L’énergie dans le centre de masse des collisions produites par le LHC a été portée en 2015 à 13 TeV, augmentant fortement les sections efficaces de production de particules hypothétiques lourdes et ouvrant ainsi la voie à la recherche de nouvelle physique. Les travaux effectués dans ce contexte ont porté sur la définition des critères d’identification des électrons et la recherche de Supersymétrie dans les données du détecteur ATLAS. La première partie est consacrée à l’optimisation et aux performances attendues de l’identification des électrons, utilisée pour le déclenchement et l’analyse des données en 2015. La méthodologie mise au point pour adapter les critères aux contraintes expérimentales est présentée. La seconde partie est dédiée à la recherche de particules supersymétriques produites par interaction forte dans les canaux avec deux leptons de même charge électrique (électrons ou muons), des jets et de l’énergie transverse manquante, à partir de l’ensemble des données collectées en 2015 (soit 3.2 fb à s = 13 TeV). Les principaux aspects de l’analyse sont décrits, avec une attention particulière à l’estimation du bruit de fond expérimental. L’absence d’excès par rapport aux prédictions du Modèle Standard est interprétée en terme de limites sur la masse des squarks, des gluinos et des neutralinos dans le cadre de modèles supersymétriques simplifiés. Cela a permis par exemple d’exclure l’existence de gluinos de masse inférieure à 1.1 TeV dans certains modèles avec un spectre de masse compressé, ce qui représente une amélioration d’environ 150 GeV par rapport aux limites antérieures. / The LHC collisions center of mass energy rose up to 13 TeV in 2015, strongly increasing the production cross sections of hypothetical heavy particles (for example by a factor 50 for pair production of gluinos with a 1.5 TeV mass) and thus, paving the way for new physics searches. An optimisation of the electron iidentification criteria and a search for Supersymmetry with the ATLAS detector data were performed in this context. The first part is dedicated to the definition and the expected performance of the electron identification used for the trigger and the analysis of the 2015 data. The methodology defined to adapt these criteria to the experimental constraints is detailed. The second part is dedicated to the search for strongly produced supersymmetric particles in events with two same sign leptons (electrons or muons), jets and missing transverse energy using the full 2015 dataset (3.2 fb at s = 13 TeV). The main aspects of the analysis are described, paying particular attention to the experimental background. As no significant excess over the Standard Model expectation is observed, the results are interpreted using several simplified models to set limits on the masses of the gluinos, the squarks and the neutralinos. For instance, gluino masses up to 1.1 TeV are excluded, which represents an improvement of about 150 GeV with respect to the previous limits for some models with compressed mass spectra.

Com o processo de globalização das economias em curso, as empresas, em geral, vêm sofrendo crescente concorrência na busca e manutenção de clientes. Qualquer oportunidade que represente vantagem competitiva tem sido analisada e frequentemente adotada pelas mais diversas empresas. Nesse contexto, a cadeia de suprimentos de uma organização pode se constituir em um diferencial competitivo, na medida em que favorece a redução de custos e a melhoria da qualidade dos recursos de produção adquiridos. Por outro lado, atrasos e/ou faltas de insumos na cadeia produtiva, geram perdas de recursos e pode prejudicar a imagem da empresa perante o mercado. Dentro dessa perspectiva foi estudada a cadeia de suprimentos de uma empresa multinacional, fabricante de máquinas e equipamentos, situada no Vale do Paraíba, no Estado de São Paulo. O desenvolvimento do trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os atrasos e faltas de insumos provenientes da cadeia de suprimentos, bem como do processo de compras e da coleta de peças para o sistema de produção até então vigente na empresa. Para reverter esse quadro, optou-se por um novo sistema de compras e de coleta de peças que pudesse contribuir para a eliminação ou a redução de perdas. Para isso, em um processo decisório compartilhado, adotaram os fundamentos do Comakership e da Gestão por Indicadores, visando alcançar os objetivos propostos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a relevância estratégica da integração da cadeia de suprimentos, utilizando-se fornecedores parceiros. A identificação das perdas e a adoção de um novo sistema de suprimentos e de coleta de peças, aplicando-se o processo Milk Run, foram responsáveis pela redução dos custos provenientes de atrasos e faltas de peças que impactavam a produção da empresa, entre outros benefícios. As soluções encontradas geraram uma relação mais estável e duradoura com os fornecedores, além de ampliar a competitividade e as condições de sobrevivência da própria organização. / The current process of economic globalization has brought a growing competitiveness for the maintenance and persuit of customers among the companies. Each opportunity that represents competitive advantage has been analyzed and often adopted by several companies. In this context, the suppliers network of the companies may imply a competitive differential as it favors the reduction of costs and the improvement of quality in the acquired production resources. On the other side, delays and/or missing resources in the production chain generate losses of resources and may damage the image of the company in the market. With that aim a study was carried out in the supply chain of a multinational company which makes equipments and machinery in Vale do Paraíba in the state of São Paulo. The development of this work began with the identification of delays and lacks of the resources that come from the supplying chain, as well as, from the process of purchasing and collecting equipment pieces for the system of production then present in the company. In order to reverse the situation, a new purchasing and collecting system that could contribute for the elimination or reduction of those losses was chosen. For that a shared decisive process in the principles of Comakership aligned to the indicative management aiming were adopted. The obtained results have shown the strategic relevance of the integration of the supplying chain. The partnership with suppliers, identification of losses and adoption of a new supplying and collecting system using the Milk Run process, were responsible for the reduction of costs caused by the delays and lack of equipment pieces that used to get the company production stuck among other benefits. The solutions found generated a more stable and lasting relationship with suppliers besides amplifying the competitiveness and survival conditions of the company itself.

Internal transportation is one of the key elements in manufacturing operations, and there is a constant need to optimize this process (Antoniuk, 2021). The case company has a very large industrial are covering 3 km2, which poses significant challenges for the internal transportation. The company has too many parcel stations, lacks clear requirements for new parcel stations and documentation for the parcel stations, and faces route planning issues as a result. The purpose of this case study was to identify obstacles and problems to optimize the company’s parcel transport in terms of route planning, placement of parcel stations and the number of parcel stations. The project aimed to develop a general working model for how a parcel transport can be optimized without relying on the Industrial Internet of Things (Sinsinni et al., 2018) and digital technology. The study focused on the company’s internal and external parcel transport routes within and outside the industrial area. Observations and interviews were conducted at the case company, revealing that customers needs include receiving deliveries twice a day and ensuring correct parcel deliveries. The drivers require unchanged or reduced workload, easier training, fewer parcel stations, properly equipped parcel stations, and improved route planning. The transport manager needs a standardised work approach, fewer parcel stations, documentation of parcel stations, and an expanded requirements list. To optimize the case company’s transport, the number and placement of parcel stations, and simultaneously meet these needs, several improvement suggestions were developed. It was found that implementing a scanning system could enhance the accuracy of the parcel deliveries, but this option was not recommended due to it being expensive and gives no guarantee of correct deliveries, among other things. Instead, it is recommended that the company implements a milk run system to achieve JIT (Just-in-time) deliveries for customers and a standardized work approach standardized work approach for drivers. Additionally, a proposal for a digital map was presented to improve documentation and facilitate training, along with a suggestion to merge parcel stations to reduce workload and enhance route planning. Lastly, expanding the requirements list was suggested to ensure properly equipped parcel stations and provide clearer specifications for parcel stations. A general conceptual work model for this optimization process is outlined as follows: 1.       Observe current delivery routes and stations. 2.       Interview stakeholders (such as customers and drivers). 3.       Identify and compile requirements. 4.       Map out stations on a digital map. 5.       Apply a heuristic selection process.  a.       Examine clusters of stations of the digital map.  b.       Evaluate stations based on collected data.  c.       Assess the activity level; if multiple stations have high activity, make an individual assessment.  d.       Merge the stations.  e.       Apply the 250-meter rule to the remaining selection without available data. 6.       Create an optimal route using the selected stations. / Interna transporter är ett av de viktigaste elementen i en tillverkningsverksamhet och det finns ett konstant behov att optimera denna process (Antoniuk, 2021). Fallföretaget har ett mycket stort industriområde som omfattar 3 km2 vilket ställer stora krav på de interna transporterna. Företaget har för många paketstationer, saknar en tydlig kravbild av nya paketstationer och dokumentation över paketstationerna, och har på grund av detta ett ruttplaneringsproblem. Syftet med denna fallstudie var att identifiera hinder och problem för att kunna optimera företagets pakettransport med avseende på ruttplanering, paketstationers placering och antal paketstationer. Målet med projektet var att ta fram en generell arbetsmodell för hur en pakettransport kan optimeras utan Industrial Internet of Things och digital teknologi (Sinsinni et al., 2018). Studien avgränsades till företagets interna och externa pakettransportrutt, innanför och utanför industriområdet. Det utfördes observationer och intervjuer på fallföretaget som visade att kundernas behov är att få leverans två gånger per dag och att paketen levereras rätt. Chaufförerna har behov av oförändrad eller minskad arbetsbelastning, lättare upplärning, färre paketstationer, korrekt utrustade paketstationer och bättre ruttplanering. Transportchefen har behov av ett standardiserat arbetssätt, färre paketstationer, dokumentation över paketstationer och en utökad kravlista. För att optimera fallföretagets transporter, antalet paketstationer och placeringen och samtidigt uppfylla dessa behov tog vi fram flera förbättringsförslag. Vi kom fram till att ett skanningssystem kan öka möjligheten att kundernas paket inte kommer fel men rekommenderar inte detta då det bland annat är kostsamt och inte garanterar att paketen levereras rätt. Vi rekommenderar i stället att företaget implementerar en milk run som skapar JIT (Just-in-time) leverans för kunderna och ett standardiserat arbetssätt för chaufförerna. Det har också tagits fram ett förslag på en digital karta för ökad dokumentation och lättare upplärning, samt ett förslag på sammanslagning av paketstationer och därigenom en minskning. Detta för att minska arbetsbelastningen och skapa en förbättrad ruttplanering. Till sist ger vi även förslaget att de utökar sin kravlista för att uppfylla behovet av korrekt utrustade paketstationer och ge dem en tydligare kravbild. En generell och konceptuell arbetsmodell för denna optimering ser ut som följande: 1.       Observera nuvarande leveransrutter och stationer. 2.       Intervjua intressenter (såsom kunder och chaufförer). 3.       Identifiera och sammanställ krav. 4.       Kartlägg stationer på en digital karta. 5.       Heuristisk urvalsprocess.  a.       Undersöka kluster av stationer på digital karta.  b.       Granska stationerna utefter insamlade data.  c.       Bedöm aktiviteten, om fler stationer har hög aktivitet gör en individuell bedömning.  d.       Slå ihop stationerna.  e.       Resterande urval som inte har någon data utförs med 250 meters-regeln. 6.       Skapa optimal rutt med de valda stationerna.

This diploma thesis follows my bachelor thesis. The main purpose of the bachelor thesis was to clarify fundamental terms and to explain the sorting of particular parts of a direct flow that involves both the surface saturated flow and the hypodermic flow. This diploma thesis is focusing on the origin of direct flow in a river basin. Specifically, it deals with river sub-basin P6, P52, and P53, which are located in Kopaninský potok river basin. Furthermore, it deals with Jenín I. and II. river basins and the last analysed is Ostřice river basin (SO2). Factors influencing direct flow are researched on all river basins. It is impossible to say that the origin of direct flow is caused solely by a single factor; it is always the result of multiple factors. Among these factors belongs the atmospheric precipitation, type of soil, vegetation, climatic and anthrophogenic conditions, land use, and inclination of the area. The bachelor thesis explains the issues of multiple methods of flow separation, but this diploma thesis is primarily focused on two methods for calculation of ratio between the direct and the total flow. 1) Empirical method GROUND, which is used to separate hydrographs of medium daily river basin flow. 2) Method of digital filter by Lyne Hollick separate fast and slowcomponents from the overall concentrated flow and are based on the theory od signal analysis. Afterwards, the results of flow separation were compared to the factors influencing the origin of the direct flow. The daily total flow rates for every analysed river basin were used as the input data for calculating the flow separation.

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar e analisar um novo sistema de abastecimento de suprimentos que está sendo adotado por diversas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais, denominado Milk Run. Este sistema consiste na coleta programada de peças junto aos fornecedores das montadoras, e diferentemente do sistema de abastecimento denominado Convencional, no qual o fornecedor entrega suas peças na planta da montadora. A análise visa estudar se existirá redução de estoque na cadeia de suprimentos com o novo sistema implantado, quais os custos pertinentes a esta nova técnica, qual o papel do fornecedor, da montadora e do operador logístico (transportadora) no novo processo e suas vantagens em relação ao sistema Convencional. Para levantamento do problema em estudo, a adoção do sistema Milk Run, foram realizadas visitas nas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais. Alguns fornecedores, que participam deste sistema, também foram visitados para compreender como, na prática, é realizada a coleta programada, suas vantagens e desvantagens. Operadores logísticos, que executam a operação de transporte para as montadoras também foram visitado. Esta dissertação visa relatar que o sistema Milk Run adota uma concepção de trabalho com enorme ênfase na filosofia Just-in-Time, e procura seguir alguns de seus princípios como: redução do estoque de materiais, maior freqüência de abastecimento de suprimentos e maior integração entre as partes que compõem o sistema, montadora e fornecedor. A contribuição deste trabalho está em caracterizar e analisar o novo sistema, Milk Run, e propor uma comparação dos custos da nova abordagem, com os custos pertinentes ao sistema Convencional (no qual os fornecedores entregam suas peças diretamente na planta da montadora). Esta comparação baseia-se nos custos definidos pelas literaturas em função do tamanho do lote de aquisição de peças e uma análise de Trade-offs entre as variáveis destes sistemas em função da flutuação da demanda anual. No sistema Milk Run em estudo será utilizado o Kanban como ferramenta de gerenciamento de requisição de peças. / The objective of this dissertation is to feature and analyse the new systems of procurement in Brazilian vehicle industry called Milk Run. This study compares Milk Run, which is a scheduled pick up automobile parts program, picking up automobile parts from several suppliers and returning the reusable containers to suppliers, to Conventional system of procurement (each supplier delivery its automobile parts in the vehicle assembly plant). The analysis is to study the inventory cost in both cases Milk Run and Conventional systems. Another analysis is to understand the role of the supplier, automaker and the logistic provider in Milk Run system and its advantages. Many visits have been necessary to the automakers, suppliers and logistics providers to understand this new situation in Brazil. This dissertation shows that Milk Run system is very close to Just-in-Time system and adopt the same philosophy as: reduction of inventory, increase frequency supply and increase integration between both parts, automaker and supplier. This dissertation tries to contribute to understand the costs included in both system and propose a modeling to compare the costs inherent in Milk Run and Conventional system. This modeling uses the costs defined in the literature about inventory and transportation system depending on the shipment size and one analysis of the Trade-offs in both systems.

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar e analisar um novo sistema de abastecimento de suprimentos que está sendo adotado por diversas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais, denominado Milk Run. Este sistema consiste na coleta programada de peças junto aos fornecedores das montadoras, e diferentemente do sistema de abastecimento denominado Convencional, no qual o fornecedor entrega suas peças na planta da montadora. A análise visa estudar se existirá redução de estoque na cadeia de suprimentos com o novo sistema implantado, quais os custos pertinentes a esta nova técnica, qual o papel do fornecedor, da montadora e do operador logístico (transportadora) no novo processo e suas vantagens em relação ao sistema Convencional. Para levantamento do problema em estudo, a adoção do sistema Milk Run, foram realizadas visitas nas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais. Alguns fornecedores, que participam deste sistema, também foram visitados para compreender como, na prática, é realizada a coleta programada, suas vantagens e desvantagens. Operadores logísticos, que executam a operação de transporte para as montadoras também foram visitado. Esta dissertação visa relatar que o sistema Milk Run adota uma concepção de trabalho com enorme ênfase na filosofia Just-in-Time, e procura seguir alguns de seus princípios como: redução do estoque de materiais, maior freqüência de abastecimento de suprimentos e maior integração entre as partes que compõem o sistema, montadora e fornecedor. A contribuição deste trabalho está em caracterizar e analisar o novo sistema, Milk Run, e propor uma comparação dos custos da nova abordagem, com os custos pertinentes ao sistema Convencional (no qual os fornecedores entregam suas peças diretamente na planta da montadora). Esta comparação baseia-se nos custos definidos pelas literaturas em função do tamanho do lote de aquisição de peças e uma análise de Trade-offs entre as variáveis destes sistemas em função da flutuação da demanda anual. No sistema Milk Run em estudo será utilizado o Kanban como ferramenta de gerenciamento de requisição de peças. / The objective of this dissertation is to feature and analyse the new systems of procurement in Brazilian vehicle industry called Milk Run. This study compares Milk Run, which is a scheduled pick up automobile parts program, picking up automobile parts from several suppliers and returning the reusable containers to suppliers, to Conventional system of procurement (each supplier delivery its automobile parts in the vehicle assembly plant). The analysis is to study the inventory cost in both cases Milk Run and Conventional systems. Another analysis is to understand the role of the supplier, automaker and the logistic provider in Milk Run system and its advantages. Many visits have been necessary to the automakers, suppliers and logistics providers to understand this new situation in Brazil. This dissertation shows that Milk Run system is very close to Just-in-Time system and adopt the same philosophy as: reduction of inventory, increase frequency supply and increase integration between both parts, automaker and supplier. This dissertation tries to contribute to understand the costs included in both system and propose a modeling to compare the costs inherent in Milk Run and Conventional system. This modeling uses the costs defined in the literature about inventory and transportation system depending on the shipment size and one analysis of the Trade-offs in both systems.

Process models are always associated with uncertainty, due to either inaccurate model structure or inaccurate identification. If left unaccounted for, these uncertainties can significantly affect the model-based decision-making. This thesis addresses the problem of model-based optimization in the presence of uncertainties, especially due to model structure error. The optimal solution from standard optimization techniques is often associated with a certain degree of uncertainty and if the model-plant mismatch is very significant, this solution may have a significant bias with respect to the actual process optimum. Accordingly, in this thesis, we developed new strategies to reduce (1) the variability in the optimal solution and (2) the bias between the predicted and the true process optima. Robust optimization is a well-established methodology where the variability in optimization objective is considered explicitly in the cost function, leading to a solution that is robust to model uncertainties. However, the reported robust formulations have few limitations especially in the context of nonlinear models. The standard technique to quantify the effect of model uncertainties is based on the linearization of underlying model that may not be valid if the noise in measurements is quite high. To address this limitation, uncertainty descriptions based on the Bayes’ Theorem are implemented in this work. Since for nonlinear models the resulting Bayesian uncertainty may have a non-standard form with no analytical solution, the propagation of this uncertainty onto the optimum may become computationally challenging using conventional Monte Carlo techniques. To this end, an approach based on Polynomial Chaos expansions is developed. It is shown in a simulated case study that this approach resulted in drastic reductions in the computational time when compared to a standard Monte Carlo sampling technique. The key advantage of PC expansions is that they provide analytical expressions for statistical moments even if the uncertainty in variables is non-standard. These expansions were also used to speed up the calculation of likelihood function within the Bayesian framework. Here, a methodology based on Multi-Resolution analysis is proposed to formulate the PC based approximated model with higher accuracy over the parameter space that is most likely based on the given measurements. For the second objective, i.e. reducing the bias between the predicted and true process optima, an iterative optimization algorithm is developed which progressively corrects the model for structural error as the algorithm proceeds towards the true process optimum. The standard technique is to calibrate the model at some initial operating conditions and, then, use this model to search for an optimal solution. Since the identification and optimization objectives are solved independently, when there is a mismatch between the process and the model, the parameter estimates cannot satisfy these two objectives simultaneously. To this end, in the proposed methodology, corrections are added to the model in such a way that the updated parameter estimates reduce the conflict between the identification and optimization objectives. Unlike the standard estimation technique that minimizes only the prediction error at a given set of operating conditions, the proposed algorithm also includes the differences between the predicted and measured gradients of the optimization objective and/or constraints in the estimation. In the initial version of the algorithm, the proposed correction is based on the linearization of model outputs. Then, in the second part, the correction is extended by using a quadratic approximation of the model, which, for the given case study, resulted in much faster convergence as compared to the earlier version. Finally, the methodologies mentioned above were combined to formulate a robust iterative optimization strategy that converges to the true process optimum with minimum variability in the search path. One of the major findings of this thesis is that the robust optimal solutions based on the Bayesian parametric uncertainty are much less conservative than their counterparts based on normally distributed parameters.

Cette thèse étudie les différents types d'artistes-curateurs qui se manifestent depuis plus de deux siècles au moment où les artistes organisateurs d'expositions sont de plus en plus présents sur la scène artistique contemporaine. Par-delà le phénomène de mode, une vue d'ensemble des artistes-curateurs est dressée, une typologie de ceux-ci proposée. L'ensemble des réflexions et des recherches porte sur les liens entre art et réception de l'art à travers l'étude de la french theory (Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Rancière, Jacques Derrida), du réalisme spéculatif (Quentin Meillassoux, Graham Harman) et de l'heccéité (Jean Duns Scot). En s'appuyant sur une étude épistémologique, les différents caractères existants de la position d'artiste-curateur sont analysés. À travers des expériences artistiques et curatoriales subjectives, la visibilité des fondements véritables de cette double pratique, assumée comme telle, est pensée. L'objectif est de rendre compte de la définition possible de l'artiste-curateur comme avant tout un créateur de lieu, de dispositifs, et d'espace d'exposition au service des autres. Les rapports qu'entretiennent les artistes avec les commissaires d'expositions sont rendus visibles, tant dans leurs relations harmonieuses que conflictuelles. Des pistes pour l'avenir se conçoivent dans le prolongement de la poétique de la relation développée par Édouard Glissant. / This thesis shows that, under various guises, the artist-curator model has been operating for more two centuries when the artists who curate exhibitions are ever more visible on the artistic scene. Across the fashion phenomenon, an overview of the more prominent artist-curators is erected, a typology of these practitioners is proposed. He particularly focuses his reflections and researches on the links between art and theory, the study of the reception of French Theory (Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Rancière, Jacques Derrida), speculative realism (Quentin Meillassoux, Graham Harman) and haecceity (Jean Duns Scot). Using epistemological methodology and analyzing the state of variables, he details the various characteristics which co­exist in the artist-curator position. The author uses his own artistic and curatorial experience : he founded and curates the artist-run space Immanence. He aims to bring to life the real foundations of this double practice. The thesis posits the possible definition of the artist­curator both as the author of a creative act in place visibility and display, and simultaneously as a creator at the service of the others. At the heart, are the relationships between curated artists and artist-curator : the cooperation, consensus and correspondence, as well as the dissent and conflicts. Finally, the author looks to the possible futures drawing from the poetics of relation developed by Édouard Glissant.

L'ozone joue un rôle primordial sur l'équilibre photochimique de l'atmosphère et participe au processus d'équilibrage radiatif entre les deux hémisphères (Mecke, 1931). Dans la troposphère, l'ozone détermine la capacité oxydante de la majorité des gaz et absorbe continuellement dans la stratosphère les radiations ultraviolettes nocives (McMicheal et al., 2003). D'où l'intérêt de surveiller la variation de la couche d'ozone de façon régulière. Il a été constaté au début des années 80, une diminution inquiétante et progressive de la colonne totale de l'ozone dûe aux émissions anthropiques des substances riches en chlore, brome et fluor. Ce constat a conduit au Protocole de Montréal en 1987 dont l'objectif est de mettre en place une politique internationale visant à réduire les émissions des substances appauvrissant l'ozone. Dix ans après la signature du dit Protocole, la concentration de ces substances commence à diminuer dans l'atmosphère et la prospection d'un recouvrement progressif de la couche d'ozone demeure aujourd'hui un sujet d'actualité (UNEP/PNUE, 2009 ; OMM, 2010 et 2014). Les besoins d'aujourd'hui sont de réaliser des mesures continues et fiables de l'ozone dont leurs exploitation dans des méthodes et/ ou des modèles bien adaptés à la problématique aideront la communauté à suivre l'évolution de l'ozone et d'estimer les tendances à long terme. Dans ce travail, une variété de produits d'ozone issue de différents instruments a été combinée pour construire des bases des données fiables et homogènes afin d'étudier sa variabilité et d'estimer la tendance de l'ozone dans les régions tropicale et subtropicale sud. L'application de ces bases de données sur les ondelettes a permis d'identifier les principaux forçages qui contrôlent la variabilité de l'ozone et la période de retour associée à chaque forçage. Il s'agit des variations saisonnières du climat, les oscillations quasi-biennales, les oscillations australes El-Niño et l'activité solaire dont le cycle moyen est évalué à 11ans. Le comportement et l'influence de chacun de ces paramètres sur la viabilité de l'ozone sont étudiés. Cette étude est faite en s'appuyant sur des méthodes statistiques et sur le modèle Trend-Run. Avec ce modèle, la part de contribution et la réponse de chaque paramètre sur la variabilité de l'ozone sont quantifiées. Les résultats sur les tendances montrent une augmentation de la couche d'ozone avec un taux variant entre 0 et 2.78% par décade (selon la région et le site) sur la période 1998-2012. Cette amélioration est bien observée au-dessus de 22km, surtout aux subtropiques par rapport à la région équatoriale. / Ozone plays an important role on photochemical equilibrium of atmosphere and participate on radiative balance process between hemispheres (Mecke, 1931). In the troposphere, ozone determines the oxidizing capacity of major species and absorbs continuously in the stratosphere the harmful ultraviolet radiation (McMichael et al, 2003). Based on the above facts, it is important to monitor ozone continuously with consistency and accuracy. Global total column ozone (TCO) has depleted gradually since 1980 with an increase of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations in the stratosphere due to anthropogenic activities. In 1987, the Montreal protocol was formulated in order to regulate the emissions of substances that deplete ozone. Concentrations of these substances are observed to decrease ten years after the Montreal protocol. Thus we have been expecting an increase in ozone by now (UNEP/PNUE, 2009; WMO, 2010 and 2014). The current needs are to achieve consistent and reliable measurements in which their exploitation on adapted methods/models can help scientists to follow the ozone evolution and to estimate long term ozone trend. In this work, a variety of ozone products from different instruments was combined in order to create reliable and homogenous dataset to study the ozone variability and trend over the southern tropics and subtropics. The dataset application on wavelets method allowed to identify the dynamic parameters that control ozone variability and their periodicities. These include seasonal variations of climate, the quasi-biennial oscillations, the El-Niño Southern Oscillation and the 11-years solar cycle. The behavior of each parameter and its influence on ozone variability were analysed based on statistical method and the Trend-Run model. The contribution and response of each variable on ozone variability were quantified from the model. The obtained trends results exhibit an increase of total ozone from 1998 to 2012 with a rate varying between 0 and 2.78% par decade (depending of the site and region). The ozone increase was observed mainly above 22 km and it is more important over the subtropical region with respect to equatorial zone.

This work focuses on the Czech stock market. Work is focused on the application of the theory of efficient markets, which is one of the theories explaining the evolution of prices of securities, the stock market in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2008. Efficient market theory represents a random walk, which is used as a tool to describe the phenomenon where the future price changes are random divergence from past prices. The thesis is divided into several parts. The first part presents an actual stock market in the Czech Republic. Because most of the work deals with the analysis yields the PX stock index was that in the next section in detail described and analyzed. Furthermore, the Czech stock market has been analyzed in terms of structure and trading volume. The next section has described the theory of efficient markets. Was described briefly the history of this theory. Another part of this work can be described as a purely practical. First, the work focuses on the market in the one year time series of returns. In second part were analyzed medium-long term consisting of three year time series of returns. The last analyzed period was long term, consisting of eight-year time series of returns from 2000 to 2008.