This thesis aims at revealing the fundamental guiding and coupling properties of nonreciprocal electromagnetic surface waves on magneto-optical or gyromagnetic media and designing novel applications based on the properties. We introduce the background in the first chapter. We then describe the concept of nonreciprocity and the main calculation method in the second chapter. In the third chapter, we show that one-way waves can be sustained at the edge of a gyromagnetic photonic crystal slab under an external magnetic field. We also investigate the coupling between two parallel one-way waveguides. We reveal the condition for effective co-directional and contra-directional coupling. We also notice that the contra-directional coupling is related to the concept of a “trapped rainbow”. In the fourth chapter, we address the concept of a “trapped rainbow”. It aims at trapping different frequency components of the electromagnetic wave packet at different positions in space permanently. In previous structures, the entire incident wave is reflected due to the strong contra-directional coupling between forward and backward modes. To overcome this difficulty, we show that utilizing nonreciprocal waveguides under a tapered external magnetic field can achieve a truly “trapped rainbow” effect at microwave frequencies. We observe hot spots and relatively long duration times around critical positions through simulations and find that such a trapping effect is robust against disorders. Lastly, in the fifth chapter, we study the one-way waves in a surface magnetoplasmon cavity. We find that the external magnetic field can separate the clockwise and anti-clockwise cavity modes into two totally different frequency ranges. This offers us more choices, both in the frequency ranges and in the one-way directions, for realizing one-way components. We also show the waveguide-cavity coupling by designing a circulator, which establishes the foundation for potential applications. / <p>QC 20160816</p><p></p>

We study risk pooling via unidirectional lateral transshipments between two locations under local decision-making. Unidirectional transshipments can be applicable when cost structures and/or capabilities differ between locations, and it is also a common practice in dual channel supply chains with online and offline sales channels. We show that such a system cannot be coordinated only with varying transshipment prices. The transshipment receiver orders more and the transshipment giver orders less than the respective optimal centralised order quantities. In order to remove this discrepancy, we suggest horizontal coordinationmechanisms by introducing a leftover subsidy for the location providing the transshipments or a shortage subsidy for the location receiving transshipments as well as a combination of shortage and leftover subsidy. Further, we evaluate the impact of network structure by comparing the equilibrium order quantities and profits under the uni- and bidirectional systems as well as a system without transshipments. Since demand correlation is a critical aspect in risk pooling we provide a detailed numerical study to discuss its impact on our findings.

Deployment and Strategies for Application of Intelligent Transportation System Elements for Contra Flow Hurricane Evacuation and Emergency Response Ingrid Leuchtenmueller Birenbaum ABSTRACT This thesis is focused upon the deployment and strategies for the application of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) elements for contra flow hurricane evacuation and emergency response. A 99-mile segment of the Mainline of Florida's Turnpike, State Road 91, comprises the research corridor. This segment stands as the potential one way evacuation route for major hurricane evacuations and other types of natural and man-made disasters for the Turnpike System. Plans have been developed and modified over time to address and improve various facets of contra flow evacuations; however, none of these plans have considered advanced transportation technologies as a means through which operational improvements may be implemented. This study presents the ways in which this present-day evacuation corridor may be enhanced through the proactive application of technologies. ITS provides for the betterment of operations, communications, and procedures for emergency situations in real-time. Improvements in effectiveness and efficiency of the contra flow corridor are realized through the instrumentation of the evacuation route, and benefits are realized by all involved in the evacuation scenario: transportation agencies and their many partners, law enforcement and emergency managers, and the public. This thesis presents a proposal for a migration plan to full roadway instrumentation and ITS deployment that allows for evolving capabilities and protocols. Specific strategies outline steps to be taken that are not entirely dependent upon technology; these strategies are therefore flexible and usable for a growing ITS program. ITS deployment and strategies for use of the evolving Intelligent Transportation System are of benefit to normal, everyday roadway operations as well. However, the application of these technologies and strategies provide specific, vital benefits during the course of emergency events that utilize contra flow operations, ensuring the promotion of motorist safety and mobility through the combination of people and technologies.

An analytical method for determining the crack spacing and crack width in reinforced concrete beams and one-way slabs is presented in this thesis. The locations and the distribution of cracks developed in a loaded member are predicted using the calculated concrete stress distributions near flexural cracks. To determine the stresses, a concrete block bounded by top and bottom faces and two transverse sections of the beam is isolated and analysed by the finite element method. Two types of blocks are analysed. They are: (i) block adjacent to the first flexural crack, and (ii) block in between successive cracks. The calculated concrete stress distribution adjacent to the first flexural crack is used to predict the locations of primary cracks (cracks formed at sections where the stresses have not been influenced by nearby cracks). The concrete stress distributions in between successive cracks, calculated for various crack spacings and load levels, are used to predict the formation of secondary cracks in between existing cracks. The maximum, minimum and the average crack spacing at a given load level are determined using the particular crack spacing that would produce a concrete tensile stress equal to the flexural strength of concrete. The resulting crack width at reinforcement level is determined as the relative difference in elastic extensions of steel and surrounding concrete. The accuracy of the present method is verified by comparing the predicted spacing and width of cracks with those measured by others. The analytical method presented in this thesis is subsequently used to investigate the effects of various variables on the spacing and width of cracks, and the results are presented. These results are used to select the set of parameters that has the most significant effect. A parametric study is then carried out by re-calculating the spacing and width of cracks for the selected parameters. Based on the results of this parametric study, new formulas are developed for the prediction of spacing and width of cracks. The accuracy of these formulas is ascertained by comparing the predicted values and those measured by other investigators on various types of beams under different load levels. The calculated stress distributions between successive cracks are also used to develop a new method of incorporating the tension stiffening effect in deflection calculation. First, curvature values at sections between adjacent cracks are determined under different load levels, using the concrete and steel stresses. These results are used to develop an empirical formula to determine the curvature at any section between adjacent cracks. To verify the accuracy of the new method, short-term deflections are calculated using the curvature values evaluated by the proposed formula for a number of beams, and the results are compared with those measured by others.

In the study of quantum computation, data is represented in terms of linear operators which form a generalized model of probability, and computations are most commonly described as products of unitary transformations, which are the transformations which preserve the quality of the data in a precise sense. This naturally leads to unitary circuit models, which are models of computation in which unitary operators are expressed as a product of "elementary" unitary transformations. However, unitary transformations can also be effected as a composition of operations which are not all unitary themselves: the one-way measurement model is one such model of quantum computation. In this thesis, we examine the relationship between representations of unitary operators and decompositions of those operators in the one-way measurement model. In particular, we consider different circumstances under which a procedure in the one-way measurement model can be described as simulating a unitary circuit, by considering the combinatorial structures which are common to unitary circuits and two simple constructions of one-way based procedures. These structures lead to a characterization of the one-way measurement patterns which arise from these constructions, which can then be related to efficiently testable properties of graphs. We also consider how these characterizations provide automatic techniques for obtaining complete measurement-based decompositions, from unitary transformations which are specified by operator expressions bearing a formal resemblance to path integrals. These techniques are presented as a possible means to devise new algorithms in the one-way measurement model, independently of algorithms in the unitary circuit model.

In the study of quantum computation, data is represented in terms of linear operators which form a generalized model of probability, and computations are most commonly described as products of unitary transformations, which are the transformations which preserve the quality of the data in a precise sense. This naturally leads to unitary circuit models, which are models of computation in which unitary operators are expressed as a product of "elementary" unitary transformations. However, unitary transformations can also be effected as a composition of operations which are not all unitary themselves: the one-way measurement model is one such model of quantum computation. In this thesis, we examine the relationship between representations of unitary operators and decompositions of those operators in the one-way measurement model. In particular, we consider different circumstances under which a procedure in the one-way measurement model can be described as simulating a unitary circuit, by considering the combinatorial structures which are common to unitary circuits and two simple constructions of one-way based procedures. These structures lead to a characterization of the one-way measurement patterns which arise from these constructions, which can then be related to efficiently testable properties of graphs. We also consider how these characterizations provide automatic techniques for obtaining complete measurement-based decompositions, from unitary transformations which are specified by operator expressions bearing a formal resemblance to path integrals. These techniques are presented as a possible means to devise new algorithms in the one-way measurement model, independently of algorithms in the unitary circuit model.

The purpose of this study is to gain increased understanding of managers´ attitudes and knowledge about its role in the internal organizational communication. We want to understand how managers define dialogue and further understand the role that dialogue plays for managers. We want to see whether the different managers highlight some common foundations or differences in the dialogue. With the help of the following two questions we wish to understand managers´ relationship to the dialogue within the internal organizational communication:   -What meaning does the dialogue have for managers in the private sector? -What role does the dialogue play in the internal organizational communication according to these managers?   We use qualitative interviews as the data collection method of our material. Using material from the interviews and mainly in accordance with William Isaacs’ theory of dialogue, we can answer our questions.   The result shows that managers' views on the dialogue in many cases are similar to Isaacs’ vision but differs in part. The managers believe that employees are there to contribute to the company. The dialogue is used so that the employees in the business understand and reach the financial goals and visions. Isaacs says that all people are part of a whole and the dialogue is needed to achieve agreement and change. Isaacs also takes up the four pillars of an effective dialogue: listen, respect, await and talk undisguised.  Several of the managers agree with Isaacs that there has to exist a certain platform for an effective dialogue. We discovered three categories of the dialogues’ meaning and role for the managers and that the categories depend on the type of organization. All managers believe that the dialogue’s role is an important part of a well functioning organization. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att få ökad förståelse kring chefers syn och kunskap om dialogens betydelse inom den interna organisationskommunikationen.  Vi vill förstå hur chefer definierar dialog och vidare försöka förstå vilken roll dialogen spelar för chefer. Vi vill se om de olika cheferna belyser några gemensamma grundpelare eller skillnader vad gäller dialog. Med hjälp av följande två frågeställningar önskar vi förstå chefers relation till dialogen inom intern organisationskommunikation:    - Vad betyder dialog för chefer inom den privata sektorn? - Vilken roll spelar dialogen i den interna organisationskommunikationen enligt dessa chefer?   Vi använder oss av kvalitativa intervjuer som insamlingsmetod av vårt material. Med hjälp av materialet från intervjuerna och huvudsakligen William Isaacs teori om dialogen kan vi besvara våra frågeställningar.    Resultatet visar att chefers syn på dialogen i många fall är lik Isaacs syn men skiljer sig delvis.  Cheferna anser att människan är till för verksamheten och dialogen är till för att människorna i verksamheten ska kunna förstå och nå de ekonomiska mål och visioner vilka är uppsatta. Isaacs menar att alla är delar av en helhet och dialogen krävs för att kunna uppnå samförstånd och förändring. Isaacs tar även upp fyra grundpelare för en fungerande dialog; lyssna, respektera, avvakta och tala oförställt. Flera av cheferna håller med Isaacs om grunderna för en dialog. Vi kommer fram till tre kategorier för dialogens betydelse och roll för cheferna och att kategorierna är beroende av verksamhetstypen.  Samtliga chefer anser att dialogens roll är en viktig del för en fungerande verksamhet.

Cholera remains a threat to public health in many developing countries, including Mozambique. Although the disease is easily preventable by practices of hygiene and sanitation, cases are reported in the country every year, as for example in the Lago district in 2015. This qualitative research project set out to explore in what ways the promotion of hygiene and sanitation practices on district level in Mozambique is carried out. Therefore, actors, messages and channels involved in these communication processes were explored via a field study in Lago and a review of relevant literature. Subsequently, the results of the field study and literature review were analysed by applying the concepts of one-way and two-way communication which are part of public relations theory. This analytical framework allowed the researchers to fill a gap identified in the existing literature about hygiene and sanitation promotion, which did not seem to include communication theories linked to public relation practices when it came to hygiene and sanitation promotion in developing countries as a method to prevent cholera. It has been found that the one-way communication approach towards the public was successful in handling the recent cholera outbreak of 2015, however, the approach is not substantial and should be improved into a two-way communication approach, which would allow the local population to express their needs in hygiene and sanitation, as well as their capabilities to implement change in these matters. Simultaneously, a lack of resources within the district authorities involved in hygiene and sanitation promotion seems to encourage one-way communication towards the public from their side, as two-way communication would demand further resources for research into the above mentioned needs and capabilities of communities.

Every day data communication networks carry more and more information, which sometimes is very important and needs to be delivered in time. To achieve that, data transfer networks must meet quality requirements that are formed in SLA contracts between clients and service providers. Supplied data transfer link’s quality is described by worldwide defined quality metrics, which include: one way delay, IP delay variation, link loss and round trip time. In order to measure these metrics, special software was created during projects “QoS monitoring system” first phase. This paper continues the project and explores available tuning methods for created software including time synchronization and mobility problems in order to provide better accuracy with higher mobility. New system topology and time offset correction using measurement packets were proposed during the analysis part. Possible system improvements were put to test in order to evaluate the efficiency during the experiment.

abstract: This dissertation considers two different kinds of two-hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay networks with beamforming (BF). First, "one-way" amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) MIMO BF relay networks are considered, in which the relay amplifies or decodes the received signal from the source and forwards it to the destination, respectively, where all nodes beamform with multiple antennas to obtain gains in performance with reduced power consumption. A direct link from source to destination is included in performance analysis. Novel systematic upper-bounds and lower-bounds to average bit or symbol error rates (BERs or SERs) are proposed. Second, "two-way" AF MIMO BF relay networks are investigated, in which two sources exchange their data through a relay, to improve the spectral efficiency compared with one-way relay networks. Novel unified performance analysis is carried out for five different relaying schemes using two, three, and four time slots in sum-BER, the sum of two BERs at both sources, in two-way relay networks with and without direct links. For both kinds of relay networks, when any node is beamforming simultaneously to two nodes (i.e. from source to relay and destination in one-way relay networks, and from relay to both sources in two-way relay networks), the selection of the BF coefficients at a beamforming node becomes a challenging problem since it has to balance the needs of both receiving nodes. Although this "BF optimization" is performed for BER, SER, and sum-BER in this dissertation, the solution for optimal BF coefficients not only is difficult to implement, it also does not lend itself to performance analysis because the optimal BF coefficients cannot be expressed in closed-form. Therefore, the performance of optimal schemes through bounds, as well as suboptimal ones such as strong-path BF, which beamforms to the stronger path of two links based on their received signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), is provided for BERs or SERs, for the first time. Since different channel state information (CSI) assumptions at the source, relay, and destination provide different error performance, various CSI assumptions are also considered. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2012