independentes que, estatisticamente, se apresentaram com maiores dependências nos estudos de modelagem da vazão. A partir destas observações, estas variáveis independentes serviram como dados para os modelos de regressão linear múltipla para a realização da simulação e previsão da vazão no Pantanal. O modelo de simulação selecionou os dados de TSM das regiões: Equatorial Sul (região do Niño1+2, próximo a costa oeste do continente sul-americano), a região do Pacífico Norte (golfo do Alaska), a região Equatorial do Pacífico (região leste da costa da Ásia), região extratropical central do Pacífico Sul, a região do Atlântico Tropical Norte (próximo a costa oeste da Mauritânia e Marrocos, na África) e a região extratropical do Atlântico Norte (próxima a baixa da Islândia). Os índices climáticos selecionados foram: o Modo Anular Sul (SAM), o Índice da Oscilação Sul (IOS), o Índice da Oscilação do Atlântico Norte e os índices das regiões de Niños4, 1+2 e 3+4, da bacia do Pacífico Equatorial. A seleção destas variáveis foi capaz de explicar 99.1% (95.5%) da variância total das vazões média regional do Pantanal (rio Miranda). Já o modelo de previsão conseguiu identificar as seguintes variáveis independentes: Pacífico Equatorial (região de niño 1+2 e de nino 3+4), Pacífico Norte subtropical (golfo do Alaska), Atlântico Norte tropical (Açores), Atlântico Norte extratropical (Islândia) e o Pacífico Central Sul extratropical. Estas variáveis, estatisticamente, para o modelo de previsão conseguem antever a vazão com até três meses de antecedência e conseguiu explicar, aproximadamente, 57% da variância total da vazão média regional do Pantanal. Além disso, os testes de validação do modelo de previsão se apresentaram com valores baixos de erros, apenas 31.7%. Os resultados do R2 e da margem de erro do modelo de previsão mostraram que, estatisticamente, o modelo mensal de previsão é bem relevante o que se mostra, estatisticamente, bastante útil em pesquisas de previsão da vazão. Após todo este arcabouço estatístico descrito em metodologia e resultados acima, o trabalho foi analisando a partir de um ponto de vista da dinâmica da atmosfera. A primeira análise com um viés um pouco mais dinâmico foi a dos padrões atmosféricos: vorticidade e divergência (250 e 850 mb), escoamento em 850 hPa e velocidade vertical (500 e 850 mb). A segunda análise com este viés foi realizada a partir dos estudos das anomalias de função de corrente () em 250 mb. O padrão atmosférico anômalo associado aos sub-períodos da vazão apresentaram anomalias negativas e positivas. O comportamento destas anomalias da vazão foi associado aos campos atmosféricos. Os resultados destes campos mostraram que a variabilidade atmosférica é determinante às anomalias observadas da vazão. Já as análises de função de corrente () em 250 mb foram realizadas para períodos específicos, marcados pela existência de anomalias de TSM positivas, negativas e neutra e tiveram, exclusivamente, o objetivo de identificar se as anomalias de TSM (em períodos específicos) seriam capazes de se comportar como forçantes térmicas e promover propagações de ondas de Rossby capazes de modificar os campos atmosféricas e, indiretamente, interferir na variabilidade atmosférica e fluvial do centro da América do Sul. Todos os períodos de escolha das TSM e das análises das anomalias de função de corrente () foram coincidentes com as fases de anomalias positivas e negativas da vazão. Os resultados obtidos a partir destas análises mostraram que as áreas tropicais oceânicas são geradoras de perturbações atmosféricas que se propagam em direção aos subtrópicos e podem, possivelmente, gerar modificações dentro dos padrões atmosféricos. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que pode haver a interferência de uma ou mais forçantes que interferem em conjunto e são capazes de alterar as propagações de ondas de Rossby já existentes. Por fim, acredita-se que as grandes contribuições desta pesquisa tenha sido o fato de ter identificado as, possíveis, variáveis independentes (regiões de TSM e índices climáticos) que mais conseguem exercer influência na variabilidade fluvial dos rios do Pantanal Brasileiro. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal association between the flow of rivers of the Brazilian Pantanal with information about sea surface temperature (SST) in the global oceans, precipitation and climate index. The motivation that led this research was linked to theoretical knowledge brought by the contributions of Walker (1924 and 1928), Walker and Bliss (1932), Bjerknes (1969), Trop (1965), Hoskins and Karoly (1981), Horel and Wallace (1981), Karoly (1989) and Müller and Ambrizzi (2009) on the roles played by oceanic forcings (anomalous warming of SST) in the climate system. The guiding hypothesis for this study was that specific regions of SST oceans, as well as weather patterns established from some index would be able to influence the behavior of river outflows in the center of South America. On the other hand these hypotheses made a series of calculations of correlation between the flow of the river and Miranda (regional average) of the Pantanal, with the series of SST, precipitation and climate index. Correlation tests were important to identify areas where SST and climate index had more statistical association with the two sets of river outflows used. The first test results of the lag correlation between SST in the global oceans and rivers outflow of the regional stations of the Pantanal and the Miranda allowed the identification of more areas of SST over the Pacific Ocean than the Atlantic ocean. On the other hand, correlation maps for temporal lags showed correlation values more stable with up to four months of lags of SST with respect to two sets of river outflows. Here, the correlation signals began to have significant decreases in the basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans for both series of river outflow. Another pattern of correlation observed exclusively for the series of river flow station Miranda was the appearance of negative anomalies in the basin of the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean from six to seven months of delay. That is the intensification is more delay. Results between SST and river flows showed that possibly the Atlantic Ocean (north and south) influences the river flows from the center of South America on a scale interdecadal (mainly the regions of the extratropics) and the Pacific Ocean exerts its influence within an inter-annual scale (mainly tropical and subtropical regions). On the other hand, suspects that the subtropical North Pacific basin also exert forces in a decadal scale, however linked the variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Another pattern found correlations between SST and ocean data river outflows was the pattern of anomalies horseshoes in the tropical Pacific basin, which suggests more influences in the tropical zone of the Pacific, and reinforce the hypothesis that this region affects an inter-annual variability in river flows from the center of South America. Furthermore, the results of correlations between climate index (PDO, SAM, NAO, and SOI regions Niños1 +2, 3, 3.4 and 4) and river flows showed distinct statistical relationships in the Pantanal. The results showed that the index of the region Niño1 +2 statistically correlates with areas of the Pantanal is homogeneous, in contrast, the other indexes that have only a regions of statistical correlation. The results of the correlations of the PDO, statistically, show an influence on the almost the entire study area, except the south portion. The results of the correlations of the index and the SOI region Niño3.4, statistically, appear stronger in the central and northern portions. The SAM values were statistically significant correlation only in the southern portion and the NAO only northeastern Pantanal. Areas of Niño3 and (Niño4) showed statistical significance values more relevant to the central areas (central and northeast) of the Pantanal. The achievement of the correlation calculations allowed the identification of a set of independent variables that statistically, if presented with more dependencies in modeling studies of river outflow. From these observations, this data served as independent variables for multiple linear regression models to make the simulation and prediction of river outflow in the Pantanal. The simulation model selected the SST regions: the South Equatorial (Niño1+2 region, near the west coast of South America), the North Pacific (Gulf of Alaska), the Equatorial Pacific region (eastern region coast of Asia), extratropical central region of the South Pacific, Tropical North Atlantic region (near the west coast of Mauritania and Morocco, Africa) region and the extratropical North Atlantic (near low Iceland). The climate indexes selected were: the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the index of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the regions of Niños4, 1 +2 and 3.4, equatorial Pacific. The selection of these variables could explain 99.1% (95.5%) of the total variance of the regional average river outflow of the Pantanal (Rio Miranda). The model prediction was able to identify the following independent variables: the equatorial Pacific (Niño 1 +2 region and Niño 3 +4), subtropical North Pacific (Gulf of Alaska) tropical North Atlantic (Azores), extratropical North Atlantic (Iceland ) and the Central South Pacific extratropical. These variables, statistically, wer able to explain approximately 57% of the total variance of the regional average river outflow of Pantanal. Furthermore, the validation tests of the prediction model is able to present error of the only 31.7%. The results of R2 and the margin of error of the prediction model showed that, statistically, the model monthly prediction is relevant as shown, statistically, very useful in research to predict the river outflow. After all this statistical framework methodology and results described above, was analyzing the dynamics of the atmosphere. The first most dynamic analysis was the weather patterns of vorticity and divergence (250 and 850 mb), the low level jet (850 mb) and vertical velocity (500 and 850 mb). The second analysis was based on studies of anomalous stream function () at 250 mb. The anomalous atmospheric patterns associated with subperiods of the river outflow showed positive and negative anomalies. The behavior of these anomalies was associated with atmospheric fields. The results of these fields showed that the atmospheric variability is crucial to the river outflow anomalies observed. Analyzes of stream function () at 250 mb were performed for specific periods, marked by the existence of positive SST anomalies, negative and neutral and had, exclusively, aimed of the identify if the SST anomalies (in particular periods) would be able to behave as thermal forcing and promote propagation of Rossby waves, that could modify the atmospheric fields and indirectly affect the atmospheric variability and river outflow from the center of South America. All periods of choice and analysis of SST anomalies in stream function () were coincident with the phases of positive and negative anomalies of the river outflow. The results from these analyzes showed that the tropical ocean areas are generating atmospheric disturbances that if propagated towards the subtropics and can possibly generate changes in the weather patterns. Furthermore, the results showed that may have interfered one or more forces that interfering together and are able to alter the propagation of waves Rossby. Finally, we believed that more contributions of this research was the fact that we identified them, possible independent variables (regions of SST and climate indices) that can exert more influence in the variability of river outflows of the Brazilian Pantanal.

Les prédateurs marins supérieurs, ici les cétacés et les oiseaux marins, doivent développer des stratégies optimales d’utilisation des ressources et des habitats. Notre objectif était d’explorer leurs habitats en fonction de leurs coûts de vie. Nous avons postulé que les prédateurs coûteux étaient contraints d’occuper les habitats de meilleure qualité alors que les prédateurs plus économes pouvaient occuper les habitats de qualité moindre. Nous nous sommes basés sur des guildes de cétacés et oiseaux définies selon leurs coûts de vie et les observations de survols aériens dans trois régions tropicales (l’Atlantique Ouest tropical, le Sud Ouest de l’Océan Indien et la Polynésie française). Nous avons construit des modèles additifs généralisés à partir de variables physiographiques (ex : profondeur), océanographiques (ex : activité tourbillonnaire) et biologiques (ex : chlorophylle et micronecton) pour décrire la qualité des habitats. Nous avons d’abord modélisé les habitats des cétacés et oiseaux à l’échelle régionale. Les cétacés coûteux occupaient les habitats de meilleure qualité alors que les cétacés plus économes occupaient aussi les habitats de qualité moindre. La distribution des oiseaux reflétait principalement celle des colonies et leur dépendance à la qualité de l’habitat semblait moins claire. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence des propriétés génériques de distribution des cétacés et fourni des prédictions circumtropicales. Cette thèse a donné un nouvel aperçu des stratégies d’utilisation des habitats des prédateurs supérieurs à la lumière de leurs coûts de vie. Ces prédictions spatiales ont des implications majeures pour la gestion de ces espèces et de leurs écosystèmes. / Marine top predators, here cetaceans and seabirds, must develop optimal strategies of resource and habitat utilization. The main goal of this dissertation was to investigate cetacean and seabird strategies of habitat utilization in relation to their energetic costs of living. We hypothesized that predators with high costs of living should be constrained to high quality habitats, whereas less active predators could cope with habitats of lesser quality. We studied the habitats of cetacean and seabird guilds defined according to their likely costs of living. We relied on sightings collected from aerial surveys in three tropical regions (the western tropical Atlantic, the Southwest Indian Ocean and French Polynesia). We built generalized additive models based on a range of physiographic (e.g. depth), oceanographic (e.g. mesoscale activity) and biological variables (e.g. chlorophyll concentration and micronekton) to describe the quality of pelagic habitats. We first modeled cetacean and seabird habitats at the regional scale. Energetically costly cetaceans appeared to be constrained to the highest quality habitats, whereas less active cetaceans exploited habitats of lesser quality. Seabird distributions primarily reflected colony locations and their dependences on habitat quality were less clear. We then highlighted generic properties of cetacean distributions and provided predictions at the circumtropical scale. This dissertation gave new insights on top predator strategies of habitats utilization in light of their costs of living. These spatial predictions have significant implications for the management of these species and of their pelagic ecosystems.