Un réseau sans fil multi-saut est un ensemble d'entités mobiles et/ou fixes formant un réseau dynamique temporaire avec ou sans l'aide de toute administration centralisée. Cette particularité rend le routage problématique en cas d'instabilité des éléments qui composent les communications non directes. Afin de palier ces problèmes, de nouvelles formes de routage sont utilisées comme le routage multi-chemin (MC). Le routage MC permet d'envoyer les données sur des chemins multiples et semble être une solution efficace pour ces réseaux. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier les techniques de routage MC dans un contexte sans fil multi-saut en vue d'obtenir de meilleures performances. Nous avons choisi pour notre étude une extension MC du protocole OLSR, appelée MP-OLSR. Nous évaluons ses performances sous divers scénarios sous NS-2. Ces tests d'évaluation nous ont amenés à mettre en 'evidence deux problèmes dans MP-OLSR : la réactivité du protocole de routage MC suite à des ruptures de route et la stratégie de répartition des données sur les chemins multiples. Nous avons étudié la réactivité de tels mécanismes dans MP-OLSR. Nous avons proposé trois nouvelles techniques de réparation de pannes qui diminuent les temps de rétablissement d'une route et réduisent le taux de perte des flux transmis. Nous proposons aussi un mécanisme qui détecte la dégradation de la qualité des liens durant le transfert d'un trafic de données. Les informations déduites de ce mécanisme servent à adapter la proportion de trafic à affecter à chaque chemin selon les conditions réseaux. Cette nouvelle variante du protocole MP-OLSR est évaluée par simulation.

Les réseaux sans fil 802.11 sont en train d'être considérés comme étant la pierre angulaire des systèmes de communication autonomes. En permettant aux usagers de communiquer les uns avec les autres avec les stations de base fixées a des endroits bien précis par l'intermédiaire de protocoles de communication comme les protocole de routage ad hoc. Le standard IEEE 802.11 propose des spéciations pour les deux couches basses (MAC et Physique) du modelé OSI. La couche MAC (Medium Access Control) introduit deux mécanismes d'accès au médium sans fil qui sont différents l'un de l'autre. Le mécanisme DCF (accès au canal distribue ou Distributed Coordination Function), l'accès au canal s'exécute dans chaque station sans faire appel à une unité centrale. Le mécanisme PCF (Point Coordination Function), contrairement au mécanisme DCF l'accès au canal se fait à l'aide d'une unité centrale. Le mécanisme le plus utilise par la norme 802.11 est DCF vu qu'il ne nécessite pas d'infrastructure au déploiement. Pour améliorer la qualité de service dans les réseaux sans multi- sauts, cette thèse aborde cette problématique dans deux couches de la pile protocolaire, à savoir la couche routage et la couches MAC. Elle améliore le routage a QoS en utilisant le protocole de routage a état de lien optimisé (OLSR) et améliore aussi l'efficacité de l'accès au médium sans fil lors du fonctionnement de la couche MAC en mode le plus courant DCF. Pour l'amélioration de routage, nous proposons une approche basée sur le graphe de conflit pour l'estimation de la bande passante partagée entre les nœuds adjacents. Pour la couche MAC, nous proposons un nouveau schéma de Backoff nomme l'algorithme Backoff de Padovane (PBA), pour améliorer l'efficacité de l'accès au médium sans fil dans les réseaux sans fil mobiles Ad Hoc (MANETs). / IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks are considered the cornerstone of autonomous communication systems. These networks allow users to communicate with each others via base stations deployed in specic locations through a set of dedicated communication protocols like Ad Hoc routing protocols. The IEEE 802.11 standard proposes specications for both physical and MAC layers of the OSI model. MAC layer denes dierent types of access to the wireless medium as explained below. The DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) mechanism, in which the access to the medium is executed localy in each station. The PCF (Point Coordination Function) method, unlike DCF mechanism the access the medium is managed by a central unit. The most widespread mechanism among them is the DCF mode as it does not require any infrastructure deployment. To improve the Quality of Service (QoS) oered to the dierent applications in multihop wireless networks, this thesis proposes original solutions to enhance the eciency of certain protocols in two dierent layers of OSI, i.e., routing and MAC layers. More specically, our proposed solutions enable higher eciency of OLSR protocol and ensure more ecient usage of the available bandwidth through the designed Padovan based medium access scheme operating in DCF mode. The routing approach used in OLSR is improved by applying the conict graphs to acquire more accurate estimation of the bandwidth shared with the adjacent nodes. At MAC layer, the number of collisions in dense networks is signicantly reduced by designing new backo scheme dubbed Padovan Backo Algorithm (BEB).

Les réseaux sans fil 802.11 sont en train d'être considérés comme étant la pierre angulaire des systèmes de communication autonomes. En permettant aux usagers de communiquer les uns avec les autres avec les stations de base fixées a des endroits bien précis par l'intermédiaire de protocoles de communication comme les protocole de routage ad hoc. Le standard IEEE 802.11 propose des spéciations pour les deux couches basses (MAC et Physique) du modelé OSI. La couche MAC (Medium Access Control) introduit deux mécanismes d'accès au médium sans fil qui sont différents l'un de l'autre. Le mécanisme DCF (accès au canal distribue ou Distributed Coordination Function), l'accès au canal s'exécute dans chaque station sans faire appel à une unité centrale. Le mécanisme PCF (Point Coordination Function), contrairement au mécanisme DCF l'accès au canal se fait à l'aide d'une unité centrale. Le mécanisme le plus utilise par la norme 802.11 est DCF vu qu'il ne nécessite pas d'infrastructure au déploiement. Pour améliorer la qualité de service dans les réseaux sans multi- sauts, cette thèse aborde cette problématique dans deux couches de la pile protocolaire, à savoir la couche routage et la couches MAC. Elle améliore le routage a QoS en utilisant le protocole de routage a état de lien optimisé (OLSR) et améliore aussi l'efficacité de l'accès au médium sans fil lors du fonctionnement de la couche MAC en mode le plus courant DCF. Pour l'amélioration de routage, nous proposons une approche basée sur le graphe de conflit pour l'estimation de la bande passante partagée entre les nœuds adjacents. Pour la couche MAC, nous proposons un nouveau schéma de Backoff nomme l'algorithme Backoff de Padovane (PBA), pour améliorer l'efficacité de l'accès au médium sans fil dans les réseaux sans fil mobiles Ad Hoc (MANETs). / IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks are considered the cornerstone of autonomous communication systems. These networks allow users to communicate with each others via base stations deployed in specic locations through a set of dedicated communication protocols like Ad Hoc routing protocols. The IEEE 802.11 standard proposes specications for both physical and MAC layers of the OSI model. MAC layer denes dierent types of access to the wireless medium as explained below. The DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) mechanism, in which the access to the medium is executed localy in each station. The PCF (Point Coordination Function) method, unlike DCF mechanism the access the medium is managed by a central unit. The most widespread mechanism among them is the DCF mode as it does not require any infrastructure deployment. To improve the Quality of Service (QoS) oered to the dierent applications in multihop wireless networks, this thesis proposes original solutions to enhance the eciency of certain protocols in two dierent layers of OSI, i.e., routing and MAC layers. More specically, our proposed solutions enable higher eciency of OLSR protocol and ensure more ecient usage of the available bandwidth through the designed Padovan based medium access scheme operating in DCF mode. The routing approach used in OLSR is improved by applying the conict graphs to acquire more accurate estimation of the bandwidth shared with the adjacent nodes. At MAC layer, the number of collisions in dense networks is signicantly reduced by designing new backo scheme dubbed Padovan Backo Algorithm (BEB).

Les réseaux sans fil 802.11 sont en train d'être considérés comme étant la pierre angulaire des systèmes de communication autonomes. En permettant aux usagers de communiquer les uns avec les autres avec les stations de base fixées a des endroits bien précis par l'intermédiaire de protocoles de communication comme les protocole de routage ad hoc. Le standard IEEE 802.11 propose des spéciations pour les deux couches basses (MAC et Physique) du modelé OSI. La couche MAC (Medium Access Control) introduit deux mécanismes d'accès au médium sans fil qui sont différents l'un de l'autre. Le mécanisme DCF (accès au canal distribue ou Distributed Coordination Function), l'accès au canal s'exécute dans chaque station sans faire appel à une unité centrale. Le mécanisme PCF (Point Coordination Function), contrairement au mécanisme DCF l'accès au canal se fait à l'aide d'une unité centrale. Le mécanisme le plus utilise par la norme 802.11 est DCF vu qu'il ne nécessite pas d'infrastructure au déploiement. Pour améliorer la qualité de service dans les réseaux sans multi- sauts, cette thèse aborde cette problématique dans deux couches de la pile protocolaire, à savoir la couche routage et la couches MAC. Elle améliore le routage a QoS en utilisant le protocole de routage a état de lien optimisé (OLSR) et améliore aussi l'efficacité de l'accès au médium sans fil lors du fonctionnement de la couche MAC en mode le plus courant DCF. Pour l'amélioration de routage, nous proposons une approche basée sur le graphe de conflit pour l'estimation de la bande passante partagée entre les nœuds adjacents. Pour la couche MAC, nous proposons un nouveau schéma de Backoff nomme l'algorithme Backoff de Padovane (PBA), pour améliorer l'efficacité de l'accès au médium sans fil dans les réseaux sans fil mobiles Ad Hoc (MANETs). / IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks are considered the cornerstone of autonomous communication systems. These networks allow users to communicate with each others via base stations deployed in specic locations through a set of dedicated communication protocols like Ad Hoc routing protocols. The IEEE 802.11 standard proposes specications for both physical and MAC layers of the OSI model. MAC layer denes dierent types of access to the wireless medium as explained below. The DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) mechanism, in which the access to the medium is executed localy in each station. The PCF (Point Coordination Function) method, unlike DCF mechanism the access the medium is managed by a central unit. The most widespread mechanism among them is the DCF mode as it does not require any infrastructure deployment. To improve the Quality of Service (QoS) oered to the dierent applications in multihop wireless networks, this thesis proposes original solutions to enhance the eciency of certain protocols in two dierent layers of OSI, i.e., routing and MAC layers. More specically, our proposed solutions enable higher eciency of OLSR protocol and ensure more ecient usage of the available bandwidth through the designed Padovan based medium access scheme operating in DCF mode. The routing approach used in OLSR is improved by applying the conict graphs to acquire more accurate estimation of the bandwidth shared with the adjacent nodes. At MAC layer, the number of collisions in dense networks is signicantly reduced by designing new backo scheme dubbed Padovan Backo Algorithm (BEB).

Conçus à l'origine pour le trafic best-effort, les réseaux mobiles ad hoc (MANET) sont de plus en plus amenés à acheminer le trafic des applications imposant des contraintes de qualité de service (QoS). Les solutions pour le routage à QoS dans les MANET ont généralement été proposées comme des extensions optionnelles des protocoles best-effort. Par exemple, les liaisons y sont toujours considérées comme symétriques au sens de la connectivité, alors qu'elles ne le sont évidemment pas au sens de la QoS. De plus, dans les solutions proposées dans le cadre du protocole proactif Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), l'effort algorithmique pour la QoS se fait souvent au détriment de l'optimisation de la diffusion qui est pourtant une des activités les plus consommatrices de ressources. L'approche proposée dans cette thèse consiste à intégrer les aspects liés à la QoS dans la représentation des MANET dès la conception du protocole de routage. Prenant pour cible le protocole OLSR, nous proposons une formulation du problème de la sélection des relais multipoints (MPR) sous forme de programme mathématique pour permettre à la fois l'optimisation de la diffusion et la prise en compte des paramètres de la qualité de service. Une heuristique proposée pour réaliser la sélection des MPR indépendamment du nombre et du type de métriques est également proposée. L'heuristique appliquée à quatre métriques ainsi que les autres mécanismes proposés sont ensuite intégrés dans OLSR. Les évaluations ciblant une application à fortes contraintes de qualité de service en établissent les performances aussi bien en environnement ouvert qu'en agglomération.

Each day, the dream of seamless networking and connectivity everywhere is getting closer to become a reality. In this regard, mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANETs) have been a hot topic in the last decade; but the amount of MANET usage nowadays confines to a tiny percentage of all our network connectivity in our everyday life, which connectivity through infrastructured networks has the major share. On the other hand, we know that future of networking belongs to Ad-Hocing , so for now we try to give our everyday infrastructure network a taste of Ad-Hocing ability; these types of networks are called Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) and routing features play a vital role in their functionality. In this thesis we examine the functionality of 3 Ad-Hoc routing protocols known as AODV, OLSR and GRP using simulation method in OPNET17.5. For this goal we set up 4 different scenarios to examine the performance of these routing protocols; these scenarios vary from each other in amount of nodes, background traffic and mobility of the nodes. Performance measurements of these protocols are done by network throughput, end-end delay of the transmitted packets and packet loss ratio as our performance metrics. After the simulation run and gathering the results we study them in a comparative view, first based on each scenario and then based on each protocol. For conclusion, as former studies suggest AODV, OLSR and DRP are among the best routing protocols for WMNs, so in this research we don’t introduce the best RP based on the obtained functionality results, instead we discuss the network conditions that each of these protocols show their best functionality in them and suggest the best routing mechanism for different networks based on the analysis from the former part.

This dissertation endeavors to contribute enhancements in goodputsof the IEEE 802.11-based Wireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs).By performing exhaustive simulations, for the deep analysis and detailed assessment of both reactive (AODV, DSR, DYMO) and proactive (DSDV, FSR, OLSR) protocols for varying mobilities, speeds, network loads and scalabilities, it is observed that a routing link metric is a significant component of a routing protocol. In addition to finding all available paths, the fastest end-to-end route is selected by a link metric for the routing protocol. This study aims the quality routing. In the class of quality link metrics, Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is extensively used. Thus, the most recently proposed ETX-based metrics have been analyzed. Though, newly developed metrics over perform ETX but still they can be improved. By profound analysis and particularized comparison of routing protocols depending upon their classes (reactive and proactive) and ETX-based metrics, we come to realize that users always demand proficient networks. In fact, WMhNs are facing several troubles which they expect to be resolved by the routing protocol operating them. Consequently, the protocol depends upon the link metric for providing quality paths. So, we identify and analyze the requirements to design a new routing link metric for WMhNs. Because, considering these requirements, when a link metric is proposed, then : firstly, both the design and implementation of the link metric with a routing protocol become easy. Secondly, the underlying network issues can easily be tackled. Thirdly, an appreciable performance of the network is guaranteed. Keeping in view the issues of WMhNs, increasing demands of users and capabilities of routing protocols, we propose and implement a new quality link metric, Interference and Bandwidth Adjusted ETX (IBETX). As, MAC layer affects the link performance and consequently the route quality, the metric therefore, tackles the issue by achieving twofold MAC-awareness. Firstly, interference is calculated using cross-layered approach by sending probes to MAC layer. Secondly, the nominal bit rate information is provided to all nodes in the same contention domain by considering the bandwidth sharing mechanism of 802.11. Like ETX, our metric also calculates link delivery ratios that directly affect throughput and selects those routes that bypass dense regions in the network. Simulation results by NS-2 show that IBETX gives 19% higher through put than ETX and 10% higher than Expected Throughput (ETP). Our metric also succeeds to reduce average end-to-end delay up to 16% less than Expected Link Performance (ELP) and 24% less than ETX

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of mobile wireless nodes. The communication between these mobile nodes is carried out without any centralized control. MANET is a self organized and self configurable network where the mobile nodes move arbitrarily. The mobile nodes can receive and forward packets as a router. Routing is a critical issue in MANET and hence the focus of this thesis along with the performance analysis of routing protocols. We compared three routing protocols i.e. AODV, DSR and OLSR. Our simulation tool will be OPNET modeler. The performance of these routing protocols is analyzed by three metrics: delay, network load and throughput. All the three routing protocols are explained in a deep way with metrics. The comparison analysis will be carrying out about these protocols and in the last the conclusion will be presented, that which routing protocol is the best one for mobile ad hoc networks. / In all the three scenarios of small, large and very large networks OLSR gives considerably less delay and high throughput as compared to AODV and DSR. OLSR outperforms AODV and DSR with prominent difference in delay and throughput. While the AODV puts low load on the network in large and very large networks. OLSR outperforms in our study, but it is not necessary that OLSR always perform better in all the networks, its performance may vary by varying the network. / sajj_ali2003@yahoo.com, asad322@gmail.com

AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing protocol) are protocols used for routing management in ad-hoc networks. In a specific sensor data network application, nodes need information about the network topology, i.e. the network nodes and the connections between them. OLSR provides nodes with this information, while the three other protocols do not. This thesis investigates how OLSR compares to AODV, DSDV,and DSR in a low bandwidth network scenario. Two cases were analyzed: One where AODV, DSDV, and DSR distribute topology information in the application layer and one where they do not. The sensor data application was not finished when this thesis project started. Instead, a simplified traffic model of the application was used. In addition to a protocol comparison, this thesis investigates if traffic generated from the model results in high rates of packet loss, assuming low bandwidth conditions. The ns-3 network simulator was used for these investigations. This thesis shows that AODV outperforms the three other protocols regardless of whether AODV, DSDV, and DSR distribute topology information in the application layer or not. Furthermore, it is shown that running the traffic model in the low bandwidth environment is not possible without high rates of packet loss.

Physical indoor wireless network testbeds as well as outdoor wireless testbeds have the potential to accelerate the pace of research in the field of wireless ad hoc and mesh networking. They form part of a critical chain of steps needed to develop and test ad hoc networking protocols from concept to eventual uptake by industry. Current research in this area makes use of simulations or mathematical models which oversimplify the physical and Medium Access Control layer. In Africa specifically, wireless mesh networking has the potential to make a substantial impact on the lack of telecommunications infrastructure across the continent. A combination of good theoretical analysis, indoor test facilities and rural testbeds forms a perfect suite to carry out meaningful research in the field. A 7x7 wireless grid of closely spaced computers was constructed, making use of highly attenuated 802.11 radios running in ad hoc mode. Modelling and analysis revealed that a suitably attenuated environment was created with variation in signal strength between node pairs following a Gaussian distribution. This emulates a real outdoor network with normal signal propagation issues such as multi-path fading and lack of Fresnel zone clearance. This testbed was then used to evaluate 3 popular MANET ad hoc routing protocols, namely AODV, DYMO and OLSR. OLSR was tested with the standard hysteresis routing metric as well as the ETX routing metric. OLSR showed the best performance in terms of average throughput and packet loss for a medium size (21 node) and large (49 node) mesh network, with the hysteresis routing metric performing best in large networks and ETX performing best in medium sized networks. DYMO also performed very well, considering its low routing overhead, exhibiting the least amount of delay in a large mesh network (49 nodes). The AODV protocol showed the weakest performance in the grid with close to 60% of possible link pairs achieving no route in a 49-node grid. However, it did present the least amount of routing overhead compared with other routing protocols. Finally, a medium-sized rural mesh network testbed consisting of 9 nodes was built in a mountainous area of about 15 square kilometers around an AIDS clinic using the OLSR routing protocol with ETX as the routing metric. The network provided a good service to the satellite-based Internet with throughput rates ranging between 300 kbps for 4 hops and 11000 kbps for 1 hop and an average throughput rate of 2324 kbps. To encourage fair sharing of Internet connectivity, features were installed to limit each user to 40 MB/month of free Internet traffic. A local web server offers cached pages of Wikipedia and Linux repositories to reduce the need for Internet access. VoIP services were also installed between clinic infrastructure to reduce the the need for making expensive GSM calls. It was shown that a mesh network of this size provides a very satisfactory level of broadband service for users accessing a satellite-based Internet facility as well as local VoIP services. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted