The thesis analyses the legality of the use of drones in warfare based on the examination of three specific case studies. Firstly the use of armed drones in Afghanistan 2001 and 2002, then Pakistan drone strikes ongoing since 2004 and lastly the Yemen case study. A developed legal framework is used to assess the legality of the use of drones. Furthermore, it briefly touches upon the aspects of morality and ethics of the use of the unmanned aerial vehicles in combat.

This thesis examines the foreign policy of the 44th President of the United States of America, Barack Obama. A significant theme of Barack Obama's candidacy for presidency was "change"; more specifically change in policy from previous administration. Therefore, the thesis looks at the changes brought about by President Obama once he was elected. First, we look at foreign policy of the United States under President George W. Bush, then we look at foreign policy-related assertions of Barack Obama during his candidacy, and lastly we look at the actual policies of the new administration, with particular focus on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, drones and extrajudicial killing, Guantanamo detention facility and extraordinary rendition, and NSA surveillance.

This thesis interrogates García Márquez’s representations of sexualities in the following selected novels: Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981); The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975); One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967); The Sad and Incredible Tale of Innocent Erendira and her Heartless Grandmother (1972); and Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004). It is argued here that García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif enables him to delve into many worldwide current concerns such as the irrelevance of some socio-cultural sexual practices; commercial sexual exploitation of children; the different manifestations of prostitution; and female powerlessness under autocratic rule. Earlier literary critics have tended to narrowly interpret García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif as just a metaphor for colonial exploitation of the colonised. The study also explores the writer’s artistic role and concludes that García Márquez speaks against commercial sexual exploitation of children as he concurrently speaks on behalf of children so exploited. Similarly, the writer speaks on behalf of prostituted womanhood by showing how prostitutional gains do not seem to cascade down to the prostitutes themselves. García Márquez also invests female sexual passivity as a coping mechanism against a dictator’s limitless power over the life and death of his citizens. However, the writer also constructs female agency that grows from the rejection of an initial victimhood to develop into an extremely flawed and corrupt flesh trade that co-opts and indentures children into sex work with impunity. Thus the study breaks new ground to show that García Márquez’s representations of different sexualities are not merely soft porn masquerading as art. His is a voice added to the worldwide concerns over commercial sexual exploitation of children in the main and also the recovery of a self-reliant female self-hood that was previously inextricably bound to male sexual norms. Quite clearly, García Márquez demonstrates that female prostitution is driven by a lack of social safety nets, a lack of other economically viable options and also a distinct lack of educational opportunities for female economic independence, hence the flawed female agency. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

Malgré les progrès en matière de greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétique (GCSH), environ 40% des enfants atteints d’une leucémie aigüe lymphoblastique (LAL) réfractaire à la chimiothérapie ne peuvent être guéris. Notre laboratoire a démontré que l’effet précoce de greffe contre leucémie (GvL) est significativement augmenté par les cellules Natural Killer (NK) stimulées par des cellules plasmacytoïdes dendritiques (pDC). Une nouvelle thérapie cellulaire adoptive basée sur la stimulation des cellules NK par les pDC a été développée et son efficacité a été démontrée dans un modèle de souris humanisées. Des cellules hautement spécialisées appelées « Therapeutic Inducers of Natural Killer cell Killing » (ThINKK), analogues des pDC, sont produites à partir de cellules souches hématopoïétiques de sang de cordon. Afin d’amener les ThINKK vers un usage clinique, ce projet avait comme objectif d’en compléter la caractérisation, d’investiguer leurs effets secondaires potentiels après transfert adoptif dans le contexte de transplantation hématopoïétique allogénique et d’évaluer l’impact d’un régime prophylactique immunosuppresseur sur l’axe ThINKK/cellules NK. L’identité cellulaire des ThINKK a été déterminée par cytométrie de flux et par analyse unicellulaire du transcriptome (scRNA-seq). Pour déterminer si la présence des ThINKK pourrait augmenter l’activation et la prolifération des cellules T allogéniques, nous avons utilisé des réactions lymphocytaires mixtes (MLR) dans lesquelles les cellules T et les ThINKK ont été cultivées en présence de cellules présentatrices d’antigènes. Un modèle murin de réaction de greffe contre l’hôte (xéno-GvHD) nous a permis de déterminer l’impact du transfert adoptif de ThINKK sur la GvHD in vivo. Finalement, nous avons testé l’effet d’immunosuppresseurs sur la cytotoxicité des cellules NK activées par ThINKK contre des cellules LAL. Nos résultats démontrent que les ThINKK n’expriment pas les marqueurs associés aux cellules présentatrices d’antigènes, mais expriment les marqueurs des cellules plasmacytoïdes dendritiques. L’analyse des résultats de scRNA-seq démontre la présence d’une sous-population cellulaire mineure exprimant le récepteur AXL, sans toutefois exprimer les autres marqueurs conventionnels des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes. Les ThINKK, incluant la sous-population AXL-positive, n’exacerbent pas l’activation ou la prolifération des cellules T allogéniques in vitro ou in vivo. Finalement, des cinq immunosuppresseurs testés, seules la cyclosporine A et de la méthylprednisolone diminuaient l’activation et la cytotoxicité des cellules NK induites par les ThINKK. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’une immunothérapie par transfert adoptif de ThINKK serait sécuritaire chez les patients ayant reçu une greffe allogénique. L’utilisation d’un régime prophylactique immunosuppresseur est également possible sans affecter l’efficacité de cette nouvelle immunothérapie post-transplantation. / The survival outcomes of children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remain dismal despite progress in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the past, our team has demonstrated that the stimulation of Natural Killer (NK) cells with a subset of plasmacitoid dendritic cells (pDCs) called Therapeutic Inducers of Natural Killer cell Killing (ThINKK) improved the early graft-versus-leukemia effect and controlled ALL development in humanized mice. ThINKK are expanded from cord blood hematopoietic stem cell progenitors for adoptive post-transplant immunotherapy. To translate these findings into the clinic, the main objectives of this project was to further characterize the ThINKK phenotype, to investigate the potential adverse effects of ThINKK in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation, and to evaluate the functional impact of the post-transplant prophylactic immunosuppressive regimen on the ThINKK/NK cell axis. The cellular identity of ThINKK was assessed using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. To assess the potential exacerbation of T-cell activation and proliferation by ThINKK, allogeneic T cells and ThINKK were co-cultured with or without antigen-presenting cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). We used a xenograft mouse model to evaluate the efficacy and potential side effects of an adoptive transfer of ThINKK on graft-versus-host reactions in vivo. Finally, we tested the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on ThINKK-induced NK cell cytotoxicity against ALL cells. We found that ThINKK cells did not express antigen-presenting cell markers but expressed pDCs lineage markers. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed the presence of a minor cell subset expressing the AXL receptor gene, but lacking expression of other conventional dendritic cell marker genes. Importantly, ThINKK including the AXL+ subset did not exacerbate allogeneic T-cell activation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Finally, out of the five immunosuppressive drugs tested, only cyclosporine A and methylprednisolone decreased ThINKK-induced NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. Our results support that ThINKK cell transfer immunotherapy could be safe in transplanted subjects even in allogeneic settings and that a prophylactic immunosuppressive regimen may be used without affecting the efficacy of this novel post-transplant immunotherapy.

Abstract of Master essay - 10 HP Izabel Lind Färnstrand Mentor: Emma Kihl Examinator: Sigrid Sandström How to Prepare for Death In this essay I dwell into the failures of our moral senses in relation to the concept of death. How does modern death culture affect our way of life and our ability to take responsibility for the life and death of others? These questions are formed by these current times and affect both my art practice and my everyday life. When facing death within my family it occur- red to me that my and my family’s relationship to death is failing us. I have become frustra- ted with the fear and silence that seems too natural to my surrounding. Not being able to talk about a part of life that is inevitable seems irrational. It became clear when the lack of under- standing and acceptance of death caused relatives an immense suffering. The struggle seemed unnessesary and urged me to try to understand more, based on their deaths. Seeing how very different the experience of dying can be made me wonder what makes a ”good” death possible for some and others not. From there my interest in the topic death culture and fear emerged, and this essay touches on this in a variety of aspects. I use my personal experiences in combina- tion with thoughts of others to talk of layers of these issues through my artistic practice. This personal method is my way of trying to structure a thinking – in a way that I can use and make sense of it – with a varied level of success. I feel it is important to note that I don’t claim to have any answes. This essay is more an attempt to pose questions around human behaviour. Even though many of these ques- tions have been asked over and over again, throughout different times, I believe it is impor- tant to ask them again and again. As long as the Human is part and violently effecting this suffering world. Many of the thoughts in this essay are based on fragments of ideas by Judith Butler, espe- cielly from her book Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? (2009). I also reference Caitlin Doughty’s From Here to Eternity: Traveling the World to Find the Good Death (2017) and and Sogyal Rinpoche The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying (1992). The themes gathered that I try to make use of in this essay and in my artistic practice are purpose, fear, death, health, happiness, narcissim and resposibility. / Abstract of Artistic work How to Prepare for Death @ Galleri Mejan, Exercisplan 3, october 2019 Media: Spatial installation with a performance (1 h) Materials: Clay, plaster, metal & red plastic film How to Prepare for Death is a spatial installation in one of the gallery rooms of Galleri Mejan. The work includes the whole space of the area, such as the floor and the walls. You step into an altered reality, where the floor is covered with clay that is cracking increasingly over time and windows that are tinted red so that the air you breath seems red. When you enter your eyes need to adjust and after a while it is rather the outside that seems colored, neon green -  the complementary color of red. From the clay there are metal rods sticking out vertically, with plaster sculptures at the end. These sculptures are broken, and resemble body parts with a medical aesthetics. Similar sculptures come out from the walls, like fragile fragments of something that used to be. When you walk around the sculptures the clay crackle under your feet, and crumble into smaller pieces and dust. It is constructed as an ambivalent experience of nothingness, emptiness, ”afterness” and a sanctuary of thoughts. My questions about life and death drive me to investigate how to create spaces for these subjects to feel present, so that we can face our fears.

The paper deals with the use of unmanned aircraft of the American national security policy. It examines the history of unmanned aviation, its military use, and cost- efficiency. It then examines the main obstacles and problems with their use in national security that this technology meets and will meet in the future after a higher level of autonomy is developed. These problems involve legal issues, international and domestic American law, the issue of civilian casualties, the role of the media, and public opinion. The final chapter focuses on the problems of technical, strategic and operational issues. In this section the research paper comes to the first conclusion which claims that the introduction of more autonomous systems to war will radically change its structure and, consequently, standard procedures and strategies. Case studies are included to illustrate how successful the drone strategy is applied in the five countries where the United States leads a war on terror. The research using the theory of the revolution in military affairs concludes that these UAVs pose the greatest challenge in history and it goes well beyond military matters. UAVs in national security affect the understanding of the basic principles of war in relation to the concepts of warrior ethos and just war.