Adopting a Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) approach to official bilateral development assistance could result in more effective development planning that yields lasting results in developing countries. A Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development Assistance (FSSDA) based on SSD and customised to the needs of a development agency offers guidance in planning for development towards sustainability. This it does by directing donor and recipient planners in generating holistic perspectives, setting the goal of development as an attractive and sustainable society, and providing a flexible decision-making framework to guide strategic planning. Development assistance donor agencies face several difficulties in ensuring aid effectiveness. The FSSDA offers support in addressing these challenges by: positioning the creation of sustainable societies as the fundamental goal of development; allowing progress against imminent sustainability threats while minimizing the risk of unforeseen negative impacts; balancing economic, environmental and social considerations; and providing a fairer basis for aid conditionality.

The paper analyses relations between economic diplomacy and foreign development assistance. The ground of the analysis constitutes theoretical and practical concept of foreign development aid provided by the Czech republic and New Zealand set into the scope of economic diplomacy. The approaches of indicated countries are compared in aspect of total volume, territorial and issue allocation and the potential to utilize foreign development aid as a tool of economic diplomacy is assessed.

Notre thèse a pour objectif de renouveler la perception que nous avons habituellement de l’aide publique au développement (APD) à travers un nouveau concept, celui de « biens publics internationaux et mondiaux ». L’aide internationale ne doit plus être fondée exclusivement sur le caractère « charitable » ou/et « intéressé » des pays du Nord, mais sur une prise de conscience effective et collective concernant la préservation des intérêts communs à tous les Etats. En ce sens, nous entendons démontrer que le concept de BPIM peut éclairer d’un jour nouveau celui d’aide publique au développement (APD) et conduire à une conception élargie de la coopération internationale dans la mesure où la fourniture à la collectivité de ce type de biens est un enjeu fondamental pour la communauté du développement. / The objective of the present work is to present a renewed perspective for the study of Official Development Assistance (ODA) through the new concept of “International and Global Public Goods” (IGPG). International assistance should no longer be solely based on the “charitable” and/or “self-interested” behaviour of the North, but should be motivated by the collective realisation that such assistance preserves the common interests of all States. To this effect, the present work seeks to demonstrate that the IGPG concept sheds a new light on our understanding of ODA leading to a larger conceptualisation of international cooperation, where supplying such public goods becomes a fundamental stake for development.

v anglickém jazyce The aim of this Master's thesis is to answer the question why Luxembourg contributes more to official development assistance (ODA) than recommended, why it increases its official development assistance to 1% of GNI. The work is based on the hypothesis that Luxembourg, a small state, is trying to increase its status through foreign development cooperation and through its gradual increase in official development assistance. By reaching 0.7% of GNI, Luxembourg is among the other four countries, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands, which have already met this threshold. This group of five countries is the only one that has managed to increase its official development assistance to 1% of GNI and is considered the most generous donor. Luxembourg has averaged 1% of GNI since 2009, reaching number one in recent years, making it the most generous country. Luxembourg achieved 0.7% of GNI for the first time in 2000. In 2009, it reached 1% of GNI for the first time. The timing of the research is limited to these years 2000-2009. The research frameworks of the work are the concept of a small state and the concept of status. The terms used are foreign development cooperation and official development assistance. The research work applies the content analysis of official documents of the...

本論文從利益的觀點切入，研究冷戰後日本與非洲關係。透過國內因素、國際因素及國際建制三方面，研究日本對非洲政策的改變，及追求的國家利益改變。。日本與非洲交往主要在獲得兩種利益，一是政治利益，一是經濟利益，政治利益為國際威望和入常機會；經濟利益則定義為確保能源、礦產和取得海外商業發展。冷戰期間日本對非洲僅存在著經濟利益的追求，1993年第一屆東京國際非洲發展會議(Tokyo International Conference on African Development, TICAD)的召開，則代表著日本開始追求政治利益。 從國內政治權力來看，1993年的東京國際非洲發展會議，其實是外務省為了順應國際非洲援助熱潮和提升官僚地位的手段之一。90年代無論日本財界、大藏省、經濟產業省及自民黨竹下派都以亞洲為中心，態度消極，故外務省僅能提倡「南南協力」來加強日非間的經濟利益。TICAD只能說是外務省獨立運作的會議，僅能以增加無償援助和技術援助的方式，加強日非關係。2001年森喜朗(Yoshiro Mori)和小泉純一郎(Ichiro Koizumi)等為首的清和政策研究會(簡稱清和研)，勢力正式上升後，「官邸領導」的政治模式出現，首相個人重視非洲政策，於是外務省的權力也藉此勝出，舉凡大使館、JICA辦事處等數目都增加。尤其北非埃及、南非和東非衣索比亞對日本來說，政治意義特別重要。 2005年聯合國爭常失敗後，檢討過發現非洲國家日本正視到若要取得政治利益，必須加強非洲關係，於是追求政治利益開始優先經濟利益。首先從ODA分配就能發現，即使ODA預算持續減少，也未影響到非洲地區得到的分配比例，受到排擠的卻是以往日本重視的亞洲地區。另一方面，21世紀後非洲經濟成長快速，經濟成長率平均6%，財界開始對非洲發生興趣，過去「經濟大國」路線，經濟產業省追求經濟利益掛帥的經濟外交，再度出現。在貿易方面，雖然日非間的貿易型態改變不大，但2001年起，對非洲貿易就一直保持赤字，顯示日本較依賴非洲的商品。在投資方面，日本企業也逐漸增加非洲投資，除了基礎建設，服務及金融等非製造業的投資趨勢也取代以往著重製造業投資的趨勢。在援助方面，東部非洲是日本援助的重點區域，而2013年12月因為伊波拉病毒(Ebola virus)影響，日本增加對西非的援助，顯示政治利益仍然優先經濟利益。 最後，由TICAD觀察，發現在聯合國援助體制中，日本由制度追隨者逐漸成為領導者，日非正創造共同的經濟利益，但日本能否藉此創造共同的政治利益則不明朗。 / This study examines the relations between Japan and Africa in the post-Cold War era with points of profits. The author explores domestic implementation of international aid regimes in Japan to find how Japan’s policy towards Africa and its pursuited state profits have changed. Japan’s engagement with Africa mainly focuses on the pursuit of two profits. The political one is status of superpower and its bid to a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; the economic one is the energy /resource security and its overseas business expansion. During the Cold War, Japan only pursued economic profits from Africa utill the opening of Tokyo International Conference on African Development, TICAD I in 1993, a symbol of political profits pursuing. The MOFA set up TICAD I as a forum to follow the international issues, solving African problems while maintaining its power among other departments. In 1990s, TICADs, held by the MOFA alone, provided aid and technical assistance to maintain Japan-Africa partnership. The MOFA also promoted the South-South Cooperration to gain economic profits while businessmen, beaurocrats in the MOF and the METI as well as the FDP politicians were Asia-centric and uninterested in Africa. When SEIWAKEN, led by Ichiro Koizumi, got strong in 2001, a politician-led government was formed. Whenever the prime minister turned his attention towards Africa, the power of the MOFA outweighs others, as the number of ambassadors and JICA offices in Africa increased. Some African countries, like Egypt, South Africa and Ethiopia are politically important to Japan. Failure to bid for a permanent seat on the UNSC in 2005 made Japan realize that it should stengthen its partnership with Africa if it tries to gain political profits. Political profits became Japan’s priority. First, the ODA allocation showed that, compared to decreasing one in Asia, the share in Africa has never decreased even though the budget is shrinking on the whole. On the contrary, Economy in Africa is soaring with an average of 6% since the 21st centur, which attracts business investments. Economic Giant Policy which the METI once promoted to pursue economic profits came to life again. The trade pattern between Japan and Africa doesn’t change much; however, Japan relies on Africa’s resource for sure since its trade with Africa became deficit in 2001. Japan’s FDI to Africa grow. Investments in non-manufacture like fundamentals, service and financial industry are much more than those in manufacture. Besides, Japan’s humanitarian aid increase in Western Africa also shows its priority in political profits. Until the Ebola virus offbreak in December 2013, Japan’s most foreign aid was sent to Eastern Africa. It can be concluded from the TICADs that Japan is transcending from follower to a leader in United Nations aid regime. Japan and Africa are economically beneficial. However, it is not clear if they will be politically beneficial profits in the future.

Cette thèse de doctorat effectuée à l’Université Paris-Sorbonne est le résultat de quatre années de recherches sur le rôle des Organisations de la Société Civile (OSC) camerounaises dans la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD). Fondée sur une expérience participative de 18 mois dans le milieu du développement au Cameroun, sur plusieurs dizaines d’entretiens avec des OSC camerounaises, des ONG internationales et les principaux partenaires techniques et financiers du Cameroun ainsi que sur l’analyse statistique de plus de 300 OSC camerounaises travaillant dans le domaine des OMD, cette thèse cherche à mesurer l’impact des OSC sur les indicateurs de développement et à déterminer les facteurs susceptibles d’optimiser cet impact. Alors que l’initiative des OMD, lancée par les Nations Unies en 2000, arrive à son terme en 2015, le bilan tiré par les différents acteurs du développement appelle à une participation accrue des OSC dans les pays bénéficiaires de l’aide internationale. Ce travail confirme l’intérêt que peuvent avoir les acteurs institutionnels du développement à collaborer avec la société civile pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et l’efficience des ressources allouées au développement. / This doctorate thesis undertaken at Paris-Sorbonne University results from four years of research on the role of Cameroonian Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the achievementof the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Based on an 18-month participatory experience in development in Cameroon, on several dozens of interviews with Cameroonian CSOs, international NGOs and the key technical and financial partners of Cameroon as well as on the statistical analysis of over 300 Cameroonian CSOs operating in MDG-related fields,this thesis intends to measure the impact of CSOs in development indicators and to determine the factors which can optimize this impact. As the MDG initiative, launched by the United Nations in 2000, reaches its term in 2015, its final assessment by different developments takeholders calls for a stronger participation of CSOs in countries benefiting from international aid. This research confirms the interest institutional stakeholders can find incollaborating with civil society to improve the living conditions of populations and the efficiency of the resources allocated to development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Akira de Souza Aragusuku.pdf: 1165422 bytes, checksum: 64ca26eb0f96f14e7ecb53dee11d631d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-11 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Japan is one of the main actors at the International System, with expressive capacity in the economic dimension and low expression in the strategic and political dimensions. Thus, Japan emphasized its performance in the international scene through the economic way, being distinguished, until the present moment, as one of the main actors in the international cooperation for development disbursing Official Assistance for Development (ODA). However, it would be ingenuous to assume that the supply of assistance to the developing countries occurs in reason of altruistic positions. Therefore, the objective is to analyze how the ODA is inserted in the context of the Japanese foreign policy. Initially we will evaluate the theoretical explanations developed in the field of the International Relations on the developed countries‟ aid disburses, emphasizing the case of Japan. Thus, we will seek to identify the motivations that support the Japanese ODA, using an empirical research. It is intended, finally, the comprehension about the Japanese uses of ODA to promote its interests, marking its position in the game of the international relations / O Japão é um dos principais atores do Sistema Internacional, com expressiva capacidade na dimensão econômica e baixa expressão nas dimensões política e estratégica. Destarte, o Japão enfatizou sua atuação no cenário internacional por meio da via econômica, destacando-se, até o presente momento, como um dos principais atores na cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento por intermédio dos mecanismos de Assistência Oficial para o Desenvolvimento (ODA). No entanto, seria ingênuo supor que o fornecimento de assistência aos países em desenvolvimento ocorre em razão de posturas altruístas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar como a ODA se insere no contexto da política externa japonesa no período de 2003 a 2008. Inicialmente serão avaliadas as explicações teóricas desenvolvidas no campo das Relações Internacionais para o fornecimento de ajuda por parte de países desenvolvidos, dando-se ênfase ao caso do Japão. Em seguida, procurar-se-á identificar as motivações que sustentam a oferta de ODA por parte do Japão, tomando por base uma pesquisa empírica. Pretende-se, por fim, o entendimento de como o Japão utiliza a ODA para promover seus interesses e/ou marcar suas posições no jogo das relações internacionais

The thesis deals with the Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals called "Develop a global partnership for development" and monitor its fulfilment in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. The emphasis is laid on three important areas included in the Goal 8 and these are official development assistance, access of developing countries on markets of developed countries and external debt burden of developing states. The aim of the thesis is to capture present development in these areas by selected official indicators, which were set by United Nations, compare their current development with the initial year 1990 and on the basis of available data from past three years assess probable future progress in the mentioned areas. Final part of the thesis includes case study of selected Sub-Saharan countries, Ghana and Lesotho.

日本從1979年開始對中國實施政府開發援助至2009年，金額累計達209.77億美元，占所有對中國援助國家資金的60%以上，日本為對中國的最大援助國，中國也是日本對外援助的第二大受援國（僅次於印尼）。在日本援助投入的建設比較有代表性為：京秦鐵路、南昆鐵路、北京市地鐵、北京首都機場、上海浦東機場、武漢長江第二大橋、北京市污水處理廠、環境示範城市（重慶、大連、貴州）等。 本文發現，日本的援助理念與歐美各國不太一樣，美國的援助是以安全保障及戰略為考量為主，對中東許多國家來進行軍事援助，一旦這些受援國家發生政變，即自動立刻停止援助。英、法兩國的援助則偏向由以前殖民從屬的關係上來考量。日本的援助理念主要著眼於人道立場的考量及各國相互依存的關係。日圓貸款開始是以公共工程基礎建設為主，尤其以鐵路、港口等運輸設施為多，其次為能源、 農業、通信等，而且不同於日本對其他國家之日圓貸款以每年審核為主，日本對中國之日圓貸款則是一次決定多年間之貸放金額。到2000年開始受到日本本身政黨輪替，以及中國發展軍事等因素影響，轉而偏向幫助中國解決中西部地區的環保以及農業問題。 對中國經濟發展方面來看，日本對中國提供政府開發援助，有助於促進中國的經濟發展、對外開放、及改善投資環境。特別是在能源、資源等的基礎產業、交通、通訊、運輸及環境保護方面等的大部分大型建設計畫，都是援助的項目，同時日圓貸款更是中國經濟建設不可或缺的重要資金來源。對日本在東亞國際政治經濟發展而言，日本對中國開發援助，不但有利於日本企業的商品在中國進出，間接促進日本企業對中國投資，加深中日兩國經濟互動，也同時促進兩國之間的民間交流，改善兩國的政治關係。 / The Japanese government began to provide Official Development Assistance (ODA) to China in 1979. By 2009, Japan had given China a cumulative total of US$20,977 million in ODA, accounting for over 60% of all ODA received by China from other countries during this period, making Japan China’s largest source of foreign aid. Japan has given more ODA to China than to any other foreign country except Indonesia. The present study shows that Japan’s attitude towards foreign aid is significantly different from that displayed by the U.S. or the European nations. The selection of recipients of foreign aid by the U.S. government is mainly motivated by strategic and security considerations. For example, many countries in the Middle East have received U.S. aid at one time or another, but a regime change in a recipient nation can lead to the cessation of U.S. aid. Foreign aid granted by the U.K. and France tends to be directed towards countries that were formerly British or French colonies. By contrast, the main focus in Japan’s ODA policy appears to be on humanitarian issues and on the granting of aid to countries with which Japan has a mutually beneficial relationship. Japan’s provision of ODA to China helped to stimulate economic growth in China, encouraged China to open up more to the outside world, and contributed to the improvement in the investment environment in China. A high percentage of large-scale infrastructure projects in China – particularly in “basic industries” such as energy and natural resource extraction, but also in the transportation, communications, transportation and environmental sectors – have benefited from Japanese ODA, while Yen-denominated loans constituted a vital source of funding for China’s economic construction. From Japan’s point of view, the granting of ODA to China by Japan not only helped to facilitate Japanese exports to (and imports from) China, indirectly encourage Japanese firms to invest in China, and strengthen bilateral economic ties between Japan and China, it also served to promote an intensification of interchange between the two countries’ citizens, and to bring about an improvement in bilateral relations at the governmental level.

La presente tesi di dottorato valuta i rapporti tra le organizzazioni della società civile e le istituzioni internazionali nel sistema della cooperazione per lo sviluppo, attraverso l'analisi delle politiche della Banca Mondiale e dell'Unione Europea, che risultano gli attori multilaterali più rilevanti nell'allocazione e gestione dei finanziamenti dell'Aiuto Pubblico allo Sviluppo (APS). Nel quadro di relazioni cooperative-dialettiche, si verificano le funzioni degli interlocutori della società civile nel rapporto con le due organizzazioni internazionali e i livelli di partnership. Si analizzano alcuni nodi problematici come la valutazione della performance dei progetti delle organizzazioni della società civile (OSC), per verificarne il valore aggiunto; la dicotomia tra un approccio top-down e bottom-up nella pianificazione di processi di sviluppo locale; la rappresentatività e l'efficacia del contributo delle OSC alla global governance per lo sviluppo. Si presentano anche due casi empirici di progetti realizzati da una stessa OSC, finanziati dalle due istituzioni considerate, al fine di favorire, attraverso l'analisi “micro”, la comprensione di eventuali diversità rispetto al quadro teorico, alle procedure sul “ciclo di progetto” e ai rilevamenti quantitativi presentati. Complessivamente, emerge che la cooperazione tra OSC e le istituzioni internazionali ha maggiori benefici che costi e conduce ad una partnership win-win per entrambi. / The present PhD thesis considers the relationships between the organisations of civil society and the international institutions in development cooperation's system through the analysis of the World Bank's and the European Union's policies. In the frame of cooperative and dialectic relationships will be verified the functions of the interlocutors of the civil society in relationship with the two international organisations and levels of partnership. Some problematic knots will be analysed such as the evaluation of projects' performance of the organisations of the social society (OSC) in order to verify the added value; the dichotomy between a top-down and bottom-up approach in the process planning of the local development; the representation and effectiveness of the OSC's contribution to the global governance for development. Two empirical cases of projects realised by an OCE will be showed. These are financed by the two above considered institutions in order to favour, through a “micro” analysis, the comprehension of possible differences regard to the theoretical picture, to the procedures of the project cycle and to the quantitative showed survey. Altogether it appears that the cooperation between the OSC and the international institutions has more benefits than costs and leads to a win-win partnership.