A Tomografia por Coerência Óptica (OCT) baseia-se na propriedade de retroespalhamento dos meios para construir imagens tomográficas do interior das amostras. De maneira similar, a técnica LIDAR (Light Detection and Range) faz uso desta propriedade para determinar as características da atmosfera, em especial o coeficiente de extinção do sinal. Explorar esta similaridade permitiu aplicar métodos de inversão utilizados na técnica LIDAR às imagens OCT, permitindo construir imagens de coeficiente de extinção, resultado inédito até o momento. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar, propor, desenvolver e implementar algoritmos de métodos de inversão do sinal OCT para determinação do coeficiente de extinção em função da profundidade. Foram utilizados três métodos de inversão, da inclinação, do ponto de contorno e da profundidade óptica, com implementação em ambiente LABView® . Estudo dos erros associados aos métodos de inversão foi realizado e, amostras reais (homogêneas e estratificadas) foram utilizadas para análises em uma e duas dimensões. As imagens de coeficiente de extinção obtidas pelo método da profundidade óptica claramente foram capazes de diferenciar o ar da amostra. As imagens foram estudadas empregando PCA e análise de clusters que avaliou a robustez da técnica em determinar o valor do coeficiente de extinção da amostra. Além disso, o método da profundidade óptica proposto foi empregado para estudar a hipótese de que existe correlação entre o coeficiente de extinção do sinal e a desmineralização de esmalte dental durante o processo cariogênico. Com a aplicação desta metodologia foi possível observar a variação do coeficiente de extinção em função da profundidade e sua correlação com a variação da microdureza, além de mostrar que em camadas mais profundas o valor do coeficiente de extinção valor tende ao de um dente sadio, comportando-se da mesma maneira que a microdureza do dente. / Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is based on the media backscatering properties in order to obtain tomographic images. In a similar way, LIDAR (Light Detection and Range) technique uses these properties to determine atmospheric characteristics, specially the signal extinction coeficient. Exploring this similarity allowed the application of signal inversion methods to the OCT images, allowing to construct images based in the extinction coeficient, original result until now. The goal of this work was to study, propose, develop and implement algorithms based on OCT signal inversion methodologies with the aim of determine the extinction coeficient as a function of depth. Three inversion methods were used and implemented in LABView® : slope, boundary point and optical depth. Associated errors were studied and real samples (homogeneous and stratified) were used for two and three dimension analysis. The extinction coeficient images obtained from the optical depth method were capable to diferentiate air from the sample. The images were studied applying PCA and cluster analysis that established the methodology strength in determining the sample´s extinction coefficient value. Moreover, the optical depth methodology was applied to study the hipothesis that there is some correlation between signal extinction coeficient and the enamel teeth demineralization during a cariogenic process. By applying this methodology, it was possible to observe the variation of the extinction coefficient as depth function and its correlation with microhardness variation, showing that in deeper layers its values tends to a healthy tooth values, behaving as the same way that the microhardness.

Objetivos: Avaliar as alterações retinianas em modelo experimental de hipóxia em coelhos aclimatizados em ambiente hipóxico-normobárico e investigar os efeitos do tratamento com bevacizumabe intravítreo (IV). Métodos: Vinte e dois coelhos New Zealand, com pesos entre 2,4 a 3,8 kg, foram divididos em quatro grupos. Os grupos S12% (n=5) e B12% (n=5) foram aclimatizados durante três dias consecutivos em concentrações de oxigênio (O2) a 12%. Os grupos S8% (n=5) e B8% (n=7) foram aclimatizados durante três dias consecutivos, com reduções graduais da concentração de O2, até atingir o nadir de 8%. Os olhos direitos (OD) foram mantidos como controle e os olhos esquerdos (OE) dos animais dos grupos S12% e S8% receberam injeção IV de 0,05 ml de solução salina balanceada (SSB), enquanto os OE dos grupos B12% e B8% receberam 0,05 ml (1,25 mg) de bevacizumabe IV. Foram realizados exames de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) para avaliação da espessura dos segmentos retinianos (SR) e coroidianos (SC), angiografia por fluoresceína sódica (AF) para observação da presença ou ausência de vasodilatação e tortuosidade da vasculatura retiniana e quantificação do Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) do humor aquoso e soro no primeiro dia (D0), antes do tratamento, no terceiro dia de hipóxia (D7) e no décimo primeiro dia (D11), utilizando-se a técnica do Luminex®. Após, os animais foram sacrificados e amostras do tecido retiniano foram avaliadas por histologia e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Resultados: Comparando-se os cortes horizontais dos OD (controle) nos períodos D0 e D7, notou-se redução de 8% (p<0,0001) e 10% (p<0,0001) da espessura do SR nas concentrações de O2 a 12% e 8%, respectivamente. Comparando-se os cortes verticais nos mesmos períodos, verificou-se redução da espessura do SR de 7%, tanto nas concentrações a 12% (p<0,0001) como a 8% (p<0,0001). Nos olhos tratados com bevacizumabe, a redução das médias das espessuras do SR para os cortes horizontais entre os períodos D0 e D7 foi de 6% (<0,0001) e 9% (<0,0001), para as concentrações de O2 a 12 e 8%, respectivamente. Enquanto que nos olhos tratados com SSB no mesmo período, observou-se redução de 8% (<0,0001) e 6% (<0,0001) para as concentrações de O2 a 12 e 8%, respectivamente, nos cortes horizontais. Nos cortes verticais, para os olhos tratados com bevacizumabe, houve redução de 5% (p=0,0005) e 8% (<0,0001) para concentrações de O2 a 12% e 8%, respectivamente; e para os olhos tratados com SSB foi encontrada redução de 7% (<0,0001) e 8% (<0,0001) nas concentrações de O2 a 12% e 8%, respectivamente. As espessuras dos SC não apresentaram alterações. O grupo B8 apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na análise da proporção dos olhos que não evidenciaram vasodilatação e tortuosidade dos vasos retinianos durante o período hipoxêmico, e não foram observados neovasos retinianos. A histologia e IHQ dos olhos tratados com SSB e bevacizumabe não demonstraram alterações quando comparados com os controles. Conclusões: A aclimatização de coelhos em ambiente hipóxico-normobárico resultou na redução da espessura do SR no terceiro dia de hipóxia. Notou-se, ainda, aumento da tortuosidade e vasodilatação. O bevacizumabe IV não inibiu a redução da espessura retiniana, mas sim a vasodilatação e tortuosidade vascular. / Objectives: Evaluate retinal changes in experimental model of hypoxia in rabbits acclimatized in normobaric-hypoxic environment and to investigate the effects of the treatment by intravitreal (IV) bevacizumab drug. Methods: Twenty two New Zealand rabbits weighing between 2,4 to 3,8 kg were divided into 4 groups. The groups S12 (n=5) and B12 (n=5) were acclimatized for 3 consecutive days in oxygen concentration (O2) to 12%. The groups S8 (n=5) and B8 (n=7) were acclimatized for 3 consecutive days with gradual reductions in O2 concentration until the nadir of 8%. The right eye (RE) were kept as controls and the left eye (LE) of the animals belonging to S12 and S8 groups received IV injection of 0,05 ml of balanced salt solution (BSS), while the LE belonging to groups B12 and B8 received 0,05 ml (1,25 mg) of bevacizumab IV. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the thickness of the retinal segments (RS) and choroidalsegments (CS), sodium fluorescein angiography (FA) for evaluation of the presence or absence of vasodilation and tortuosity of the retinal vasculature and quantification of VEGF in the aqueous fluid and peripheral blood sample were conducted at the first day (D0) before treatment, on the third day of hypoxia (D7) and day 11 (D11) using the Luminex® technique. After the animals were sacrificed, the retinal tissue samples were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Comparing the horizontal sections of the RE (control) in D0 and D7 periods, a reduction of 8% (p<0,0001) and 10% (p<0,0001) the thickness of the RS in O2 concentration at 12% and 8%, respectively. Comparing the vertical cuts in the same period, there was reduced RS thickness of 7% in both concentrations to 12% (p<0,0001) and 8% (p<0,0001). In the eyes treated with bevacizumab, to reduce the average thickness of the retinal segment for horizontal cuts between D0 and D7 periods were 6% (<0,0001) and 9% (<0,0001) for O2 concentrations to 12 and 8%, respectively. While in the eyes treated with BSS in the same period, there was an 8% reduction (<0,0001) and 6% (<0,0001) for the O2 concentration at the 12% and 8%, respectively, in the horizontal cuts. In the vertical sections is observed for the eyes treated with bevacizumab, 5% reduction (p=0.0005) and 8% (<0,0001) O2 concentration at 12% and 8%, respectively; and BSS treated eyes was reduced by 7% (<0,0001) and 8% (<0,0001) in the O2 concentrations of 12% and 8%, respectively. The thickness of the CS did not show changes. The B8 group showed statistical difference in the analysis of the eyes that did not have vasodilation and tortuosity of the retinal vessels during the hypoxic period. Retinal neovascularization were not observed. Histology and IHC of the eyes treated with BSS and bevacizumab showed no changes compared to the control eyes. Conclusions: The acclimatization of the rabbits in normobaric-hypoxic environment has the effect of reducing the thickness RS on the third day of hypoxia. It is observed also increased tortuosity and vasodilation. The intravitreal bevacizumab does not inhibit retinal thickness decrease, but inhibits vasodilation and vascular tortuosity.

A complexidade visual juntamente com a variedade de hábitos dos rapinantes os tornam animais de interesse científico para estudo e conhecimento do sistema visual e suas correlações. A tomografia de coerência óptica, exame ainda pouco explorado na medicina veterinária, é tida como uma técnica não invasiva para obtenção de imagem microscópica in vivo que permite a avaliação das camadas estruturais do segmento posterior do bulbo ocular. Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar e mensurar as camadas retinianas e coroide das corujas de hábito diurno, Athene cunicularia e, de hábito noturno, Megascops choliba pelo emprego da tomografia de coerência óptica. Foram obtidas imagens de 26 espécimes Megascops choliba e 20 espécimes Athene cunicularia, porém foram excluídos 13 e 7 animais de cada grupo, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p&lt;0,05) entre os 2 grupos nas camadas nucleares interna (p= 0.0079) e externa (p= &lt; 0.0001). Para efetuar a mensuração da coroide e retina na região foveal, devido à qualidade da imagem, alguns animais foram excluídos. Desta forma, restaram 12 indivíduos Megascops choliba e em 11 indivíduos Athene cunicularia. A OCT possibilitou a avaliação do segmento posterior para descrição, mensuração e comparação entre as espécies. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a OCT é um exame apto para avaliação in vivo das camadas retiniana e da coroide onde foi possível constatar a variação entre espécies de hábito diurno e noturno. / Visual complexity and widely variable habits make birds of prey a good model for scientific investigation of the visual system and respective correlations. Optical coherence tomography, although still not widely used in Veterinary Medicine, in a noninvasive in vivo imaging modality providing microscopic images of sufficient resolution for proper assessment of structural layers of the posterior segment of the eye. This study set out to characterize and measure the choroid and retinal layers in diurnal (Athene cunicularia) and nocturnal (Megascops choliba) owls using optical coherence tomography. Images were obtained from 26 Megascops choliba and 20 Athene cunicularia specimens; however, 13 and 7 animals were excluded respectively. The inner (p = 0.0079) and outer (p &le; 0.0001) nuclear layers differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) between groups. Some animals were excluded due to insufficient image quality for choroidal and retinal measurements in the foveal area. Therefore, a total of 12 Megascops choliba and 11 Athene cunicularia individuals were retained in the final sample. Optical coherence tomography enabled assessment of the posterior segment of the eye for description, measurement and comparison between species. Optical coherence tomography was thought to be a good imaging modality for in vivo assessment of the choroid and retinal layers, and permitted proper documentation of variations between diurnal and nocturnal species

A membrana amniótica é a camada interna das membranas fetais (placenta), amplamente utilizada em transplantes por ser um tecido que combina propriedades anti-inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antifibróticas, além da limitada capacidade de provocar reações imunológicas. O uso da membrana fresca tem algumas limitações, como a necessidade de rápida utilização e a impossibilidade de obter total segurança diante de certas infecções. Qualquer tecido biológico utilizado para transplante deve ser estéril. A radioesterilização é uma alternativa para garantir a qualidade e segurança dos tecidos usados em transplantes e outras aplicações clínicas, a fim de minimizar os riscos de contaminação do receptor do tecido, porém a mesma pode causar alterações indesejáveis no tecido. No presente trabalho, foram testadas doses de 10, 15, 25 e 35 kGy, utilizando duas fontes de radiação ionizante: raios gama proveniente de fonte de Cobalto-60 e feixe de elétrons. Na análise qualitativa visual e táctil foi observado que, nas doses mais elevadas (a partir de 25 kGy) para ambas as fontes de radiação, as membranas irradiadas sofreram maior alteração de cor, tornando-se mais amareladas e com diminuição da elasticidade, deixando-as mais rígidas. A colorimetria sólida possibilitou minimizar a subjetividade da análise visual e a microscopia óptica foi essencial para avaliar as alterações histológicas comprovando, respectivamente, que a alteração de cor da membrana e o grau de degradação das camadas subjacentes do tecido tem relação direta com a dose de radiação empregada. Desse modo, as doses de 10-35 kGy podem ser aplicadas nas membranas amnióticas para sua utilização como bandagem biológica, porém, para as doses a partir de 25 kGy deve-se levar em consideração a alteração de coloração e condensação das camadas da membrana se estas forem destinadas para o uso oftálmico ou como substrato transportador para transplante de tecido cultivado in vitro. Com as técnicas de OCT, TG e ensaio de tração não foi possível avaliar as alterações biomecânicas encontradas na análise qualitativa, nas condições experimentais realizadas devido aos desvios-padrão obtidos para as cinco membranas testadas. / The amniotic membrane is the inner layer of the fetal membranes (placenta), widely used in transplantation as it is a tissue that combines properties anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic antimicrobial, and limited ability to induce immune reactions. The use of fresh membrane has some limitations such as the need for rapid deployment and not being completely safe against of certain infections. Any biological tissue used for transplantation should be sterile. The radiosterilization is an alternative to ensure the quality and safety of tissues used in transplants, and other clinical applications to minimize the risk of contamination of the tissue´s receptor, but it can cause undesirable changes in the tissue. In this study, we tested doses of 10, 15, 25 and 35 kGy, using two sources of ionizing radiation: gamma rays from cobalt-60 source and electron beam. In qualitative, visual and tactile analysis it has been observed that higher doses (25 kGy and up, to both sources of radiation) irradiated membranes had a greater color change, becoming yellowed and decreased elasticity, becoming more rigid. The solid colorimetry minimized the subjectivity of visual analysis and optical microscopy was essential to evaluate the histological changes showing, respectively, the color change of the membrane and the degree of degradation of the underlying layers of tissue is directly related to the dose of radiation employed. Thus, doses of 10-35 kGy can be applied in the amniotic membranes for application as a biological bandage, however doses from 25 kGy and up should take into account the changes in color and condensation of the layers of the membrane for ophthalmic use or as a carrier substrate for transplantation of cultured tissue in vitro. With the techniques of OCT, TG and tensile testing was not possible to evaluate the biomechanical findings in the qualitative analysis, the experimental conditions due to the standard-deviations obtained for the five membranes tested.

L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé recommande le développement d’outils innovants d’imagerie pour le diagnostic précoce et le monitoring de l’arthrose dans le cadre d’une prévention secondaire(10). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’établir l’intérêt de l’imagerie par OCT grand champ pour réaliser une évaluation du tissus cartilagineux peropératoire.La première partie de notre travail a consisté à définir à partir des données les plus récentes de la littérature les paramètres qualitatifs et quantitatifs les plus pertinents pour évaluer les lésions cartilagineuses arthrosiques. Ce travail de synthèse nous a semblé être le prérequis indispensable pour pouvoir développer des stratégies d’évaluation automatisé du cartilage en peropératoire. En effet, il n’existe pas en l’état une technique d’imagerie combinant toutes les qualités nécessaires pour caractériser le tissu cartilagineux. Les données actuelles montrent que parmi les paramètres quantitatifs, l’évaluation de l’état de surface, à une échelle micrométrique apparaît comme l’un des paramètres les mieux corrélés aux grades histologiques d’arthrose qui demeurent le gold-standard. Cette revue de la littérature a également mis en avant que les paramètres structurels, aussi bien biomécaniques que biochimiques, souffrent en l’état de ne pas avoir fait l’objet d’une corrélation avec les stades arthrosiques histologiques, limitant ainsi leur intérêt à des travaux de recherche fondamentale. Enfin, nous avons constaté que les systèmes d’imagerie les plus intéressants (IRM, SEM, etc…) pour caractériser le cartilage, et de fait les plus étudiés n’étaient accessibles qu’à un usage peropératoire et que très rarement à un usage in vivo.Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail de thèse, nous avons évalué la place de l’imagerie par tomographie par cohérence optique grand champ (Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography : FFOCT) pour la caractérisation du tissu cartilagineux. Nous avons exposé les principes de l’OCT grand champ ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients que présente cette technique d’imagerie en comparaison à celles listées dans notre revue de la littérature. Puis nous avons présenté les résultats des évaluations descriptives, qualitatives et quantitatives des lésions cartilagineuses arthrosiques par OCT grands champ. Ces travaux expérimentaux sont, à notre connaissance, les premiers à avoir permis de développer un algorithme semi-automatique pour évaluer la dégénérescence cartilagineuse à partir d’images FFOCT. Six paramètres de surface ont pu être ainsi identifiés comme fortement corrélés au stade arthrosique histologique OARSI.Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, nous essayons de répondre à la question de l’applicabilité clinique de ces travaux, en présentant les perspectives et les travaux de recherche que nous conduisons. En effet, même si les paramètres de surfaces sont fortement corrélés aux grades arthrosiques histologiques, il semble indispensable de développer et de valider de nouveaux paramètres quantitatifs, accessible à terme en peropératoire, qui pourront être combinés à ces premiers. Nous développons actuellement une thématique de recherche avec l ‘étude de deux paramètres structurels :la densité cellulaire des couches superficielles du cartilage et l’analyse de la rugosité de surface du cartilage. En parallèle de ces travaux, le développement d’un système d’imagerie accessible au bloc opératoire et à la chirurgie endoscopique mini-invasive est poursuivi. La sonde endoscopique FFOCT-NOCT développée en collaboration avec la société LLTech pourrait être le futur système d’imagerie peropératoire permettant d’obtenir les paramètres de caractérisation des lésions cartilagineuses que nous avons validés lors des expérimentations ex-vivo. / The World Health Organization recommends as part of secondary prevention, the development of innovative imaging tools allowing early diagnosis and assessement of osteoarthritis (10). The objective of this thesis was to study full-field OCT imaging and determine its ability to evaluate intraoperative cartilage tissue.The first part of our work consisted in defining the most accurate qualitative and quantitative parameters to evaluate osteoarthritis-induced cartilage lesions according to the latest literature. This preliminary part seemed necessary to further develop peroperative cartilage evaluation strategies. Indeed, to our knowledge, no existing technique allowed cartilaginous tissue characterization. Among the quantitative parameters, the assessment of the cartilage surface on a micrometric scale appeared to be best correlated to the histological grades of osteoarthritis which are the gold standard. This review of the literature also revealed that the structural parameters, both biomechanical and biochemical, lacked of actual correlation with histological arthrosis stages, which limits their interest in fundamental research. Finally, we noticed the most appropriate imaging systems for cartilage characterization (MRI, SEM, etc.) were unusable peroperatively and were very rarely used in vivo.In the second part of our work, we evaluated the ability of full field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) imaging to characterize cartilaginous tissue. We described the principle of full field OCT, its advantages and disadvantages compared to the other existing imaging techniques listed in our review of literature. We then displayed the results of the descriptive, qualitative and quantitative evaluations of osteoarthritic cartilage lesions by full field OCT. This experimental work is, to our knowledge, the first to develop a semi-automatic algorithm in order to assess cartilage degeneration on FFOCT images. This allowed us to identify six surface parameters strongly correlated with OARSI histological arthrosis.In the third part of the thesis, we tried to determine the clinical applicability of this work, exposed further perspectives and explained the research work that we lead. Indeed, although the surface parameters were strongly correlated with the osteoarthritis grades, it seems essential to develop and validate new quantitative parameters that can be combined with these first ones. We are currently working on two structural parameters: the cell density of the superficial layers of the cartilage and the analysis of the surface roughness of the cartilage. At the same time we are working on the development of a peroperative and minimally invasive imaging system for endoscopic surgery. The endoscopic probe FFOCT-NOCT developed with the LLTech company could in the future allow to characterize cartilage lesions with the parameters we validated during the ex-vivo experiments.

Le cancer de la peau est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Il représente le type de cancer ayant le plus fort taux de prévalence et le nombre de cas semble être en constante augmentation. Aujourd'hui, la méthode de référence pour le diagnostic du cancer cutané nécessite un échantillon de tissu suspect, appelé biopsie, prélevé après un simple examen visuel de la peau du patient. Par conséquent, près de 60 % des biopsies se révèlent être bénignes et environ 20 % des cancers de la peau ne sont pas détectés.Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit de thèse portent sur le développement d'un dispositif de tomographie par cohérence optique confocale en ligne (LC-OCT) capable de produire des images d'une qualité similaire aux coupes histologiques de manière non invasive et in vivo. Le prototype conçu fonctionne à une longueur d'onde centrale autour de 800 nm avec une largeur spectrale d'environ 150 nm. Il a été appliqué à l'imagerie in vivo de la peau avec une résolution spatiale quasi-isotrope d'environ 1 µm et une profondeur de pénétration de 400 µm. Ce dispositif pourrait alors être utilisé pour améliorer l'efficacité du processus de diagnostic du cancer de la peau en limitant le nombre de cas non détectés ainsi que le nombre de biopsies inutiles.Nous présentons ensuite un dispositif de LC-OCT fonctionnant dans deux bandes spectrales centrées autour de 770 nm et 1250 nm. La première bande produit des images à haute résolution (1.3 µm x 1.2 µm, latéral x axial) tandis que la seconde offre une profondeur de pénétration accrue (700 µm). En fusionnant les images produites dans les deux bandes il a été possible de produire des images avec une bonne résolution en superficie tout en ayant une profondeur de pénétration étendue. De plus, acquérir des images d'un échantillon dans deux bandes spectrales différentes permet dans une certaine mesure d'obtenir des informations sur les propriétés spectrales de l'échantillon.Finalement, nous présentons une preuve de concept d'un dispositif de LC-OCT couplé avec un microscope Raman ainsi que quelques exemples d'application. La microscopie Raman est une modalité spectroscopique qui permet d'identifier des molécules et ainsi de mesurer "l'empreinte digitale" d'un échantillon. Cette modalité pourrait alors fournir des informations complémentaires aux images morphologiques acquises par LC-OCT à propos de la composition biomoléculaire de l'échantillon. / Skin cancer is a major public health issue. Among all types of cancer, skin cancer has the highest prevalence rate and the number of cases seems to be steadily increasing. Currently, the gold standard of skin cancer diagnosis requires a sample of suspicious tissue, called a biopsy, removed after a simple visual inspection of the patient's skin. Consequently, almost 60 % of biopsies result in benign diagnoses, and approximately 20 % of all skin cancers are missed.The research presented in this thesis revolves around the development of a line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) device capable of producing non-invasive in vivo images similar in quality to histological cuts. The designed prototype operates at a center wavelength around 800 nm with a spectral width of approximately 150 nm. It has been applied to in vivo skin imaging with an almost isotropic spatial resolution of about 1 µm and a depth penetration reaching 400 µm. This device could thus be used to improve the efficiency of skin cancer diagnosis by limiting the number of undiagnosed cases and the number of unnecessary biopsies.We then present a LC-OCT device system operating in two spectral bands centered around 770 nm and 1250 nm. The first band produces high resolution images (1.3 µm x 1.2 µm, lateral x axial) while the second provides enhanced penetration depth (700 µm). By merging the images acquired in the two bands it has been possible to produce images with both high resolution and high penetration. Moreover, acquiring images of a sample in two different spectral bands can give, to a certain extent, information on the spectral properties of the sample.Lastly, we present a proof-of-concept LC-OCT prototype coupled together with a Raman microscope, as well as some application examples. Raman microscopy is a spectroscopic method capable of identifying molecules present in a sample and thus measuring the "fingerprint" of a sample. This modality could then provide complementary information to the morphological images provided by LC-OCT about the biomolecular composition of the sample.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography (AO-OCT) is a high-speed, high-resolution ophthalmic imaging technique offering detailed 3D analysis of retina structure in vivo. However, AO-OCT volume images are sensitive to involuntary eye movements that occur even during steady fixation and include tremor, drifts, and micro-saccades. To correct eye motion artifacts within a volume and to stabilize a sequence of volumes acquired of the same retina area, we propose a stripe-wise 3D image registration algorithm with phase correlation. In addition, using several ideas such as coarse-to-fine approach, spike noise filtering, pre-computation caching, and parallel processing on a GPU, our approach can register a volume of size 512 x 512 x 512 in less than 6 seconds, which is a 33x speedup as compared to an equivalent CPU version in MATLAB. Moreover, our 3D registration approach is reliable even in the presence of large motions (micro-saccades) that distort the volumes. Such motion was an obstacle for a previous en face approach based on 2D projected images. The thesis also investigates GPU implementations for 3D phase correlation and 2D normalized cross-correlation, which could be useful for other image processing algorithms.

Univerzita Karlova Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové Katedra Farmakologie a toxikologie Student: Kateřina Novotná Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Martina Čečková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Interaction of gilteritinib with OCT1 and OCT2 transporters; relation to conventional therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Gilteritinib is one of the recently approved drugs which is primarily used in the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor. In this project, gilteritinib was investigated in terms of its ability to interact with solute carrier (SLC) membrane transporters, namely with OCT1 and OCT2. These membrane proteins play a role in uptake of endogenous compounds and also drugs into the cells of main elimination organs (liver, kidney), but also to cancer cells. In particular, we wanted to examine potential interaction with daunorubicin and mitoxantrone, drugs traditionally used in AML therapy. First, we performed accumulation study and evaluated, whether gilteritinib is potential inhibitor of OCT1 and OCT2 studying differential uptake of daunorubicin and mitoxantrone into MDCKII-OCT1 and MDCKII-OCT2 cells based on OCT1 and OCT2 inhibition by gilteritinib. Secondly, the study evaluating the transfer of gilteritinib across the...

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Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur ögats visuella och funktionella system påverkas av diagnosen MS, genom att undersöka färgseendet och synnerven. Denna studie ska utföras på lika många patienter med konstaterad MS som på patienter utan MS. Metod: I studien undersöktes 14 patienter, 7 med konstaterad MS och 7 kontrollpatienter utan MS. Deltagarnas ålder var mellan 41 och 56 år. Alla mätningar genomfördes monokulärt. De mätningar som utfördes var avstånd visus, färgseende test med hjälp utav Hardy Rand Rittler och Farnsworth’s Dichotomous test - D-15 test, kontrastseendetest med hjälp utav The Mars Letter Contrast Sensitivity Test och sist anvädes OCT för att få en 2 dimitsonell bild av det retinala nervfiber lagret (RNFL). Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie var förväntat och visar att patienter med MS har ett nedsatt färg- och kontrastseende men även också en förtunning utav det RNFL. Detta resultat styrks av tidigare studier. Den visar dock inga signifikanta skillnader mellan MS patienternas höger öga och kontrollpatienternas höger öga. Samma gäller för vänster. Slutsats: Detta arbete visar att optiker bör vara medvetna om dessa förändringar hos patienter med MS.