Global change profoundly alters biological communities and increases species extinction rates. Recent reports show that odonate species (dragonflies and damselflies) are declining globally, however, odonates can also respond strongly to climate and land use change through shifts in range and phenology - i.e., the timing of life history events. Understanding how and when species respond to rapid environmental change is critical to address conservation risks in a timely way. I assembled a dataset of ~2 million odonate records between 1901 and 2021 and investigated a series of research questions about odonate persistence within historically occupied regions, how species respond across continents, and mechanisms leading to these responses. I discovered that non-target effects of pesticides interacted with temperature increases, leading to higher rates of odonate declines across the United States. Species with greater capacities in shifting their range northward may be more robust to impacts of global change (Chapter 2). Converging across Europe and North America, stronger range limit shifts were associated with stronger shifts in emergence phenology towards earlier spring dates, even though land use histories are highly divergent among regions. It is temperature variability and range geography, determinants of habitat conditions to which species are exposed, rather than ecological traits, that facilitated or hindered range shifts (Chapter 3). Temperature variability interacted with pesticide applications to hinder persistence or establishment in new areas that were otherwise climatically suitable, providing further evidence of impacts of extreme weather to insect declines. Tests of methods commonly used to predict species' distributions under future climate change (Species Distribution Models) revealed that species most likely to decline were also less likely to be well modeled, in terms of their temporal transferability (Chapter 4). This work deepens knowledge of spatial and temporal interspecific variation in species distributions as humans continue to reshape the Earth's ecosystems and climatic processes. This thesis can help improve species-specific conservation planning for species that decline in the face of anthropogenic activities.

published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 986817 bytes, checksum: e4ef3e7967a1c4ddb759b319e3255b70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The longitudinal distribution of adult Odonata was examined in streams of different channel width in the Pindaíba River Basin, in the municipalities of Barra do Garças and Nova Xavantina. The general purpose was to evaluate the existence of environmental gradients that affect the longitudinal distribution of Odonata, and to establish testable predictions to this predator group regarding the River Continuum Concept. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) increasing channel width longitudinally along the basin causes an increase of light input, and, assuming restraints and distinct abilities, there would be a decrease of Zygoptera and increase of Anisoptera species richness. (2) Dragonflies are affected by the gradient generated through river continuum mechanisms, increasing species richness in medium-sized streams. I sampled 19 sites in rivers and streams from 1st to 6th orders, and in each site I sample once in the dry and once in the rainy seasons. Quantitative survey was conducted through scan method in fixed areas, counting visually on Odonata adults along 100 meters of the waterbody, divided into 20 stretches of 5 meters each. Channel width and depth measures were taken at the beginning, middle, and end of each 20-meter region. A total of 549 individuals were collected, distributed in one family, 13 genera and 17 species of Anisoptera, and six families, 15 genera and 30 species of Zygoptera. The abundance and proportion of Zygoptera species decrease while Anisoptera increase with channel width and mean depth of rivers and streams. The channel width was considered the best predictor of Odonata species distribution. The distribution of Odonata, species richness, did not corroborate the hypotheses of higher species richness in the middle courses of streams. The results obtained in this study confirm the thermoregulation hypothesis as a determining factor in the distribution of Odonata species in the system. / A distribuição longitudinal de Odonata adultos foi avaliada em riachos de diferentes larguras na Bacia do Rio Pindaíba nos municípios de Barra do Garças e Nova Xavantina-MT. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a existência de gradientes ambientais influenciando a distribuição longitudinal de Odonata, estabelecendo predições testáveis para o grupo predador sobre o Conceito de Continuum fluvial. Foram testadas duas hipóteses: (1) o aumento da largura do canal longitudinalmente na bacia causa um aumento da entrada de luz e, assumindo restrições e habilidades distintas, haveria uma diminuição da riqueza de espécies de Zygoptera e aumento da riqueza de Anisoptera. (2) as libélulas respondem ao gradiente gerado pelo mecanismo do continuum fluvial, aumentando de riqueza nos riachos de tamanho intermediário. Foram amostrados 19 trechos em oito rios e riachos de 1a a 6a ordem, sendo que em cada um dos trechos foram efetuadas duas coletas, uma na estação seca e outra na estação chuvosa. A amostragem quantitativa foi feita pelo método de varredura com áreas fixas que consistiu na contagem visual do número de adultos em 100 metros do corpo d água, divididos em 20 segmentos de cinco metros. As medidas de largura e profundidade do canal foram tomadas no início, meio e final de cada segmento de 20 metros. Um total de 549 indivíduos foi coletado, pertencentes a uma família, 13 gêneros e 17 espécies de Anisoptera, e seis famílias, 15 gêneros e 30 espécies de Zygoptera. A abundância e a proporção de espécies de Zygoptera diminuem enquanto as de Anisoptera aumentam em relação à largura e a profundidade média dos rios e riachos. A largura foi considerada o melhor preditor da distribuição de espécies de Odonata. A distribuição de Odonata, considerando agregadamente Zygoptera e Anisoptera, não corrobora a hipótese de maior riqueza nos trechos médios dos riachos. Os resultados desse estudo suportaram a hipótese de termorregulação como fator determinante da distribuição das espécies de Odonata no sistema.

Dans un contexte d'effondrement global de la biodiversité, concilier le développement des activités industrielles et agricoles, génératrices de richesses, avec la préservation du patrimoine naturel constitue un enjeu majeur. Les acteurs économiques de nos sociétés sont ainsi légalement astreints à éviter, réduire et compenser leurs impacts sur les espèces protégées. Ils se trouvent cependant démunis lorsque les connaissances mobilisables sur ces espèces sont insuffisantes pour évaluer l'ampleur de ces impacts ou pour mettre en place des mesures d'évitement et de compensation réellement efficaces. C'est notamment le cas sur les cours d'eau, écosystèmes soumis à de nombreuses pressions du fait de leurs usages par les sociétés humaines (i.e. ressource en eau et nourriture, transport, production d'énergie, loisirs). L'objet de ce travail de thèse est donc d'améliorer la connaissance de trois espèces d'Odonates protégées par la Directive Habitats Faune Flore et inféodées aux cours d'eau : la Cordulie à corps fin Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834), le Gomphe de Graslin Gomphus graslinii Rambur, 1842 et la Cordulie splendide Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843), afin de mieux appréhender les impacts de l'anthropisation des cours d'eau sur leurs populations. Nous avons cherché en particulier à (1) améliorer la prise en compte de ces espèces dans les études d'impacts, la gestion des cours d'eau et au sein des sites Natura 2000 où elles sont présentes via la proposition d'un protocole standardisé de suivi, (2) évaluer les conséquences de l'artificialisation de leurs habitats, notamment le réchauffement de l'eau, sur leur phénologie et leur morphologie, et (3) caractériser et évaluer l'impact des ouvrages hydrauliques présents sur les cours d'eau, considérant d'une part les petits ouvrages que sont les chaussées liées à d'anciennes minoteries ou à d'autres usages et, d'autre part, les ouvrages hydroélectriques de plus grandes dimensions. Ce travail est centré sur la région Midi-Pyrénées, région qui héberge encore des populations de ces trois espèces. Il a été réalisé en partenariat étroit entre le Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels de Midi-Pyrénées, structure animatrice du Plan régional d'actions en faveur des Odonates, et le laboratoire d'Ecologie fonctionnelle EcoLab afin d'assurer un transfert direct des connaissances scientifiques acquises vers les gestionnaires, les aménageurs et les services de l'état en charge de la préservation de la biodiversité. / In a context of global biodiversity crisis, reconciling the development of wealth-generating industry and agriculture with nature conservation is a crucial issue. Economic stakeholders are legally obliged to apply the mitigation hierarchy doctrine and thus "avoid, mitigate, and compensate" for their project's impacts. However, for invertebrate protected species, and particularly dragonfly species, basic knowledge on their ecology and population dynamics is lacking. It is thus difficult to accurately anticipate the impacts and propose efficient avoidance and compensation measures. This is particularly true on rivers, which are ecosystems under high pressure owing to their utility for human beings (e.g. water and food resources, transport, energy production, leisure). The aim of this work is to improve knowledge of three protected riverine species of dragonflies: the Orange-spotted emerald Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834), the Pronged clubtail Gomphus graslinii Rambur, 1842, and the Splendid cruiser Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843), and to provide better assessment methods to evaluate the impacts of the anthropisation of streams on their populations. We sought in particular (1) to improve environmental impact assessments and management of these species within Natura 2000 sites by proposing a standardised survey protocol, (2) to assess the consequences of habitat change, especially water temperature warming, on their phenology and morphology, and (3) to describe and evaluate the impacts of weirs and hydroelectric dams on their populations. This work took place in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France, where populations of these three species are still present. It was carried out in close partnership with the Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels de Midi-Pyrénées, which coordinates the Regional Action Plan for Odonata, and the Functional Ecology Laboratory EcoLab to ensure direct transfer of the scientific knowledge acquired to the ecosystems managers, economic stakeholders and public authorities responsible for biodiversity conservation.

To identify and quantify the influence of physico-chemical, biotic and geographic factors on the population of dragonflies (Odonata) is an essential tool for research of their ecology. The aim of this study was to 1) assess how these factors influence species richness, diversity and spatial distribution of dragonflies in 42 newly constructed or renewed pools located in the Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area, which is characterized by two valleys of Liběchovka and Pšovka creeks, low human impact, and a great diversity of small water bodies and 2) use laboratory experiments in order to estimate the relationship between large predatory invertebrates of these pools (Aeshna cyanea, Coenagrion puella, Chaoborus crystallinus and Notonecta glauca) and their common prey (Daphnia curvirostris) in an artificial environment with or without aquatic macrophytes. The pools were monitored and sampled between years 2005 and 2006. In total, 23 dragonflies species were found inhabiting these lentic habitats, comprising 11 species belonging to the suborder Zygoptera and 12 species belonging to the suborder Anisoptera, including a rare species Sympetrum depressiusculum (larvae). Most variability in the dragonfly species richness was explained by the size of the water surface area, followed by the location of the pools (inside...

My study researches the individual male characteristics of Cordulegaster boltonii in relation to their epigamic behavior. The first part of this study analyzes the relations of the measured characteristics (length and height of the wing, wings area, body weight, age), in the second part I assess their possible effect on the epigamic behavior of males of Cordulegaster boltonii, specifically how they affect the intensity of searching for females. Males of this species perform distinctive scanning flights over a stream to find an ovipositing female to mate with her. I used individually marked males to quantify their performance which can be interpreted as reproductive success because more active males are more likely to meet and mate females. My work includes 3 methods of evaluating activity. The first is based on the actual number of flights, the second on the average daily order of the males (based on the number of flights in days when the males have been seen). The third method combines the average daily order with number of days when the males could be seen. In the second part of the study I evaluate the effect of the above-mentioned individual characteristics on the flight activity of males. The outcome of the GLM indicates that the only characteristic with significant effect is the age of the...

Submitted by JACIARA CRISTINA ALMEIDA DO AMARAL (jaciaramaral@ufpa.br) on 2018-08-30T16:44:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_LeandroS.Brasil_PPGZOO.pdf: 3528249 bytes, checksum: b66939a384c004d770779a3c23002542 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JACIARA CRISTINA ALMEIDA DO AMARAL (jaciaramaral@ufpa.br) on 2018-08-30T16:44:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_LeandroS.Brasil_PPGZOO.pdf: 3528249 bytes, checksum: b66939a384c004d770779a3c23002542 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T16:44:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_LeandroS.Brasil_PPGZOO.pdf: 3528249 bytes, checksum: b66939a384c004d770779a3c23002542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conhecer os padrões de distribuição de espécies ao longo da paisagem e entender os mecanismos que os geram são perguntas extremamente relevantes, para que possamos avançar no conhecimento ecológico das comunidades biológicas. Essas questões supracitadas são essenciais para o gerenciamento e tomada de decisão sobre a conservação da biodiversidade, das condições ambientais e dos recursos ecossistêmicos. Nesta tese, utilizamos as comunidades de Zygoptera (Insecta: Odonata) de igarapés da Amazônia brasileira para investigarmos seus padrões de diversidade alfa (Capítulo 1), diversidade beta (Capítulo 2), elementos que estruturavam suas metacomunidades (Capítulos 3) e para uma análise de priorização espacial para conservação da ordem estudada na Amazônia (Capítulo 4). Utilizamos preditoras ambientais, biogeográficas e espaciais para investigar os mecanismos estruturantes para a distribuição das comunidades alvos da tese. Analisando a diversidade alfa (Capítulo 1) as hipóteses de heterogeneidade ambiental (clima) e produtividade primária foram mais importantes para os padrões de riqueza de espécies de Zygoptera. Considerando a diversidade beta (Capítulo 2), o turnover foi o componente mais importante para a mudança na composição de espécies ao longo da paisagem, conjuntamente com a distância espacial entre os sítios e a região biogeográfica (áreas de endemismo) foram as preditoras mais importantes para os padrões de diversidade beta de Zygoptera. Analisando os padrões de metacomunidades (Capítulo 3) verificamos que em comunidades de igarapés ambientalmente preservadas o padrão é Clementsiano, mas em comunidades de igarapés ambientalmente alterados o padrão é alterado para aninhamento de comunidades, onde estes igarapés representariam subconjuntos dos locais mais preservados. No quarto capítulo evidenciamos que a distribuição espacial das unidades de conservação da Amazônia não as torna eficiente para conservar o habitat de grandes porções de diversidade beta de Odonata. Uma vez que as áreas prioritárias estão localizadas principalmente na região sul da Amazônia e a maior parte destas áreas já está desmatada, pois estão inseridas dentro do arco do desmatamento, em seguida, considerando apenas áreas florestadas, as áreas prioritárias deslocam-se para a faixa mais central da Amazônia. Apartir daí sugerimos a criação de 2 novas unidades de conservação ou incentivos para atividades de baixo impacto nas regiões mais centrais, prioritárias e ainda florestadas, bem como, o incentivo para a restauração das áreas prioritárias já desmatadas. Uma possibilidade para isso, seria a implementação de programas que pagam por serviços ecossistêmicos, como créditos de carbono provenientes de reflorestamento, e/ou o desenvolvimento de atividades com menor impacto sobre a biodiversidade, como agrosilvicultura. Contribui consideravelmente para diminuir as lacunas wallaceanas e hutchisonianas de Zygoptera na Amazônia brasileira. / The distribution of species within a landscape and the mechanisms that determine this distribution are fundamental questions for the understanding of the ecology of biological communities. The understanding of these phenomena is essential for the management of ecosystems and decision-making on the conservation of biodiversity, environmental conditions, and ecosystem resources. In this dissertation, we focused on the communities of the damselflies, suborder Zygoptera (Insecta: Odonata), found in streams in the Brazilian Amazon region to investigate their alpha diversity (Chapter 1), beta diversity (Chapter 2), and the elements that structure metacommunities (Chapters 3), as well as the spatial priorities for the conservation of Amazonian odonates (Chapter 4). We used environmental, biogeographic, and spatial predictors to investigate the mechanisms that structure the distribution of the communities analyzed in this dissertation. In the case of alpha diversity (Chapter 1), environmental heterogeneity (climate) and primary productivity were the most important determinants of zygopteran species richness. For beta diversity (Chapter 2), turnover was the most important component of changes in species composition within the landscape, together with the spatial distance between sites, and the biogeographic region (centers of endemism), which were the most important predictors of zygopteran beta diversity. In our analysis of metacommunity patterns (Chapter 3), we found a Clementsian pattern in well-preserved streams, with a major change in the configuration of the communities in streams with environmental alterations, which represented subsets of the better preserved areas. In Chapter 4, we show that the spatial distribution of the conservation units in the Amazon region is relatively ineffective for the conservation of most of the beta diversity of the region’s odonates. As the priority areas are located predominantly in southern Amazonia, and most of these areas have already been deforested, given that they lie within the arc of deforestation, the priority areas were displaced toward the forested environments located nearer the center of the Amazon region. Based on this analysis, we suggest the creation of new conservation units or the implementation of incentives for the establishment of activities that cause reduced environmental impacts in more central, priority areas, which are still forested, as well as 4 the restoration of priority areas that have already been deforested. One possibility here would be the implementation of programs that pay for ecosystem services, such as carbon credits obtained through reforestation and/or the development of activities with a reduced impact on biodiversity, such as agroforestry. This study also makes a major contribution to the reduction of the Wallacean and Hutchisonian shortfalls on the zygopterans of the Brazilian Amazon region.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-26T12:16:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PadroesEstruturacaoAdultos.pdf: 1538547 bytes, checksum: 3d1bd98941ac39ccf25275132dba2caa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-26T12:20:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PadroesEstruturacaoAdultos.pdf: 1538547 bytes, checksum: 3d1bd98941ac39ccf25275132dba2caa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T12:20:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PadroesEstruturacaoAdultos.pdf: 1538547 bytes, checksum: 3d1bd98941ac39ccf25275132dba2caa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / No Brasil encontra-se a maior parte das áreas protegidas (AP) do mundo, correspondendo a 12% do total mundial. Destas, 73% ou 111 milhões de hectares estão localizada na Amazônia, sendo 37% de uso integral e 63% de uso sustentável. Apesar do número parecer bastante expressivo, as demandas por produtos e serviços em virtude do crescimento da população resultam em modificações dos ecossistemas que muitas vezes ocorrem nos arredores ou até mesmo dentro das APs. Assim, o objetivo geral da tese foi estudar os padrões de estruturação de adultos de Odonata em uma área protegida e seu entorno. Para isso, a tese foi dividida em três capítulos: No primeiro capítulo, nossa hipótese foi testar se encontraríamos uma maior diversidade de espécies de libélulas na AP devido a uma maior complexidade de habitats. No segundo, testamos a hipótese de que haveria alta diversidade beta devido à substituição de espécies que é esperado de ser encontrado em ambiente pristinos. No terceiro capítulo, testamos a hipótese de que Odonata seria um moderado a fraco substituto para Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae e peixe, devido as características inerentes do grupo, como a grande mobilidade, possibilitando maior poder de dispersão do que os demais grupos utilizados. O estudo foi realizado em 30 igarapés, sendo 17 localizados dentro de uma área protegida e 13 no entorno. Ao contrário do que esperávamos, no primeiro capítulo encontramos maior diversidade de Odonata em igarapés do entorno, em comparação com os da AP. Também houve diferenças na composição de espécies dos dois ambientes, além de diferenças das variáveis ambientais entre as áreas. Assim, a combinação da área protegida e do entorno, com baixo nível de perturbação, conserva uma gama maior de espécies especialistas de Odonata do que apenas uma única área, portanto, esse resultado aponta para a importância das áreas de entorno para uma maior efetividade de conservação das APs. No segundo capítulo, houve alta diversidade beta de Odonata tanto na AP quanto no entorno, possivelmente explicada pela amplitude de nicho combinados com a estrutura espacial do meio ambiente. Mesmo havendo certa modificação ambiental, ainda não foi grande nem intensa o suficiente para excluir todas as espécies e, portanto, elas conseguem sobreviver nesse ambiente e até mesmo selecionando as espécies que conseguem sobreviver em ambientes um pouco mais aberto, devido suas exigências ambientais. No terceiro capítulo, testamos a concordância entre adultos de Odonata com outros grupos aquáticos, como peixes, Ephemeroptera e Trichoptera combinados (ET) e Chironomidae em igarapés da Amazônia Oriental. Houve correlação entre as riquezas de espécies e congruência de adultos de Odonata com peixes e ET, entretanto a força dessas correlações foi moderada a baixa. Assim, mesmo havendo uma relação entre as exigências ambientais das espécies de Odonata com outros grupos, ainda está havendo perda de informações biológicas importantes. Dessa forma, sugerimos cautela na utilização de um único táxon como substituto de outros e, para o planejamento de conservação, o melhor seria a utilização de vários táxons, refletindo, de uma forma holística a biodiversidade aquática. Finalmente, a proteção de ambas as áreas se torna importante para manter o pool de espécies próprias de cada ambiente, sendo que o nosso grande desafio no futuro, é encontrar uma maneira de identificar os níveis de perturbação que seriam aceitáveis para evitar a sobre-exploração dos recursos nessas áreas e que ao mesmo tempo permitisse a conservação da biodiversidade presente na área. / In Brazil is the most protected areas (PA) in the world, and mostly located in the Amazon. Currently, the Amazon biome has 73% of APs Brazil or 111 million hectares, 37% full and 63% use of sustainable use. Despite the large number, biodiversity does not have its assured conservation, since the population increases every year, as well as demands for goods and services that result in modifications of the ecosystems that are often outside or even inside the PAs. So our main objective is to study the Odonata adult structuring patterns in a protected area and its surroundings. For this, the thesis is divided into three chapters held in streams in the eastern Amazon. In the first chapter, our hypothesis was to test whether we would find a greater diversity of species of dragonflies in AP due to greater complexity of habitats. In the second chapter, we tested the hypothesis that there would be high beta diversity due to the high replacement species that is expected to find. In the third chapter, we tested the hypothesis that Odonata would be a weak to moderate substitute for other groups, because of the inherent characteristics of the group, as the great mobility. The study was carried out in 30 streams, 17 located within a protected and 13 in the surrounding area. The results of the first chapter were the largest diversity of Odonata found in the environment, compared with the AP. There were also differences in the species composition of the two environments, and differences between environmental variables between areas. Thus, the combination of the protected area and the surroundings, with a low level of disturbance retains a broad range of specialist species Odonata than just a single area. In the second chapter, there was a high beta diversity in Odonata both the AP and in the environment, possibly explained by the niche breadth combined with the spatial structure of the environment. In addition, we found that the specific requirement of the species happens associated with a natural variation in the environment, since there was large beta diversity and high turnover in both environments. Even with some environmental change, it was not big or strong enough to exclude all species and therefore they can survive in this environment. In the third chapter, we tested the correlation between adult Odonata with other aquatic groups such as fish, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera combined (ET) and chironomids in streams of the Eastern Amazon. There was a correlation between species richness and consistency of Odonata of adults with fish and ET, though the strength of these correlations were moderate to low. So we discussed that adult Odonata are a moderate to weak group substitute for other aquatic organisms in streams of the eastern Amazon. Thus, we suggest caution in the use of a single taxon as a substitute for others and for conservation planning, the best would be to use a wide range of taxa, reflecting holistically aquatic biodiversity. Finally, both areas of protection becomes important to maintain the pool of own species of each environment, with our major challenge in the future is to find a way to identify the disturbance levels that would be acceptable to avoid over-exploitation of resources in these areas.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-26T13:22:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PadraoDistribuicaoOdonata.pdf: 1812195 bytes, checksum: f68dd80322b639967431c472c808366a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-26T13:22:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PadraoDistribuicaoOdonata.pdf: 1812195 bytes, checksum: f68dd80322b639967431c472c808366a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T13:22:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PadraoDistribuicaoOdonata.pdf: 1812195 bytes, checksum: f68dd80322b639967431c472c808366a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As comunidades biológicas estão distribuídas de forma espacialmente estruturada nos sistemas aquáticos, de modo que a perda de integridade do hábitat pelas ações antrópicas e as restrições impostas pelas características morfológicas das espécies, contribuem para o padrão existente da metacomunidade no ambiente. Os sistemas hídricos constituem bons modelos para identificar os processos que participam da distribuição local dos organismos. Os tributários desses sistemas, estão dispostos em uma rede dendrítica sob a restrição de múltiplas condições ambientais e são muito sensíveis as modificações que ocorrem na bacia de drenagem. Essas modificações são, principalmente, aquelas resultantes das atividades humanas, que em geral, culminam na perda da biodiversidade residente. Na região amazônica a exploração de madeira tem sido considerada uma das principais atividades que provoca altas taxas de desmatamento. Para reduzir os efeitos drásticos no ambiente, algumas técnicas de manejo florestal, como manejo de Impacto Reduzido (MIR), têm sido implementadas com o intuito de extrair a matéria prima do ambiente natural e promover a conservação das espécies e dos processos necessários ao funcionamento do ecossistema. Por outro lado, a exploração sem controle, conhecida como exploração convencional, altera a morfologia do canal dos ecossistemas aquáticos, reduz a cobertura vegetal e aumenta a entrada de sedimento fino, ocorrendo geralmente a alteração dos parâmetros aceitáveis físicos-químicos-microbiológicos água. Buscando avaliar os efeitos da extração madeireira na biodiversidade aquática, utilizaremos a ordem Odonata como organismo modelo, em virtude da sua sensibilidade às modificações no ambiente aquático, alta diversidade de espécies e serem associadas a diversos tipos de ambientes aquáticos, bem como viver na interface com o ambiente terrestre. O objetivo da tese é avaliar o padrão da distribuição das espécies de Odonata nos sistemas hídricos que se encontram distribuídos em áreas submetidas à exploração de madeira convencional ou de impacto reduzido na região Amazônia Oriental. Para responder a esse objetivo a tese foi dividida em três capítulos, cujos objetivos são: (i) Avaliar se a diversidade de Odonata diminui nas áreas com exploração convencional de madeira, e, identificar quais são as variáveis abióticas que estruturam a composição de Odonata. (ii) Avaliar a intensidade dos fatores ambientais e espaciais na distribuição das espécies de Odonata nos igarapés amostrados e verificar se ocorre um turnover taxonômico de espécies em áreas naturais (íntegras). (iii) Avaliar quais são as estruturas morfológicas da ordem Odonata que estão associadas com o gradiente ambiental nos três tratamentos (referência (REF), manejo de impacto reduzido (MIR) e corte convencional (CC)).

Ephemeroptera (mayflies) is a monophyletic group of semi-aquatic pterygote insects, comprising 3083 species, 376 genera, and 37 described families and are present on all continents, excluding Antarctica, being associated with freshwater and brackish water habitats. The order is unique among pterygote insects in possessing functional wings at the penultimate molt (subimago stage), prior to the full development of genitalia; in all other insects the presence of functional wings occurs only after the final molt. The purpose of this dissertation is to use molecular and morphological data, in order to investigate the position of the order Ephemeroptera among other insect orders, the higher-level relationships among the major lineages of mayflies, and a detailed analysis of the family Ephemerellidae. Ephemeroptera has been considered by many to be sister to Odonata + Neoptera although alternate hypotheses have been suggested. Data from three molecular loci ambiguously resolve basal pterygote relationships, however, total evidence analysis (combined molecular and morphological data) strongly supports the position of mayflies as sister to all other extant pterygotes. These results and methodologies were recently criticized, and, therefore, the response to the author is included following the manuscript. The phylogenetic relationships among mayfly families is debatable and in some groups unknown. Prior studies have produced phylogenies based on morphological characters mixed with intuition. The first molecular phylogeny for the Order Ephemeroptera is presented. The analyses include 31 of the 37 families, representing ~24% of the genera. The suborders Furcatergalia and Carapacea are supported as monophyletic while Setisura and Pisciforma are not supported as monophyletic. The evolution of the wings, mandibular tusks, burrowing lifestyle, and fishlike body are investigated. Topological sensitivity analysis is used as a tool to examine patterns concerning the stability of relationships across a parameter landscape, providing additional information that may not have been acquired otherwise. The Pannote family Ephemerellidae is comprised of 16 genera and over 300 species and is distinguished from other mayfly families by the absence of the second pair of abdominal gills. The position of Ephemerellidae relative to other closely related pannote mayflies is unclear as are the relationships of the genera within the family. The combined molecular and morphological analyses resulted in a monophyletic Ephemerellidae as sister to the other ephemerelloid families. The subfamily Ephemerellidae was supported as monophyletic, while Timpanoginae had conflicting results.