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Infectious disease transmission is driven by a complex suite of drivers with behavior and landscape dynamics contributing to epidemics across host-pathogen systems. However, our understanding of the interaction between landscape, behavior, and infectious disease remains limited. In the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), a novel tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium mungi, has emerged in Northern Botswana that is transmitted through olfactory communication behaviors. Using this host-pathogen system, this thesis explores the influence of various land use areas along the human-wildlife interface on animal behavior, and ultimately, pathogen transmission potential. Using behavior data from remote sensing camera traps, a generalized linear mixed model identified vigilance behavior, land use, and their interaction as important factors in predicting olfactory behavior. Cluster and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis of active den sites (n= 308, across 23 troops) identified the important characteristics of dens across land use areas. In human-modified environments, man-made den sites persisted longer than did natural dens which became unsuitable through environmental processes (e.g., collapse). We also document the occurrence of nighttime activity for this species, perceived to be strictly diurnal. These data provide information critical to the development of robust computational models and underscore the importance of both landscape and behavior in accurately predicting and managing infectious disease outbreaks. / M. S. / The overall objective of this thesis was to identify the manner in which changing landscapes may influence disease transmission. Differences in host behavior across the landscape can influence pathogen transmission. Banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) are infected with a tuberculosis pathogen (Mycobacterium mungi) that is transmitted through olfactory secretions used for communication. We studied how olfactory communication is influenced by land type (i.e., lodge, national park, residential, undeveloped, and urban) and vigilance behavior. The vigilance behaviors that allow mongooses to avoid predators and competitors had a positive influence on olfaction behavior in some land use areas, but a negative influence on others. We also examined the characteristics of den sites used by banded mongooses in relation to different land use areas. Den sites in human-mediated land use areas were often man-made, remained in use for much longer than natural den sites, and were used by multiple troops. These findings suggest that landscape can be a driving force influencing behavior, and subsequently disease transmission. Understanding the influence of anthropogenically modified landscapes on disease transmission will be key to managing wildlife species.

La thèse porte sur la communication olfactive impliquant les individus, en position d’interactants, lors de situations de communication de « face-à-face ». Nous pensons que porter un parfum est une forme d’intention communicative sur ce que le sujet parfumé communicant aspire à être. Dans le champ des sciences de l’information et de la communication, la communication olfactive est étudiée dans un contexte théorique mobilisant des ressources issues de l’interactionnisme et de l’ethnométhodologie.Se parfumer, apparaissant comme une envie de communiquer sur son soi, nous essayons de mieux comprendre les processus de construction identitaire en articulation avec le soi. Cependant, comme l’odorat est un sens très intimiste, se référant notamment aux expériences olfactives passées, la qualité d’un parfum est une donnée très subjective. C’est pourquoi, sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons construit un protocole, axé sur la notion d’interaction (Goffman), afin de manipuler différents contextes d’échanges. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre quel rôle le parfum joue dans diverses situations de communication interpersonnelle.Une enquête qualitative a été menée sur 35 sujets, issus deux pays voisins, la Suisse et la France. Chaque interview en profondeur est basée sur un test projectif où le sujet est amené à construire la représentation d’un individu communiquant en fonction d’une senteur. Les résultats montrent que ne pouvant nous « réapproprier » la perception de l’autre, nous sommes contraints d’inférer, à partir de son comportement et de notre propre expérience, ce qu’il ressent. Le sujet infère des informations qu’il juge adéquates et pertinentes sur l’autre en se basant sur son vécu expérientiel en lien avec le parfum qu’il sent : l’odeur devient un dispositif d’information qui véhicule des données précédemment encodées. L’individu parfumé est alors un dispositif communicationnel exposé au nez de l’interactant. Ce dernier, récepteur de la communication olfactive, infère les intentions communicatives de l’individu parfumé à partir de l’odeur qu’il perçoit. L’odeur est un « marqueur moral » (Le Breton, 2006), révélatrice de ce que nous sommes intrinsèquement, en tant qu’individu, la bonté sent bon, tout ce qui est de l’ordre du malsain « empeste ». La thèse montre qu’hommes et femmes n’ont pas les mêmes impressions olfactives à propos des mêmes parfums, qu’il existe des formes de corrélations olfactives en termes d’imaginaire d’un individu à un autre, indépendamment de l’âge et du pays d’origine. Conduisant à construire une identité sociale, certains parfums inspirent plus de sympathie, voire de naïveté que d’autres. A l’inverse, certains provoquent du mépris et même du dégoût. / The thesis focuses on olfactory communication involving individuals in position of interactants during "face to face" communication situations. I believe that wearing a fragrance is one form of communicative intent on what the communicating subject aspires to be. In the field of information and communication sciences, olfactory communication is studied in a theoretical context which mobilises resources from interactionism and ethnomethodology. Since wearing perfume appears to be a desire to communicate about our self, I try to understand better the processes of identity construction in conjunction with the self. However as the sense of smell is very intimate, for instance it refers to past olfactory experiences, the quality of a fragrance is a very subjective data. Therefore, my methodology was built according to a protocol based on the concept of interaction (Goffman) in order to handle different contexts of exchanges. The aim is to understand better what role scent plays in various situations of interpersonal communication.A qualitative survey was conducted on 35 subjects from two neighboring countries, Switzerland and France. Each in-depth interview is based on a projective test for which the subject is required to build a representation of a communicating individual according to a scent. The results show that since we cannot "reclaim" the perception of the other, we are forced to infer what he feels according to their behavior and our own experience. The subject infers information on the other he deems appropriate and relevant, based on his experiential background in relation with the perfume he smells: the odor becomes an information device that conveys previously encoded data. The perfumed individual is therefore a communicative device exposed to the nose of the interactant. The latter, receiving olfactory communication, infers the communicative intentions of the fragranced individual from the smell he perceives. The odor is a "moral marker" (Le Breton, 2006), revealing who we truly are as an individual, kindness smells good, everything dodgy "stinks." The thesis shows that men and women have different olfactory impressions about the same scents, that there are forms of correlations in terms of olfactory imagination from one individual to another, regardless of how old they are and where they come from. Some perfumes inspire more sympathy or even more ingenuousness than others in order to lead us towards building a social identity. However, others on the contrary can cause contempt and even disgust.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Rodrigo Paulino Fontanari.pdf: 1160818 bytes, checksum: 4eeaf8c3a0d6645e434d1ff24228b14f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The current research approaches the comunicative modality we name: olfactory communication . We understand the perfume as a media form. We have investigated the history of the perfume in several civilizations and its use in the rituals. We have inserted some discoveries regarding the smell in the communication of the human being since their early age. As the contemporary civilization has privileged the senses of distance (the sight and the hearing) to detriment of the proximity senses (the smell and the taste), we have attempted to verify the translation of the perfume for the visual code. In such a way, therefore executives advertising propagated in the feminine magazines Claude, Elle, Marie Claire and Nova in the period of 1993 the 2004 are analaysed. The work is supported in the concepts of ecology of the communication proposed by Vicente Romano, of the ethology of the communication by Boris Cyrulnik, as well the concepts of primary, secondary and tertiary media of Harry Pross. In the same proportion of the suffering of the proximity senses, we observe of the bonds of the affection. To carry out of this research, Semiotics of the Culture was chosen, wich understands the body, the perfume and the smell as cultural possessing texts of great informative capacity in ample direction. Through this semiotics, the paradigms will be constituted as object of study object and to tack the three spheres of the research (body, perfume and smell). This triad shows as one of the possible ways to keep the interpersonal communicative bonds of proximity / A presente pesquisa aborda a modalidade comunicativa que denominamos comunicação olfativa . Compreendemos o perfume como forma de mídia. Investigamos a história do perfume em diversas civilizações e seu uso nos rituais. Inserimos algumas descobertas a respeito do olfato na comunicação do ser humano desde seus primeiros anos de vida. Uma vez que a civilização contemporânea tem privilegiado os sentidos de distância (a visão e a audição) em detrimento dos sentidos de proximidade (o olfato e o paladar), procuramos verificar como se dá a tradução do perfume para o código visual. Para tanto, são analisadas peças publicitárias veiculadas nas revistas femininas Claudia, Elle, Marie Claire e Nova no período de 1993 a 2004. O trabalho apóia-se nos conceitos de ecologia da comunicação proposto por Vicente Romano, de etologia da comunicação de Boris Cyrulnik e também de mídia primária, secundária e terciária de Harry Pross. Na mesma proporção do padecimento dos sentidos de proximidade, observa-se o esmaecimento dos vínculos do afeto. Para a elaboração desta pesquisa, elegeu-se a Semiótica da Cultura, que entende o corpo, o perfume e o olfato como textos da cultura possuidores de grande capacidade informativa em sentido amplo. Por meio dessa semiótica, serão constituídos os paradigmas para focar o objeto de estudo e alinhavar as três esferas de pesquisa (corpo, perfume e olfato). Essa tríade revela-se como uma das possíveis maneiras de manter os vínculos comunicativos interpessoais de proximidade

Chez la souris, la puberté de la femelle est accélérée par des phéromones urinaires émises par le mâle (effet Vandenbergh). Les mécanismes neuroendocriniens sous-Jacents et les conséquences comportementales restent peu connus. Par une approche multidisciplinaire alliant immunohistochimie, chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse et chirurgie expérimentale, mon travail de thèse montre que les neurones synthétisant la kisspeptine, un neuropeptide hypothalamique jouant un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle de la puberté, sont régulés positivement par les phéromones accélératrices de la puberté. Les neurones à kisspeptine reçoivent le signal phéromonal via le système olfactif accessoire et le transmettent aux neurones à GnRH. De plus, des analyses comportementales montrent qu’outre leur effet physiologique connu, les phéromones accélératrices de la puberté modifient à long terme le comportement sexuel de la souris femelle. En effet, la préférence de la femelle pour l’odeur du mâle s’exprime plus tôt à l’âge adulte après l’exposition péripubère aux phéromones émises par la souris mâle. / In the mouse, female puberty onset is accelerated by male urinary pheromones (Vandenbergh effect). The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlining this effect and the behavioral consequences are poorly understood. Through a multidisciplinary approach using immunohistochemistry, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and experimental surgery, my thesis research show that neurons that synthesize kisspeptin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide which plays a master role in the control of puberty onset, are positively regulated by puberty-Accelerating pheromones. Kisspeptin neurons receive pheromone signal via the accessory olfactory system and transmit it to GnRH neurons. Moreover, behavioral analyses show that besides their known physiological effect, puberty-Accelerating pheromones also have long-Term effects on sexual behavior of the female mouse. Indeed, puberty-Accelerating pheromones induce a precocious expression of male-Directed odor preference in adult female mice.