Projektuojama gamykla skirta medinių skydinių namų gamybai Balsiškių km. Kretingos rajone. Šie mediniai namai skirti gyventi ir jie yra taupūs energijos atžvilgiu. Projektuojama gamykla - tai gamybinis pastatas 34 x 65,7 m, bei administracinės patalpos (ofisas) 7,8 x 11,9 m. Darbe aptariame kokios medžiagos ir konstrukcijos naudojamos energiją taupančių namų gamyboje, bei detaliai pateikiama šių namų gamybos technologiją. Gamybinis pastato pagrindinės konstrukcijos – gelžbetoninės kolonos, kas 4500 mm. Tarpai užpildyti vata apšiltintas metalinis karkasas, apdaila – profiliuoti skardos lakštai. Stogo konstrukcija – medinės santvaros, stogo danda – prilydoma bituminė Midos stogo danga. Administracinio pastato pagrindinės konstukcijos – pirmo aukšto sienos mūrinės iš silikatinių blokelių apšiltintos iš lauko pusės izoliuojančia medžiaga. Lauko apdaila – tinkas. Antro aukšto sienos – dviguba rąstinė siena, izoliuota 150 mm vata. Perdanga – nepertraukiamo formavimo perdangos plokštės 250 mm storio bei iš viršaus apšiltinta vata. Stogo konstrukcija – medinės gegnės. Stogas izoliuotas 25 cm. Stogo danga – molinės čerpės. Darbo pagrindinis tikslas – apskaičiuoti konstrukcijas ir patikrinti ar pasirinktos konstrukcijos tenkina saugos ir tinkamumo ribinius būvius. Projektuojame gamyklos pastatams šildymo sistemas. Detaliau aptariame gamyklos pastatų statybos technologijas, sudaromas kalendorinis darbų atlikimo grafikas. Atlikus visus projektavimo ir planavimo darbus, pateikiama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / We are projecting factory buildings for production of element wooden houses in Balsiškiai, Kretinga district. Produced wooden houses will be used for living and they will be energy saving. Factory buildings consists of production building is 34 x 65,7 m and administration building (office) 7,8 x 11,9 m. In this work we describe what materials and constructions could be used for energy saving houses‘production and in detail overview technology of production of such houses. Main constructions of production building are ferroconcrete pillars each 4500mm. Gaps between these pillars will be insulated metal frame covered with profiled steel plates. Roof constructions will be wooden frames; roof cladding will be two layers bitumen roof Mida Main constructions for office building in first floor will be brick walls from silicate blocks, insulated from outside. Outside finishing will be puts. For second floor walls will be double, made from double logs and insulated between with 150 mm insulation. Ceiling construction will be continuous formation ferroconcrete plate 250 mm height and from top it will be insulated with mineral wool. Roof constructions will be wooden rafters with 25 cm insulation and covered with tiles from clay. Main purpose of this job is calculated all constructions and check that all chosen constructions are strong enough according to safety and suitability limit conditions. At the same time we are making calculations for heating systems. In details we describe... [to full text]

A automação de uma central de água gelada é muito utilizada para reduzir o consumo energético de edificações comerciais ao controlar a operação dos seus componentes e consequentemente das vazões de ar e água em função da carga térmica. Considerando as estratégias de controle atualmente em uso, existe a possibilidade de melhorá-las por meio do controle das variáveis de temperatura do sistema (temperaturas de insuflação do ar, da água gelada e da água de condensação), que na maioria dos casos são mantidas fixas para as condições de dimensionamento do sistema ou alteradas apenas em função das condições externas. Estudos demonstram que o controle adequado de cada uma dessas temperaturas nas condições de operação momentâneas (condições climáticas e carga térmica), seja de forma individualizada ou integradas, pode proporcionar reduções significativas no consumo de energia do sistema de climatização. Dessa forma, o presente estudo avaliou os ganhos de uma automação isolada e integrada dessas três temperaturas em base anual para as condições climáticas brasileiras, implementando a automação em diferentes cidades representativas do zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro via simulação computacional utilizando o software EnergyPlus(TM) para uma edificação comercial típica. Os resultados obtidos para a automação integrada indicam reduções globais de consumo que variam com a condição climática entre 5,03% e 19,68% quando comparado com o controle de temperatura fixa, e quando comparado com um controle que varia apenas em função das condições externas as reduções variam entre 3,22% e 8,21%. Esses resultados demonstram que o controle sugerido é melhor que os modelos adotados como referência de mercado. / Automation of a central chilled-water plant is widely used to reduce the energy consumption of commercial buildings by controlling the operation of its components and consequently the air and water flow rates according to the thermal load. Considering the control strategies currently in use, there is a possibility to improve them by controlling the system temperature variables (air insufflation, cold and condensation water temperatures), which in most cases are fixed in system design conditions or variable only according to the external weather. Studies demonstrate that an adequate control of each of these temperatures under momentary operating conditions (climatic conditions and thermal load), whether in an individualized or integrated way, can provide significant reductions in the energy consumption of the HVAC system. Thus, the present study intends to evaluate the energy consumption gains of an individualized and integrated automation of the three variable temperatures on an annual basis for Brazilian climatic conditions, implementing automation for different cities representing the Brazilian bioclimatic zoning. Such evaluation was made by computer simulation using EnergyPlus(TM) software for a typical commercial building. The results obtained with the integrated automation show savings in global consumption that change with the weather between 5,03% and 19,68% when compared with a fixed control, and when compared with a control that varies according to weather conditions the savings are between 3,22% and 8,21%. These results show that the proposed control is better than both models adopted as market benchmarks.

A automação de uma central de água gelada é muito utilizada para reduzir o consumo energético de edificações comerciais ao controlar a operação dos seus componentes e consequentemente das vazões de ar e água em função da carga térmica. Considerando as estratégias de controle atualmente em uso, existe a possibilidade de melhorá-las por meio do controle das variáveis de temperatura do sistema (temperaturas de insuflação do ar, da água gelada e da água de condensação), que na maioria dos casos são mantidas fixas para as condições de dimensionamento do sistema ou alteradas apenas em função das condições externas. Estudos demonstram que o controle adequado de cada uma dessas temperaturas nas condições de operação momentâneas (condições climáticas e carga térmica), seja de forma individualizada ou integradas, pode proporcionar reduções significativas no consumo de energia do sistema de climatização. Dessa forma, o presente estudo avaliou os ganhos de uma automação isolada e integrada dessas três temperaturas em base anual para as condições climáticas brasileiras, implementando a automação em diferentes cidades representativas do zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro via simulação computacional utilizando o software EnergyPlus(TM) para uma edificação comercial típica. Os resultados obtidos para a automação integrada indicam reduções globais de consumo que variam com a condição climática entre 5,03% e 19,68% quando comparado com o controle de temperatura fixa, e quando comparado com um controle que varia apenas em função das condições externas as reduções variam entre 3,22% e 8,21%. Esses resultados demonstram que o controle sugerido é melhor que os modelos adotados como referência de mercado. / Automation of a central chilled-water plant is widely used to reduce the energy consumption of commercial buildings by controlling the operation of its components and consequently the air and water flow rates according to the thermal load. Considering the control strategies currently in use, there is a possibility to improve them by controlling the system temperature variables (air insufflation, cold and condensation water temperatures), which in most cases are fixed in system design conditions or variable only according to the external weather. Studies demonstrate that an adequate control of each of these temperatures under momentary operating conditions (climatic conditions and thermal load), whether in an individualized or integrated way, can provide significant reductions in the energy consumption of the HVAC system. Thus, the present study intends to evaluate the energy consumption gains of an individualized and integrated automation of the three variable temperatures on an annual basis for Brazilian climatic conditions, implementing automation for different cities representing the Brazilian bioclimatic zoning. Such evaluation was made by computer simulation using EnergyPlus(TM) software for a typical commercial building. The results obtained with the integrated automation show savings in global consumption that change with the weather between 5,03% and 19,68% when compared with a fixed control, and when compared with a control that varies according to weather conditions the savings are between 3,22% and 8,21%. These results show that the proposed control is better than both models adopted as market benchmarks.

O atual cenário internacional aponta para a importância do edifício vertical, como imagem de modernidade nas cidades e seu papel como agente de qualificação urbana, seja na formação da paisagem e construção dos espaços públicos ou na formação de identidades. Este trabalho procura verificar continuidades e descontinuidades de conceitos aplicados à arquitetura de edifícios verticais em diversas cidades, adotando um recorte temporal que vai do final do século XIX, com a Escola de Chicago e a introdução de novas tecnologias que permitiram uma nova linguagem do edifício vertical, passando pelos anos imediatamente seguintes a II Guerra Mundial até o final do século XX, examinando os aspectos da arquitetura relacionados com a evolução tecnológica, tipológica e urbana da construção do edifício de escritórios e analisando a relação de dependência entre o edifício e os modelos urbanos que os sustentam, de maneira a compreender as contribuições duradouras do projeto modernista como um paradigma para as individualidades das concepções contemporâneas. / Nowadays international scenario points out the importance of vertical buildings as an image of modernity in the cities and its role as urban qualifying agents, either in the landscaping formation and the construction of public spaces or in the formation of identities. This work searches to verify continuity and discontinuity of concepts applied to vertical buildings architecture in several cities adopting a temporal cut, from the end of the ninetieth century with Chicagos School and the introduction of new technologies that allow a new language to the vertical buildings, passing by the II World War following years until the end of the twentieth century, examining architectural aspects related to the technological, typological and urban evolution of offices building construction and analyzing the dependency relation between the building and the urban models that support it, in a way that understands the lasting contributions of modernist projects as a paradigm to the individuality of contemporaneous conceptions.

O crescimento, a integração e as regulamentações dos mercados mundiais, bem como as mudanças nas políticas e economias internacionais têm aumentado as oportunidades de investimento nos mercados globais. Com o aquecimento econômico brasileiro, diversas empresas construtoras e incorporadoras iniciaram a atividade de abertura de capital, impulsionando a consolidação e o crescimento do mercado imobiliário brasileiro. O fluxo de capital externo no mercado brasileiro de Edifícios de Escritório para Locação (EEL) pode ser intensificado se forem oferecidas alternativas de investimento em portfolios dispersos, compreendendo um conjunto dinâmico de ativos imobiliários, sendo possível comprar e vender, para renovar ou para potencializar o desempenho do investimento. A regulamentação brasileira aderente a tal estruturação de investimento é a dos Fundos de Investimento em Participações (FIP) através da formação de um portfolio de participações em SPE (Sociedade de Propósito Exclusivo) ancoradas em Edifícios de Escritório, que possibilita a participação no processo decisório da sociedade investida com efetiva influência na definição das políticas estratégicas e na gestão. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo tomar conclusões sobre a qualidade e os riscos da diversificação do investimento estrangeiro no mercado de EEL na cidade de São Paulo através da estrutura dos FIP, utilizando como referência de atratividade os parâmetros de comportamento dos office REITs (Real Estate Investment Trust) no mercado dos Estados Unidos. A atratividade do investimento estrangeiro no portfolio de EEL foi sustentada através da comparação dos indicadores da qualidade do investimento extraídos da simulação com um protótipo de FIP com base em quatro parâmetros: diversificação do portfolio, rentabilidade descontado o Risco-País, rentabilidade dos office REITs e binômio [risco x retorno] através do índice Sharpe. / The growth, integration and regulation of world markets, and changes in international policies and economies, have resulted in increased investment opportunities in global markets. With the upturn of the Brazilian economy, several construction and development companies have gone public, further boosting the consolidation and growth of the Brazilian real estate market. The inflow of foreign capital into the Brazilian office market can be further intensified if choices are offered for investing in separate portfolios comprising dynamic sets of property assets, allowing investors to buy or sell whenever they wish to renew their investment or maximize its performance. The Brazilian regulation adherent to such investment structure is the Fundos de Investimento em Participações (FIP) which is based on a portfolio of shares of SPC (Special Purpose Company) whose assets are office buildings, and allows investors to take part in the companies decision-making process, actually influencing strategic policy formulation and management practices. The purpose of this dissertation is to draw conclusions about the advantages and risks of the diversification of foreign investments in the office market of São Paulo city through FIP using as reference for attractiveness the parameters of the US markets office Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). The attractiveness of office buildings portfolio to foreign investors was evidenced by comparing investment quality indicators obtained from a simulation with an FIP, based on four parameters: portfolio diversification, return discounted country risk, office REIT return and the risk-return analyzed through the Sharpe ratio.

Together with a global concern for the reduction and conservation of energy, the oil crisis of 1973 brought about a turning point in the design of buildings. Responses in this vein were mostly concentrated on the simplistic one of sealing the building against outdoor conditions. This approach towards energy consumption, associated with the introduction of air-conditioning systems, led to different problems such as Sick Building Syndrome. Lack of user satisfaction also appeared to be a common complaint in such sealed, air-conditioned buildings, leading to a marked drop in employee efficiency and, hence, return on capital investments. In this study, Emek iShani, a sealed office building located in Ankara, whose curtain wall system was renovated in 2001, was investigated in terms of its natural ventilation potential under two sub-topics. With a survey conducted, user perception towards environmental conditions, and health problems they suffered were investigated. With a computer simulation, natural ventilation potential of the building in terms of energy consumption was examined. It was resulted from the survey that building occupants have serious health problems. They are also not satisfied with the way the ventilation system functions and most of the occupants liked to have a window opening to outside in order to adjust the inner conditions. It was resulted from the computer simulation that integration of natural ventilation did not make any significant difference in the annual energy consumption of the building. On the other hand, cooling loads of the building were eliminated in summer months. As a result, introduction of natural ventilation appeared to be an appropriate tool for more user satisfaction and energy conservation.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos pastatų energijos vartojimo efektyvumo problemos. Ieškoma būdų, kaip galima būtų dar projektavimo arba renovacijos stadijoje sukurti energetiškai efektyvų pastatą naudojant naujoviškus metodus. Darbe atlikta literatūros, susijusios su kompiuteriniu energetiniu modeliavimu, analizė, atliktas kelių populiariausių energetinio modeliavimo programų palyginimas ir tolesniems skaičiavimams pasirinkta geriausia dinaminio modeliavimo programa – EnergyPlus. Buvo užsibrėžtas tikslas ištirti šios panaudojimo programos galimybes sprendžiant hipotetinio administracinės paskirties pastato modelį. Buvo užsibrėžti pagrindiniai uždaviniai – ištirti šio modelio šildymo/šaldymo galios priklausomybes per projektinę parą nuo įvairių faktorių. Sukūrus duomenų rinkmeną, aprašančią pastatą, buvo atliktas modeliavimas įvairiems įstiklinimo plotams, įvairioms pastato orientacijoms ir įvairioms stiklo rūšims. Buvo nustatyta atskirai šių faktorių įtaka pastato šildymo/šaldymo galiai. Tam, kad būtų galima įvertinti potencialų energijos sąnaudų sumažėjimą, kuris gali būti pasiektas taikant modeliavimą, buvo išanalizuotos dvi skirtingos to paties pastato modifikacijos: blogiausias ir geriausias variantas. Skirtumas tarp jų buvo gautas didelis, ypatingai potencialios šalčio santaupos. EnergyPlus apskaičiuota šildymo galia taip pat buvo palyginta su dviem kitomis paprastesnėmis skaičiavimo metodikomis. EnergyPlus paskaičiuota galia žymiai mažesnė, nei kitais dviem... [to full text] / In this final Master paper were analyzed problems, related with buildings energy consumption and energy efficiency. For further analysis were chosen innovative tools – energy simulation programs, which help to save energy before building is built or renovated. After literature, related with building energy simulation, was analyzed, comparison of the most popular energy simulation programs was done. After this, EnergyPlus was chosen as the best dynamic energy simulation program. The main purpose of this paper – to investigate adaptability of the program in our applications. For investigation was chosen model of hypothetical office building. The main tasks were to calculate, how different factors influence building heating/cooling loads during design days. Main data file, describing building, was created and were made simulations for different cases of glazing, building orientations and glass types. After the influence of these factors was defined, for evaluating potential energy saving through energy simulation, was created the best and the worst case for the same building. Difference between cases was very big, especially in cooling loads. EnergyPlus calculation results were also compared with results of two simpler, often used heating power calculation methods. Heating power, calculated with EnergyPlus, was much smaller, than in other two cases. After all was made conclusion, that EergyPlus is adaptable in our appliances and, just through using dynamic energy simulation... [to full text]

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas mažaenergis administracinis pastatas ir AEI panaudojimo jame galimybės Lietuvos meteorologinėmis sąlygomis. Naudojant modeliavimo priemonę TRNSYS sukuriami mažaenerginio administracinio pastato bei AEI sistemų skaičiavimo – valdymo modeliai: saulės kolektoriai, foto elementai, vėjo jėgainės, šilumos siurbliai, imantys šilumą iš grunto bei oro. Atlikus modeliavimą gauti pastato energijos suvartojimai šildymui (54 kWh/m2), vėsinimui (20 kWh/m2) bei elektros (48 kWh/m2). Metiniame pastato energijos balanse, energija pagaminta iš AEI gali padengti 56,6% reikalingos šiluminės energijos, 102,9 % energijos reikalingos vėsinimui ir 4,5 % reikalingo elektros kiekio. Pastato energijos poreikių jautrumo analizė atliekiama 3 pastato variantams. Pastebėta, kad esant didesniam stiklinių atitvarų plotui pietinėje pastato pusėje pagamintas šilumos kiekis iš AEI gali padengti net 85 % pastatui reikalingo šilumos kiekio. Tačiau beveik du kartus išaugo energijos poreikis pastato vėsinimui. Mažiausias vėsinimo kiekis reikalingas stačiakampio ploto pastatui. Apibendrinus rezultatus, pateiktos išvados ir rekomendacijos. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys: įvadas, 5 skyriai, išvados ir rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 63 p. teksto be priedų, 31 iliustr., 16 lent., 27 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Thesis examined low energy office building and possibilities of renewable energy use in it by Lithuanian meteorology conditions. Using TRNSYS simulation tool the computing-control models for low energy office building and renewable energy systems (RES) (solar collectors, photovoltaic, wind turbines and heat pumps taking the heat from the soil and air) are created. After the simulation buildings’ energy consumption for heating (54kWh/m2), cooling (20 kWh/m2) and electricity (48 kWh/m2) were obtained. The annual building energy balance: an energy produced from RES can cover 56.6 % of the necessary thermal energy, 102.9 % of the energy required for cooling and 4.5 % required for electricity generation. The buildings’ energy demand sensitivity analysis is performed for three buildings’ variants. It is observed that of a larger area of the glass envelope of the building in southern direction the amount of heat produced from RES can cover up to 85% of the building required heat. However, almost twice rises electricity demand in cooling of the building. The minimum amount of cooling is required for a rectangular area building. Summarizing the results, conclusions and recommendations are presented. The work consists of 5 parts: introduction, 5 chapters, conclusions and recommendations, references. Work size – 63 pages without appendices, 31 figures, 16 tables, 27 references. Appendices.

Office retrofit building projects have become a subject of increased attention among building researchers in the United Kingdom, and in many economically advanced nations. Existing whole-life costing models have however, not proven to be robust enough to deal with these retrofit building scenarios. There is a growing body of evidence that conceptual modifications in the mechanics of whole-life cost modelling, could facilitate improvements in the long-term cost assessment of buildings. Recent research has made a case for the existence of revocability and disruption, in the appraisal of retrofit building investments. Revocability, connotes the potential for variability, in the future cost projections of a building over its estimated life. Disruption relates to the diminished building use, or unusability, over a period of implementing a retrofit initiative. Existing whole-life cost models have however, not recognised the implications of revocability and disruption in their framework. This study conducts an investigation into the whole-life costing of office retrofit building projects, and develops a Fuzzy New-Generation Whole-life Costing approach. Two office retrofit building projects are adopted, to appraise the identified issues in the whole-life costing framework. A number of building configuration permutations (BCPs) constituting different retrofit options, are developed in both projects. The potential implication of revocability and disruption, are evaluated based on probability and fuzzy logic principles respectively. Sensitivity analysis is applied to discount rate assumptions over the estimated lives, of the projects considered. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is used in analysing the ranking results of selected projects. This provided an assessment of the relative preference of BCPs in the projects. Results from the case studies show 1) disruption issues account for up to 12% of initial capital costs; 2) revocability accounts for up to 35% of initial capital cost, over a 20-year life; up to 119%, over a 60-year life; 3) up to 2% underestimation in the whole-life cost, over a 20-year life; and up to 45% underestimation, over a 60-year period, in the SPACE project; 4) up to 9% underestimation in the whole-life cost, over a 20-year life; and up to 53% underestimation, over a 60-year life, in the MS project.

An office building (sthlm new hus 4) located in the south of Hammarbyhamnen overlooking Hammarbybacken is planned in 2018. Climate control of the office building are via radiators, high-temperature chilled beam and pre-treated supply air. The building is currently being designed for district heating and remote cooling. The study aims to investigate whether borehole thermal energy system (BTES) are a reasonable alternative to provide the office building with heat and cooling, from an environmental- and life cycle cost (LCC) perspective. The aim of the study is to generate an energy requirement for the office building, which is done by construct a model of the building using IDA ICE, a simulation software. The energy requirement is covered by either district heating/-cooling (energy system I) or BTES (energy system II) as the primary energy source. A model of the BTES is constructed in excel based on data from experience input. Life cycle cost analysis are used for economical comparison between the energy systems. The environmental assessment is based on Nordic electricity mix, which controls the impact of the energy systems. Energy system II entails a need for energy support to avoid over dimension the heat pump, which is done by complementing the surplus need through district heating and remote cooling. LCC shows an economic breakpoint at 11-year calculation period, where BTES becomes economically advantageously. Environmentally, energy system II releases 14.3 tonnes of CO2eq compared to energy system II which results in a reduced emission of 47 tonnes of CO2eq based on Nordic electricity mix.