The application of anti-dumping and countervailing measures has always been controversial, particularly, as they do not address the issue of the level of local value added in the production process. Are these measures simply industry assistance measures under another guise, or are they to protect the 'fair trade' framework to further the opportunity for free trade? All the indications are that these measures reflect the former option. However, the global political climate as represented through the GATT and now the WTO Agreements is to tolerate the imposition of both anti-dumping and countervailing measures provided they are applied according to the provisions of the Agreements. It is becoming increasingly more difficult for any nation state to abolish the right of their 'guest' industries to obtain anti-dumping or countervailing relief, given the economic power of multinational industries operating within their boundaries. The practical issue is for each nation state to use these measures in a way which is of least detriment to their economy. Gruen in 1986 reviewed the application of the then Customs Tariff (Anti-Dumping) Act 1975, and found that there needed to be a tightening-up of the injury test applied to anti-dumping cases. It is recommended that Gruen's tougher injury standards be implemented forthwith. He also recommended a continuing role for the Industry Commission as the appeal body for a review of the facts, and for there to be a continuing assessment of the effects of the measures imposed. The government, however, created an Anti-Dumping Authority attached to the then Department of Industry Technology and Commerce (DITAC), whose member and officers came from that department. The principal function of this body was to review the preliminary decisions of Customs, and to recommend the imposition of duties or acceptance of an undertaking to the Minister. There was no provision for an independent review of facts. One of the results of the increased complexity of the existing process and consequently the law, is a large increase in litigation before the Federal Court. There is a need to simplify the administrative structure and the provisions of the domestic law. The latter should be accomplished by the incorporation of the provisions of the WTO Agreements directly into domestic law. The espoused policy objectives of the government have not been met. The application of anti-dumping and countervailing measures favour import competing industries, and are against countries from which imports are growing. Korea and China have been singled out, with these countries showing the highest incidence of import weighted of anti-dumping measures. They also happen to be countries with which Australia has a trade surplus, a policy factor which is neglected by the administering authorities. There is a need to redress this imbalance. Predation identified by the government as a reason for taking anti-dumping action, has been shown not to be a reason for the application of anti-dumping duties in Australia. As a small country, Australia should take advantage of the use of the WTO dispute settlement process in settling anti-dumping and countervailing disputes. Consultations should commence at the earliest possible stage in inquiries, with the view to the settlement of the dispute by trade negotiation so that the outcome can be beneficial to both parties. This may, for example, allow for the specialisation in production between the two Members. WTO dispute settlement is seen as a positive approach to dispute settlement, whereas the use of the domestic courts tends to elevate the dispute between the parties. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade needs to take a leadership role in settling all anti-dumping and countervailing actions through the WTO dispute settlement process, with a view to a positive outcome for both Members. Placing an anti-dumping import tax on intermediate products entering Australia is counter-productive, as it increases the cost of inputs to downstream users. Temporary relief should be given by way of production subsidy, if the matter cannot be resolved through WTO trade consultations.

University of Wisconsin, 1921, Thesis (Ph. D.) / Includes bibliographical references. - Includes index. - RLIN, CTRG99-B1245. - Reproduction of original from Yale Law School Library

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgetown University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Dallas, 1993. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 299-307).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 126 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Ce travail comporte un aperçu de la théorie des positionnements, la construction d’une méthodologie adaptée à l’analyse des interactions, et l’application de cette méthodologie aux interactions de classe.Celle-ci est réalisée à partir de transcriptions d’enregistrements audio-vidéo de 15 heures de leçons en mathématiques et en physique/sciences en Angleterre et en France. Les élèves avaient entre 11 et 12 ans. Ces transcriptions sont divisées en épisodes, c’est-à-dire en unités cohérentes quant à leur thème et à leur enjeu. Puis, chaque épisode est codé selon les comportements observés pour le professeur. Les catégories de comportement trouvées pour l’interaction plénière de classe sont comparables à celles trouvées par d’autres travaux de recherche sur le travail en groupe. Une analyse réalisée afin de déterminer les types de comportement (considérés en tant que droits et devoirs) qui apparaissent simultanément indique que deux droits apparaissent souvent simultanément : poser une question scientifique et valider une proposition. Ceci est cohérent avec les résultats d’autres travaux de recherche, qui indiquent la prédominance des séquences IRE/IRF.Une étude de la fréquence de ces comportements met en évidence la rareté d’affirmations indépendantes par le professeur. Une analyse des épisodes qui contiennent de telles affirmations indique que le professeur n’introduit de nouveaux éléments en se reposant sur sa propre autorité que dans des cas particuliers : (a) suite à l’erreur d’un élève, auquel cas l’affirmation se limite à expliquer l’erreur, (b) suite à la question d’un élève, ou (c) suite à l’affirmation non invitée d’un élève. Les contenus introduits de cette manière semblent être considérés légitimes plus longtemps que ceux qui sont introduits en faisant référence à une source officielle.Les conséquences de ces résultats sont abordées : il semble désormais nécessaire de considérer l’agence des élèves lors de futurs travaux de recherche ; et il est possible qu’un style d’enseignement magistral puisse bénéficier à l’apprentissage. / This work consists in a theoretical overview of positioning theory, the construction of a methodology for interaction analysis, and its application to classroom interaction.The latter part is based on transcripts from audio-video recordings of 15 hours of lessons in mathematics and physics or science in England and in France, with children aged between 11 and 12. These transcripts were divided up into episodes, units displaying coherence in theme and purpose; and each episode was coded according to the types of behaviour the teacher displayed in them. The same types of behaviour were found in plenary interaction as those found by previous research into group work. Analysis carried out to highlight co-occurring types of behaviour (seen as rights and duties) only yielded two co-occurring rights – asking a scientific question and validating a statement, consistently with the previously noted prevalence of IRE/IRF sequences.A frequency analysis of the levels of occurrence of individual types of behaviour highlighted the scarcity of unsupported teacher statements. Further analysis of the episodes featuring teacher statements showed that the teacher may only introduce new elements on the basis of their own authority in highly specific circumstances: (a) after a student’s mistake, in which case the teacher’s statement is limited to explaining why the aforementioned mistake is one; (b) after a student’s question or (c) after a student’s unsolicited statement. In the last two cases, the teacher’s statement may go beyond the remit of the question or statement. Content introduced in such a way appears to have a longer-lasting legitimacy than that introduced with the help of official content.Some implications of these results are discussed: the need to take into account student agency in further research; and it is suggested that a lecturing style of teaching might be beneficial for learning.

A presente dissertação de mestrado serve para refletir acerca das questões concernentes à crise financeira mundial, as modificações legislativas acerca da regulação do crédito ao consumidor e o os novos deveres das instituições financeiras diante de tal cenário. Considerando a necessidade urgente de uma regulação mundial, seja nacional ou em blocos econômicos, acerca do fenômeno do superendividamento, valemo-nos de exemplos de outros países para buscar uma conexão possível, considerando a cultura da sociedade de consumo, leis vigentes e necessidades específicas, entre os deveres dos consumidores e, principalmente, das instituições financeiras. Se o consumidor brasileiro paga atualmente as maiores taxas de juros no mundo, com a justificativa do mercado que tal prática é reflexo de sua inadimplência, deve-se atentar para a razão de tal inadimplência. A inadimplência do consumidor, muitas vezes o levando ao superendividamento, é um reflexo tanto da cultura do imediatismo, fomentada pela publicidade, quanto da ausência de limites e informações adequadas à este consumidor quando da concessão do crédito, o levando a subestimar os riscos da operação. O consumidor não tendo conhecimento necessário para gerir sua vida financeira, ao receber ofertas de crédito com informações deficientes, incompletas, obscuras e até mesmo com ilusões que rodeiam apenas seus benefícios e não seus riscos, é um forte candidato ao superendividamento. Muito embora existam muitas ações, tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo, para tratamento do superendividamento, buscando a ressocialização do consumidor na sociedade, devemos preocupar-nos igualmente com a prevenção deste superendividado, que deve ser realizada com a tomada da responsabilidade [neste sentido como um dever, uma postura a ser adotada pela instituição financeira previamente] no sentido de qualificar seus prepostos a igualmente terem condições de informar, clara e adequadamente, o consumidor dos riscos e benefícios do crédito. Para tanto, analisaremos alguns pressupostos que permeiam nossas hipóteses, passando no primeiro capítulo pelos benefícios e riscos do crédito e, no segundo capítulo, abordando os contratos por adesão, os princípios que norteiam tais pactos, especialmente a boa-fé, chegando ao dever geral de informação, o qual abrigaria o dever de informação formal como esclarecimento, o aconselhamento e advertência, passando igualmente pela necessidade de um prazo de reflexão ao consumidor como condutor de tais deveres. / The present dissertation serves to reflect on the issues that concerned the global financial crisis, the legislative changes regarding the regulation of consumer credit and the new duties of financial institutions faced with this scenario. Considering the urgent need of global regulation, whether national or in economic blocks, around the phenomenon of over-indebtedness, we may use examples from other countries to seek a possible connection, considering the culture of the consumer society, laws and specific needs between the consumers duties and especially, the financial institutions. If the Brazilian consumer currently pays the highest interest rates in the world, with the market justification that such practice is a reflection of its own default, we should look for the reason of such default. The consumer default, often leading him to over-indebtedness, is both a reflection from the culture of immediacy, fostered by advertising, and the absence of limits and suitableinformation for the consumer when granting credit, leading to underestimate the risks of this operation .When consumers do not have the knowledge to manage their financial lives, andreceives credit offers with disabilitiesinformation, incomplete, unclear and even illusions that surround only its benefits and not its risks, became a strong candidate for over- indebtedness. Although there are many actions, both in Brazil and around the world for over-indebtedness treatment, seeking the consumer rehabilitation in the consumer society, we must also concern ourselves about the over-indebtedness prevention, which should be performed with taking responsibility [in this sense as a duty, an attitude to be adopted by the financial institution previously] in order to qualify their agents and also having the conditions to inform clearly and properly, the risks and benefits of consumer credit. To do so, we are going to analyze some assumptions that permeate our chances, passing in the first chapter of the benefits and risks of credit and, in the second chapter, addressing the adhesion contracts, the principles guiding such pacts, especially the good faith, even to the general information duty , which would protect the duty as formal clarification of information, advice and warning, by also passing for theconsumer period for reflection as a driver of such duties.

The main aim of the thesis "The preparedness and the role of the Municipal Police Prague during the announcement of some crisis states" was to determine the role and the actual preparedness of the organization to deploy its officers in the areas where the state of danger or emergency has been announced, with focus on the provision of Prague's officers to another municipality. Introductory section acquaints the readers with the Municipal Police Act development and the historical development of the organization - from its formation to the present form. It also contains an overview of the duties and powers which officers have - particularly with focus on its use in crisis situations outside the establishing municipality. Results of the survey in the middle and top management of the organization are graphically and statistically processed and evaluated in the next part of the thesis. Then there are results of interviews, particularly with managers of specialized organization's departments, followed by analysis of the Municipal Police Act and related legislation. Preparedness of the Municipal Police Prague has been assessed based on a questionnaire survey, interviews and own collected data, as well as analysis of internal documents of the organization. The results of the performed investigations revealed that the preparedness from the perspective of organizational, personnel, material as well as technical view is at high level - in the Czech Republic, and between municipal police forces, completely unprecedented. The role of the organization has been then assessed by analysing the Municipal Police Act, primarily focusing on cases of provisioning of Prague's officers to other municipality in case of an emergency situation announcement. It has been found that while the Municipal Police Act allows to use officers in crisis situations also outside the establishing municipality, it paradoxically does not allow using all the powers which officers have under normal conditions, respectively it doesn't allow to complete certain acts and interventions. The only solution in this case is the amendment to the Municipal Police Act. The role of the Municipal Police Prague is clearly defined within the capital city and is completely irreplaceable and undeniable, and in the case of provision of Prague's officers to another municipality, despite the above mentioned legislative deficiencies, significant. A comprehensive document has been prepared for the mayors of municipalities in the Czech Republic, based on which the decision upon the utilisation of Prague's officers in a given situation can be made.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a solidariedade social e sua projeção no sistema constitucional brasileiro, buscando definir seus contornos, fundamentos e limites na efetivação de políticas públicas e decisões judiciais. Ademais, busca-se na presente dissertação demarcar os limites e possibilidades da solidariedade enquanto valor que norteia o campo da política, notadamente na prática democrática. O estudo parte de uma análise histórica e filosófica para contextualizar a solidariedade como princípio jurídico que fundamenta direitos e deveres e que encontra nas demandas por reconhecimento das diferenças seu maior campo de incidência. Na política, a solidariedade se abre à opção de uma democracia anti-elitista que tem no conflito, na tolerância e nas divergências as pedras de toque que proporcionam uma dinâmica que respeita as diferenças e geram cooperação social por conta dessa estima intersubjetiva. Os deveres de reconhecimento intersubjetivo e de estima social possibilitam uma construção social dialógica e interacional, na qual seus sujeitos são respeitados como seres livres e iguais, dignos de igual respeito e consideração. Tal afirmativa é colocada a prova quando da viabilidade constitucional da cota racial nas Universidades Públicas brasileiras. Da mesma forma, a solidariedade se projeta para o campo jurídico devido a sua positivação na Constituição brasileira de 1988 como princípio/objetivo fundamental da República Federativa do Brasil. Deste modo, a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal vem lançando mão do princípio fundamental da solidariedade para fundamentar decisões que envolvam deveres fundamentais de redistribuição e reconhecimento. Tais decisões nos permitem traçar um conteúdo mínimo desse princípio à luz da ordem social e cultural brasileira que, aliás, não foi deixada de lado em nenhum momento no decorrer do estudo. Esse conteúdo material encontra nos deveres de redistribuição e reconhecimento, principalmente neste último, seu suporte de eficácia jurídica, viabilizando, em certos momentos, até uma aplicação direta da solidariedade por meio dos deveres. / The present dissertation seeks the analysis of social solidarity and its projection over the Brazilian Constitutional System, with the purpose of setting forth the outlines, foundations and boundaries to make effective public policies e judicial decisions. Furthermore, one of the main subjects of the present paper is to set forth the boundaries and possibilities of solidarity as a leading value to the field of Politics, mainly the practice of democracy. The study starts from a historical and philosophical analysis to introduce solidarity as a juridical principle that underlies rights and duties, finding on the recognition of differences its major field of incidence. In Politics, solidarity opens up itself as an option for an anti-elitist democracy, which has in conflict, tolerance, and divergences the cornerstone that provides a respectful dynamic of differences, generating social cooperation because of these inherent mutual esteem and respect. The duties of intersubjective recognition and social esteem enable a dialogical and interactive social construction, in which their subjects are respected as free and equal beings, deservers of equal respect and consideration. Such affirmation is put on trial when confronted with the constitutional viability of racial quota in Brazilian Public Universities. Likewise, solidarity is projected over the juridical field due to its contemplation by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 as a fundamental principle/objective of the Federal Republic of Brazil. For this reason, the jurisprudence of the Brazilian Supreme Court of Law has been constantly employing the fundamental principle of solidarity to sustain decisions involving fundamental rules of redistribution and recognition. Such decisions allow us to draw a minimum content of this principle under the light of the Brazilian social and cultural order that, by the way, were not left aside over the current work. This material content finds in the rules of redistribution and recognition, mainly the latter, its foundation for juridical efficiency, making possible, sometimes, even a direct application of solidarity through the duties.