Unemployment in Austria has been considerably low in the past decades compared to other European countries. Nevertheless, recent increases in the past five years started a controversial discussion about the generous unemployment insurance system in place. The current government, therefore, argues to change the insurance system similar to the German HARTZ IV reform, although the effects on unemployment have proven to be ambiguous in Germany. I introduce a discrete time life-cycle model with endogenous job-search effort to inquire the potential effects of such a reform on long- and short-term unemployment, as well as individuals' job-search incentives. Individuals are ex-ante heterogeneous in their labour income possibilities and are subject to exogenous layoffs throughout their life. The model suggests that the proposed reform would reduce long-term unemployment substantially, however, to the cost of a larger amount of short-term unemployment spells and decreased overall welfare. Job-search effort over the whole life-cycle appears to increase, with the largest differences at the end of the life-cycle.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A teoria da busca por emprego prediz que indivÃduos mais avessos ao risco possuem salÃrios de reserva menores que indivÃduos menos avessos ao risco e, por conseguinte, teriam uma menor probabilidade em estarem desempregados (PISSARIDES, 1974; NACHMAN, 1975; LIPPMAN e McCALL, 1976). EvidÃncias empÃricas para esta hipÃtese, no entanto, sÃo bastante escassas nos mercados de trabalho de paÃses desenvolvidos e praticamente inexistente em paÃses com mercados caracterizados por um alto grau de informalidade. Este trabalho tem por objetivo averiguar esta teoria neste Ãltimo contexto, e mais especificamente para o mercado de Fortaleza-CE (Brasil), utilizando para isso uma base de dados que contÃm informaÃÃes de mercado de trabalho, juntamente com indicadores de comportamento de risco dos indivÃduos. A partir desta base de dados, classificaram-se os indivÃduos quanto à aversÃo ao risco, realizaram-se estimativas de probabilidade de desemprego a partir de modelos Logit, e encontraram-se resultados condizentes com a teoria, principalmente quando se compara indivÃduos nesta condiÃÃo com aqueles no mercado informal. / The job search theory predicts that more risk averse individuals have lower wages than less risk-averse individuals booking and therefore would be less likely to be unemployed (PISSARIDES, 1974; NACHMAN, 1975; LIPPMAN and McCALL, 1976). Empirical evidence for this hypothesis, however, are quite scarce in labor in developed and practically nonexistent in countries with markets characterized by a high degree of informality country markets. This paper aims to investigate this theory in the latter context, and more specifically for the market of Fortaleza, CE (Brazil), using for this purpose a database containing information of the labor market, along with indicators of risk behavior of individuals . From this database, classified themselves as individuals to risk aversion, there were estimates of the probability of unemployment from logit models, and met results consistent with the theory, especially when comparing individuals with this condition those in the informal market.

El libro constituye una guía didáctica para quienes se encuentren en la búsqueda de una carrera profesional. Los consejos, metodologías y ejercicios presentes en la publicación son de suma utilidad para que el lector pueda conocer sus competencias y habilidades que mejor puedan adecuarse a una carrera profesional y después a un determinado campo laboral. También se explican las demandas de los diversos centros laborales y cuál es el tipo de profesional especialista o generalista que requieren en la actualidad. / This book is a teaching guide for those who are in search of a professional career. The advice, methodology and exercises in this book are of much use, so the readers identify the competencies and skills they have and that better adjust to a professional career and later to a certain field of work. The demands of the different workplaces and the type of specialized or general professional required today are also explained.

Den svenska arbetsmarknaden har genomgått en förändring på grund av pandemin och antalet arbetslösa har ökat under det senaste året. För att fortsätta söka arbete är det viktigt att bibehålla motivationen. Därför ämnade författarna att undersöka upplevelser av hur självkännedom, self-efficacy och den nära omgivningen motiverar och visar sig i arbetssökningsprocessen. Åtta respondenter som varit arbetslösa i minst fem månader intervjuades. Metoden tematisering användes vid databearbetningen och sex teman skapades. Teman diskuterades i relation till självkännedom, self-efficacy och den nära omgivningen samt dess betydelse för motivation. Resultatet visade att respondenterna använde sig av självkännedom som bidrag till den inre motivationen. Self-efficacy hade en roll i respondenternas instrumentella motivation och den nära omgivningens roll bidrog till motivation som uppstår i interaktion med andra.  Slutsatsen blev att en god självkännedom och hög self-efficacy bidrar till att upprätthålla motivationsstrategier. Rollen av socialt stöd visade sig vara viktig men inte avgörande för respondenternas motivation.

Students with disabilities in transition programs experience difficulty with finding permanent employment. This study investigated the effects of social media on employment outcomes. Participants included 37 students ages 18 to 22 with moderate to severe disabilities in transition programs in a Western state school system. The student researcher divided 37 participants into two groups: (a) social media job search, or (b) traditional job search. Participants were systematically assigned to one of two groups based on five variables: (a) gender, (b) socioeconomic status (SES), (c) daily computer usage, (d) diagnosis, and (e) participation on social media sites. Social media and traditional groups consisted of 18 and 19 participants, respectively. Groups were further subdivided into two groups of 9-10 participants with procedures carried out in an equivalent manner across those subgroups. The control groups implemented traditional job search methods while the social media groups learned to explore social media in the context of a job search. Variables included (a) job placements, (b) job interviews, and (c) job referrals. The students in all groups met twice weekly for 4 weeks. The researcher found that the social media job search group had higher numbers of job placements, interviews, and referrals compared to the traditional job search group. Seven participants in the social media job search group found employment compared to two in the traditional job search group. Within the social media job search group, there were nine job interviews compared to five in the control group. The participants in the social media job search group received 62 referrals compared to the nine received in the control group. These findings suggest social media may play a role in increasing employment activity and outcomes in post-high school job search endeavors.

Cette thèse explore différents déterminants du comportement de recherche d’emploi, dans le but de comprendre certains des obstacles au retour à l’emploi pour les travailleurs les plus défavorisés. Le premier chapitre est consacré à l’évaluation d’impact d’un programme d’accompagnement collectif innovant pour les jeunes chômeurs des zones urbaines sensibles. Ce programme semble plus efficace qu'un programme classique pour permettre l'accès à un emploi stable. L'effet le plus large est détecté parmi les participants qui sont assignés à un groupe avec des chômeurs en grande difficulté. Dans le second chapitre, j’étudie l’impact d’un choc d’information sur la recherche d’emploi et la probabilité de retour à l’emploi des chômeurs. Mes résultats suggèrent qu’apporter de l’information permettant aux chômeurs d’orienter leurs candidatures vers les entreprises qui ont le plus de chance de faire des recrutements à court-terme peut permettre de corriger certaines inégalités dans l’accès à l’emploi et stimuler la mobilité géographique. Le troisième chapitre explore les mécanismes sous-jacents derrière l’effet négatif de la durée d’assurance chômage sur le taux de retour à l’emploi. Les efforts de recherche augmentent de 25 % dans les mois qui entourent la date de fin des droits à l’assurance chômage, même lorsqu’on neutralise l’impact de la sélection dynamique. Une extension de l’assurance chômage affecte les comportements de recherche d’emploi principalement par un recul du pic dans l’intensité de la recherche d’emploi observé autour de la date de l’épuisement des droits. / My dissertation explores different determinants of job search behavior in order to highlight some obstacles in the access to jobs, in particular among disadvantaged workers. The first chapter evaluates a collective counselling program for young workers from deprived neighborhoods. This program seems more effective in helping participants access a stable job. The largest effect is found among participants assigned to groups with peers who have relatively bad employment prospects. In the second chapter, I study how an information shock affects the job search of unemployed workers and their access to employment. My findings suggest that providing information to help disadvantaged job seekers target firms which have large short-term hiring needs could contribute to correct inequalities in job access and increase geographic mobility. The third chapter explores the mechanisms behind the well-documented negative impact of unemployment insurance on re-employment rate. I highlight a 25% spike in job search intensity in the months surrounding benefits exhaustion, when controlling for dynamic selection. A benefits extension increases unemployment duration mostly by postponing the spike in search intensity associated with benefits exhaustion.

Countries with unemployment insurance (UI) program can effectively conduct a labor market policy and observe the flow of unemployed-employed. But should we just hand UI over to anyone who has no job? Do individual response to the program in terms of their decision to work or to enjoy more leisure unanimously the same across leisure type characteristic individuals? In a heterogeneous constructed labor search market we derive that introduction of the UI program increases the wage gap between the different individuals when the program impacts the productivity of firm positively. In an empirical investigation of the impact of unemployment benefits on the duration of unemployment using a job search model, we specify a distribution of duration of unemployment that we estimate using maximum likelihood estimation and find that there is in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY 97) there are 3 types of individuals and the type of leisure individuals present an adverse response to the program: An increase in UI for the highest leisure type leads to a longer duration of unemployment. Whereas the lowest values of leisure do not tend to have an extended duration of unemployment from a positive change in UI. Finally, the response for the type 2 individuals is completely ambiguous as it could either see them having a prolonged duration of unemployment or a shortened period with no work. So a selective increase in unemployment insurance to those with a relatively low value of leisure may decrease the equilibrium rate of unemployment. The second part of the dissertation focuses on modeling money demand and shocks in Cote D'Ivoire for the period of 1960-2009. Unlike Drama and Yao (2010) our result suggests M1 is not in a long-run equilibrium with its determinants real income and expected inflation and therefore unstable. However, the broad definition M2 is cointegrated with its long-run determinants and it is therefore the most appropriate definition of money for the Cote D'Ivoire economy. As a consequence M2 can be used as an alternative to the interest rate as a long run monetary policy instrument.

Mot bakgrund av de generationsskillnader som finns på arbetsmarknaden var syftet med studien att undersöka hur Generation Y söker arbete som anställd i en kommunal förvaltning i jämförelse med Generation Z. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ fallstudie och riktade in sig på en utvald svensk kommun. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes och ett bekvämlighetsurval (N=14) tillämpades i studien. Respondenterna bestod av fem män och nio kvinnor, födda mellan 2000 och 1982. En tematisk analys genomfördes på det insamlade materialet vilket resulterade i fyra teman (Arbetslivsbalans, En trygg arbetsgivare, Motivationsfaktorer och Kommunens arbetsgivarvarumärke). Studiens resultat visade fler likheter än skillnader. Likheterna var att de två generationerna uppskattade flexibilitet, en trygg arbetsgivare och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Båda generationerna använde sociala medier och LinkedIn vid sökande efter arbete samt var överens om att kommunens rykte måste förbättras. De främsta skillnaderna var Work-Life Balance och lön. En generationsanpassad Employer Branding strategi i kommunen behöver inte bedrivas då resultatet visade fler likheter än skillnader mellan de studerade generationerna.

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