Introduktionen av AJAX har möjliggjort skapandet av dynamiska webbapplikationer på Internet. Dessa dynamiska webbapplikationer bygger på att skicka data mellan klient och server med hjälp av asynkrona förfrågningar. Detta görs med hjälp av ett serialiseringsformat som används för att kompaktera data och möjliggöra kommunikation mellan olika programmeringsspråk. Binära serialiseringsformat har konsistent visat sig prestera bättre än de textbaserade alternativen på plattformar som tillåter binär transport av data. AJAX är en plattform som endast tillåter textbaserad transport av data. Detta arbete syftar till att jämföra prestandan av textbaserade och binära serialiseringsformat för AJAX med hjälp av bland annat round-trip time. Arbetet har utförts genom att skapa en webbapplikation som utför prestandamätningar med hjälp av olika datamängder med varierande storlek och innehåll. Resultaten visar att binära serialiseringsformat endast skulle kunna vara ett tänkbart alternativ när det rör sig om webbapplikationer som skickar mycket sifferdominant data.

IETF proposes the Differentiated Service(DiffServ) architecture for next-generation QoS networks. The main features of a DiffServ network are high scalability and compatibility. However, lacking of supporting QoS for individual flows becomes a problem. To remedy this problem, we propose an effective TCP transmission (ETCP) scheme based on the characteristics of TCP. The goal of this thesis is to make TCP transmission more effective. Because of the network complexity, we need to modify both the Ingress and Egress nodes. At Ingress node, we measure TCP congestion window(cwnd) and Round Trip Time(RTT), while at Egress node we monitor the throughput and embed a feedback ratio into TCP header of the acknowledge packets. When the throughput is below or over the target throughput, we adjust DSCP dynamically. The adjustment depends on both measured TCP congestion window and RTT. Each DSCP value is mapped with a delay time through Delayed-FIFO. Changing the delay time in Ingress node, we are able to control TCP transmission associated with RTT more effectively. For the purpose of the demonstration, we implement our scheme on Linux platform. We discuss the performance difference between the theoretical and practical results through experiments. Besides, from the implementation, we have shown that our proposed architecture is workable and compatible with today¡¦s network environment.

In these few years, gradually Internet develops to wideband, multimedia is being used on video or music. In addition, the use of IP Multicast must be based on the deployment of routers, which is too difficult to arrange. Utilities of Application Layer Multicast is in the middle and just between IP Multicast and Unicast.Therefore, in this paper, Application Layer Multicast is still worth to study it. In this paper, is applied effectively build the Application Layer Multicast. Control through the IP Anycast Technique, we can lower the time for host join the Multicast Tree. Every host can join the nearest cluster. We use the hierarchical cluster-based Method in order to serve more hosts. This concept about cluster can substantially decrease control overhead. The Complete Binary Trees lower the cluster leader¡¦s burden, also phased RTT decided effectively the transit sequence. In Summary, associate techniques with methods, to make up the defects from NICE and I-Zigzag.

Every day data communication networks carry more and more information, which sometimes is very important and needs to be delivered in time. To achieve that, data transfer networks must meet quality requirements that are formed in SLA contracts between clients and service providers. Supplied data transfer link’s quality is described by worldwide defined quality metrics, which include: one way delay, IP delay variation, link loss and round trip time. In order to measure these metrics, special software was created during projects “QoS monitoring system” first phase. This paper continues the project and explores available tuning methods for created software including time synchronization and mobility problems in order to provide better accuracy with higher mobility. New system topology and time offset correction using measurement packets were proposed during the analysis part. Possible system improvements were put to test in order to evaluate the efficiency during the experiment.

No description available.

In this master thesis project, a new protocol called the Round Trip Time (RTT) protocol is implemented and verified. It helps determine the Ethernet clock frequency offset between two communicating nodes. The detection of this offset between nodes is a way to reduce the clock synchronization error. Ethernet is the basis on which a large amount of communication takes place in the world. Either it is used for exchanging data from one device to another or to connect devices to the internet. Due to the absence of clocks being exchanged between the various Ethernet communicating nodes, clock phase and frequency offsets can be present which leads to clock de-synchronization between the various nodes and results in lower system throughput. In the telecommunication industry, synchronization error between base stations can lead to lower throughput, performance degradation and packet loss. Also, with the introduction of 5G, stringent requirements will be placed on the clock synchronization errors.Currently, the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is used to detect and correct clock synchronization errors. The PTP implementation reduces the clock synchronization error but it is still quite large. Hence, it is necessary to find a protocol which can work together with the PTP protocol to reduce this error. This thesis will introduce a new way to determine the clock frequency offset between nodes through the implementation of the RTT protocol. Through the course of this project, the clock frequency offset was determined by the RTT protocol. By comparing the expected and the theoretical clock offsets, it was concluded that the two values were very similar. The error between the offsets was in the range of 2.349-15.687 parts per billion (ppb) of the link frequency. Thus, the RTT protocol accurately and precisely determined the clock frequency offset between two Ethernet communicating nodes. This protocol is also extended to determine the clock frequency offset between two nodes transmitting periodic signals. For future works, this protocol can be combined with the PTP protocol and a way to determine the clock phase offset will be investigated. / I detta examensarbete implementerades och verifierades ett nytt protokoll, kallat Round Trip Time (RTT)-protokollet, som hjälper till att bestämma Ethernets klockfrekvensförskjutning mellan två kommunicerande noder. Denna fastställda förskjutning mellan de två noderna är ett sätt att reducera klocksynkroniseringsfelet. Ethernet är grunden i en stor del av dagens kommunikation i världen. Antingen används det för informationsutbyte mellan två enheter, eller för att ansluta till internet. Då det saknas ett utbyte av referensklocka mellan de olika kommunikationsnoderna på Ethernet, kan det uppstå klockfasoch frekvensförskjutning som leder till att klockan desynkroniseras mellan de olika noderna och därmed ger ett minskat dataflöde. I telekommunikationsindustrin kan ett synkronisationsfel mellan basstationer leda till minskat dataflöde, sämre prestanda och paketförlust. I och med introduktionen av 5G kommer stränga krav att ställas på klocksynkronisationsfelen.För närvarande används Precision Time Protocol (PTP) för att upptäcka och korrigera klocksynkroniseringsfelen. Implementationen av PTP reducerar klocksynkroniseringsfelet, men det är fortfarande relativt stort. Därav är det nödvändigt att hitta ett protokoll som kan arbeta tillsammans med PTP för att reducera detta fel. Detta arbete kommer att introducera ett nytt sätt att bestämma klockfrekvensförskjutningen genom implementation av RTT-protokollet. I detta arbete bestämdes klockfrekvensförskjutningen av RTT-protokollet. Genom att jämföra det förväntade och faktiska värdet på klockförskjutningen kunde slutsatsen dras att de två värdena var väldigt lika. Felet var i storleksordningen av 2,349-15,687 parts per billion (ppb) i linkfrekvensen. Således bestämmer RTT-protokollet korrekt och exakt klockfrekvensförskjutningen mellan de två kommunikationsnoderna i Ethernet. Protokollet utökas också för att bestämma klockfrekvensförskjutningen mellan två noder som sänder en periodisk signal. För framtida arbete kan detta protokoll kombineras med PTP-protokollet, och det ska även undersökas ett sätt för att bestämma klockfasförskjutningen.

This Bachelor thesis presents an in-depth investigation into the effects of RogueAccess Point interference within Internet of Things networks. The study focuses onthe impact of rogue APs on the modulation and coding scheme indices, round triptime, and overall network performance. The presence of a rogue AP was found toshift devices from dual-stream to single-stream operation, causing a decrease in themodulation and coding scheme indices and data rates. Additionally, a significantincrease in round trip time was observed, emphasizing the detrimental impact ofrogue AP interference on network latency. The insights gained from this researchcontribute to a greater understanding of the challenges posed by rogue APinterference. This deeper comprehension paves the way for devising effectivestrategies to mitigate these impacts, thereby enhancing the reliability, security, andperformance of IoT networks. / Detta examensarbete presenterar en grundlig undersökning av effekterna avstörande åtkomstpunkter (Rogue Access Points) inom nätverk för Sakernas Internet(Internet of Things). Studien fokuserar på störande åtkomstpunkter inverkan påmodulations- och kodningsschemaindex (MCS), round trip time och denövergripande nätverksprestandan. När en störande åtkomstpunkt blev närvarandetvingades enheterna att omställa sig från att använda dubbelströmsoperation tillenkelströmsoperation, vilket ledde till en minskning av MCS-index ochdatahastigheter. Dessutom observerades en betydande ökning av RTT, vilketbetonar den skadliga inverkan av störande åtkomstpunkt interferens pånätverkslatens. De insikter som vunnits bidrar till en större förståelse för deutmaningar som störande åtkomstpunkter interferens medför. Denna djupareförståelse banar väg för att utforma effektiva strategier för att mildra dessa effekter,vilket i sin tur förbättrar tillförlitligheten, säkerheten och prestanda för IoT-nätverk.

Obtaining data simultaneously from different sensors located on different mobile devices can be useful for applications such as sports and medicine. In order for the data from the different sensors to be combined for analysis, the mobile devices need to be time synchronized first. This paper presents an application that can be used to calculate the difference between the internal clocks of two android devices using a combination of the Cristian and Marzullo algorithms. Different methods to connect the devices over Wi-Fi as well as the internet are tested to determine the optimal method for clock synchronization. The paper also validates the synchronization by testing different sensors on two identical android smartphones. The results show that clock synchronization between two mobile devices can be achieved with a round-trip time of 2 milliseconds or less using Wi-Fi Direct. Validation of the synchronization shows that a delay of 7 milliseconds or less can be achieved between two sensors of the same type on two identical android smartphones. It also shows that the least achievable delay between sensors of different types is 16 milliseconds. The conclusion is that once two android smartphones’ clocks are synchronized, only data from sensors of the same type can be combined, with the exception of the camera sensor. Further testing with more robust equipment is needed in order to eliminate human error which could possibly yield more desirable results. / Att erhålla data från olika sensorer som finns på olika mobila enheter kan vara användbart inom exempelvis sport och medicin. För att data från de olika sensorerna ska kunna kombineras för analys måste de mobila enheterna tidssynkroniseras först. Denna rapport presenterar en applikation som kan användas för att beräkna skillnaden mellan de interna klockorna på två Android enheter med en kombination av Cristian- och Marzullo -algoritmerna. Olika metoder för att ansluta enheterna via både Wi-Fi och internet testas för att bestämma den optimala metoden för tidssynkronisering. Rapporten validerar också synkroniseringen genom att testa olika sensorer på två identiska Android -smartphones. Resultaten visar att klocksynkronisering mellan två mobila enheter kan uppnås med en round-trip time på 2 millisekunder eller mindre med Wi-Fi Direct. Validering av synkroniseringen visar att en fördröjning på 7 millisekunder eller mindre kan uppnås mellan två sensorer av samma typ på två identiska Android -smartphones. Det visar också att den minst möjliga fördröjningen mellan sensorer av olika typer är 16 millisekunder. Slutsatsen är att när två Android smartphones är tidssynkroniserade kan endast data från sensorer av samma typ kombineras, med undantag för kamerasensorn. Ytterligare tester med mer robust utrustning behövs för att eliminera mänskliga fel vilket kan möjligen ge mer önskvärda resultat.

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. There are different cloud services of which cloud Infrastructure as a service enables a company to grow very fast. All small and large-scale companies are shifting their applications towards cloud. As usage of the internet all over the world, the number of video applications are increasing more and becoming popular. Smart phones use wireless networks to transfer large amount of data. Users access the video application from the cloud through web browsers in laptop and smart phone. First, a systematic literature review is conducted on the performance issues of cloud infrastructure as a service. Second, the performance metrics jitter, round trip time and page loading time are analyzed while accessing a video application from the cloud. Finally, results are analyzed for various browsers in Smartphone and laptop. From the obtained results it helps the users to choose better browser for accessing cloud applications.

Preventive maintenance is a process employed to reduce probability of failure or degradation of equipment. When such a process is performed by humans without a computerized solution, human errors are bound to take place. A computerized solution could reduce human errors by automatically performing tasks which are prone to error. A React web and a React Native application are created to evaluate which framework is most suitable for use in a preventive maintenance process based on three criteria. The criteria are round-trip request times, lines of code and delivery time based on build size. Results show that the React web application outperforms the React Native application in all three categories.