Les données disponibles sur le Web sont généralement de deux natures : (1) des données non structurées ou semi-structurées difficilement exploitables de manière automatique ou (2) des données structurées destinées à une utilisation particulière, difficilement réutilisables par d’autres applications. Le Web de données est une application du Web sémantique facilitant l’accès, le partage et l’alignement des données. Il existe actuellement de très nombreuses données disponibles sur le Web, mais qui ne sont pas publiées en suivant les principes du Web de données liées. Elles nécessiteraient d’être transformées en bases de connaissances. Nous proposons une méthodologie innovante qui permet de transformer plusieurs sources simultanément et non séquentiellement. Cette méthodologie permet la fusion de plusieurs sources de données orientée par des patrons de conception du domaine. Notre méthodologie spécifie la modélisation attendue du domaine en définissant la partie haute d’un module ontologique. Une chaîne de processus enrichit ce module par des éléments issus des sources : transformation syntaxique des sources, alignement, identification des éléments équivalents pour construire des candidats, calcul de score de confiance des candidats, filtrage des candidats. Notre travail part de l’hypothèse suivante : si un élément apparaît dans plusieurs sources, alors la possibilité qu’il appartienne au domaine d’étude est accrue. Nous avons défini différentes fonctions de calcul de la confiance consensuelle d’un candidat en mettant en évidence plusieurs caractéristiques comme le consensus entre sources ou la connectivité entre éléments d’un même candidat. Nous posons une deuxième hypothèse : un élément ne doit apparaître que dans un seul candidat pour obtenir une modélisation correcte. Cette hypothèse nous amène à définir la notion d’incompatibilité entre candidats. Nous pouvons considérer alors l’extraction des candidats qui ne partagent pas d’éléments, ce qui permet de faciliter le travail de validation. Pour évaluer nos propositions, nous avons mené trois expérimentations. La première a porté sur le domaine de la classification taxonomique des blés. Cette expérimentation nous a permis d’analyser la qualité des candidats générés avec l’aide de trois experts du domaine. La deuxième expérimentation a porté sur le même domaine et nous a permis de valider le temps gagné par un expert lors de la validation des candidats en considérant les incompatibilités. Pour la dernière expérimentation nous avons utilisé les données d’une campagne d’évaluation de systèmes d’alignements. Nous avons adaptés ces données pour évaluer la génération de candidats et la définition du score de confiance sur un grand jeu de données. Nous proposons une implémentation de cette proposition dans un outil réutilisable et paramétrable : Muskca. Celui-ci permet la fusion multi-sources pour la génération d’une base de connaissances consensuelle. L’application de nos travaux dans le domaine de l’agriculture nous a permis de constituer une base de connaissances sur la taxonomie des plantes. Cette base de connaissances permettra la représentation d’observations des attaques des agresseurs sur les cultures, ainsi que les techniques de traitement des agresseurs. Cette base de connaissances permettra de publier les données disponibles mais aussi d’annoter les nombreux documents mobilisables pour faire évoluer les pratiques agricoles. / The data available on the Web are generally of two kinds: (1) non structured data or semi structured data, which are difficult to exploit automatically; or (2) structured data, dedicated to a specific usage, which are difficult to reuse for a different application. The Linked Open Data is a Semantic Web application facilitating access, share ability and alignment of data. There are many data available on the Web, but these are not always published using the Linked Open Data theory and thus need to be transformed into knowledge bases. An innovative methodology is proposed in this work: one that transforms several sources simultaneously, not sequentially. This methodology merges several data sources oriented by domain design patterns and defines the expected domain representation using the upper part of an ontological module. A process chain enriches this module with elements from the sources: syntactic transformation of the sources, alignment, identification of equivalent elements for the construction of candidates, computation of the candidates’ trust scores and candidate filtering. This work is based on the following hypothesis: if an element appears in several sources then the possibility that it belongs to the studied domain is increased. Several functions were defined in order to compute the consensual trust score of a specific candidate by bringing out such characteristics as the consensus between the sources or the connectivity between the elements within a given candidate. A second hypothesis is put forward: to obtain a valid design, an element must be part of one candidate only. This hypothesis resulted in the definition of the notion of incompatibility between the candidates. The extraction of the candidates that do not share elements can then be considered, which made the experts’ validation task easier. To evaluate the proposals, three experiments were conducted. The first one dealt with the taxonomic classification of wheat. With the assistance of three experts, this experiment made for the analysis of the validation of the generated candidates. The second experiment, still in the same domain, lead to the evaluation of the time an expert saved using the notion of incompatibility during the validation of the candidates. As for the last experiment, the data from an evaluation campaign of alignment systems were used. These data had to be adapted to evaluate the generation of the candidates and the definition of the consensual trust score on a large data set. These three proposals were implemented in a new reusable and configurable tool: Muskca. This tool allows a multi-source fusion for the generation of a consensual knowledge base. This methodology was applied to agriculture, which allowed the creation of a knowledge base on plant taxonomy. The knowledge base will be used to represent the observations of pest attacks on crops along with pest treatment techniques. Not only will this knowledge base help the publication of the available data but it will also allow the annotation of the various documents that will be used, so as to improve agricultural practices.

O objetivo deste trabalho é pesquisar e classificar as diversas concepções filosóficas sobre o mundo físico e a ciência em um grupo específico de físicos: professores do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo. O trabalho começou com a criação de um questionário envolvendo julgamentos ou opiniões sobre alguns assuntos da física, sempre procurando abordar conceitos fundamentais da filosofia da ciência, como verdade, realismo, reducionismo, determinismo, natureza do tempo físico, objetivos da ciência e visões religiosas. De posse desse questionário realizamos entrevistas com dez professores do Instituto de Física da USP e então partimos para as análises dessas respostas. A metodologia utilizada seguiu os princípios da pesquisa qualitativa associada à análise de conteúdo. Isso que nos permitiu o estabelecimento de critérios de classificação para as diversas concepções filosóficas encontradas nas respostas dos entrevistados e a criação de categorias que foram ilustradas com representações diagramáticas. Com esta pesquisa, pretende-se deixar abertos caminhos para que, no futuro, possam ser investigadas conexões com o ensino na sala de aula, os livros didáticos, práticas pedagógicas, estratégias de ensino, novas sequências didáticas, etc. Além disso, espera-se que essa pesquisa possa tornar-se um forte aliado no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de determinados fenômenos, influenciando também a maneira como a natureza da ciência é apresentada e como a Física é ensinada. / The aim of this study is to investigate and classify the various philosophical conceptions about the physical world and science in a specific group of physicists: teachers of the Institute of Physics at the University of São Paulo (USP). The work began with the creation of a questionnaire involving judgments or opinions on some subjects of physics, addressing fundamental concepts of philosophy of science, such as truth, realism, reductionism, determinism, nature of physical time, aims of science, and religious views. With this questionnaire, interviews were conducted with ten professors from the Institute of Physics of USP, and then an analysis of the answers was made. The methodology used followed the principles of qualitative research associated with content analysis. This enabled us to establish criteria for classification for the various philosophical concepts found in the answers of the respondents, and to create categories that were illustrated with diagrammatic representations. We hope that in the future this research can be connected to issues in classroom teaching, textbooks, teaching practices, teaching strategies, new didactic sequences, etc. In addition, we hope that this research can become a strong ally in the teaching-learning process of certain phenomena, influencing the way the nature of science is presented and how physics is taught.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-08T22:09:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thayla_Gevehr_2016.pdf: 1349570 bytes, checksum: 48ceaa56e02ec2849e497123dfc2998e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T22:09:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thayla_Gevehr_2016.pdf: 1349570 bytes, checksum: 48ceaa56e02ec2849e497123dfc2998e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation’s objective is to interpret the passage 433 d of The Republic. There, Plato affirms that Justice, virtue wich he investigates on the dialogue, rivals (pólemos) with the virtues of wisdom, temperance and bravery. So to understand what this ‘war’ means, we can find a path in Heidegger’s interpretation of Heráclito. Heidegger interprets pólemos as an originary fight, as an announcement of the difference between Being and beings. By saying that difference, by remaining together with the question of Being of being, Heraclitus was considered an original thinker. Unlike Heraclitus, Plato’s doctrine analyzed by Heidegger doesn’t give him a place among the original thinkers: he places Plato as the one who initiated metaphysics. That happens because, according to the german philosopher, Plato would have promoted a transformation on the essence of truth: the truth loses its unveiling character for a corresponding one. The origin of this transformation can be identified on “allegory of the cave”. Plato tells, on this myth, how the cave’s prisoner exceeds the scoupes of unveiling towards what is maximally present, the Idea. As narrated on the myth, the prisoner deals with the shadows, what is not constant in itself, and, after breaking free, he meets the Idea, what is properly being, the apparent. Knowing the Idea, the prisoner realize that the shadows are less real (less being) than it; realize that the Idea, the more constant, the more present, is the ground of all of the things in which he dealt with in the cave (the shadows). By saying that the ground is more present, Plato would have promoted an identification of the Being with the beings, losing sight, thus, of the difference. Even if we could bring the heideggerian interpretation of pólemos to conduct us on the reading and interpretation of the passage of the platonic dialogue, which is relative to Justice and to war between the virtues, we are prevented of silencing ourselves regarding his interpretation of Plato. Therefore, we evaluate it and suggest an alternative path to it, a path that sought from the relation between Justice, pólemos and Good (concepts presented in The Republic), aids to think Plato as an original philosopher. / O objetivo desta dissertação é interpretar a passagem 433 d da República; ali, Platão afirma que a Justiça, virtude que investiga no diálogo, rivaliza (e o termo de referência é pólemos) com as virtudes de sabedoria, temperança e coragem. Para que pudéssemos entender o que esta guerra significa, buscamos na interpretação heideggeriana de Heráclito um caminho. Heidegger interpreta pólemos como luta originária, anúncio da diferença entre ser e ente. Por dizer a diferença, por se manter junto da questão pelo ser dos entes, Heráclito foi considerado um pensador originário, por Heidegger. Diferentemente de Heráclito, a doutrina de Platão, vista por Heidegger, não tem lugar junto à dos pensadores originários; o pensador alemão o concebe como iniciador da metafísica. Platão teria promovido uma transformação na essência da verdade, que perderia seu caráter de desvelamento para assumir o de correspondência. A origem dessa transformação pode ser identificada na “alegoria da caverna”. Platão conta, nesse mito, como um prisioneiro ultrapassa os âmbitos de desvelamento rumo ao que é maximamente presente: a Ideia. O prisioneiro lida, de início, com as “sombras”, o que não é constante em si mesmo; depois de se libertar, conhece a Ideia, o que é propriamente ente, o “mais aparente”; compreende que as sombras são menos verdadeiras (menos entes) e que o mais constante, o mais presente, é fundamento de todas as “coisas” com as quais lidava na caverna (as sombras). Por dizer que o fundamento é o mais presente, Platão teria promovido uma identificação do ser com o ente simplesmente presente, perdendo de vista, assim, a diferença para co o ser. Para alem de meramente trazer a interpretação heideggeriana de pólemos para nos orientar na leitura e interpretação da passagem do diálogo platônico relativa à Justiça e à guerra entre as virtudes, ficamos impedidos de silenciar quanto à sua interpretação geral de Platão. Por isso, avaliamo-la e sugerimos um caminho alternativo, um caminho que buscou, a partir da relação entre Justiça, pólemos e Bem (conceitos presentes na República) subsídios para pensar Platão como filósofo “originário” (não “metafísico”) no sentido atribuído a esses termos por Heidegger. A intenção da presente dissertação é, pois, (1) interpretar o problema da rivalidade entre Justiça e demais virtudes, com base no termo-chave “pólemos”, e (2) com isso, a partir de Heidegger legitimar uma leitura diversa, e mesmo oposta, de Platão como pensador metafísico.

Les ontologies sont devenues incontournables pour définir des vocabulaires standardisés ainsi qu'une représentation partagée d'un domaine d'intérêt. La notion de Ressource Termino-Ontologique (RTO) permet d'associer une partie terminologique et/ou linguistique aux ontologies afin d'établir une distinction claire entre la manifestation linguistique (le terme) et la notion qu'elle dénote (le concept). Les RTOs sont actuellement au cœur de nombreuses méthodes, outils et applications de l'Ingénierie des Connaissances (IC), discipline de l'Intelligence Artificielle permettant en particulier de développer des méthodes et des outils de capitalisation de connaissances.L'objectif de cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans les problématiques de l'IC, est de capitaliser des données expérimentales issues de documents textuels (articles scientifiques, rapports de projet, etc.) afin de pouvoir les réutiliser dans des outils d'aide à la décision. Nous avons d'abord défini la notion de relation n-aire permettant de relier plusieurs arguments et l'avons modélisée dans une nouvelle RTO, baptisée naRyQ. Cette notion de relation n-aire nous a permis de modéliser des mesures expérimentales (e.g. diffusivité de l'oxygène dans un aliment, perméabilité à l'oxygène d'un emballage, broyage d'une biomasse, etc.) réalisées sur différents objets d'études (produit alimentaire, emballage, procédé de transformation, etc.). Afin d'implémenter la plateforme de capitalisation, nommée @Web, nous avons modélisé la RTO naRyQ en OWL/SKOS et défini l'ensemble des contraintes de cohérence qu'elle doit respecter. Enfin, une RTO étant amenée à évoluer pour répondre aux besoins de changement, nous avons proposé une méthode de gestion de l'évolution de cette RTO qui permet de maintenir sa cohérence de manière préventive. Cette méthode est implémentée dans le plug-in Protégé, nommé DynarOnto. / This PhD thesis in Artificial Intelligence deals with knowledge engineering. Ontology, which can be defined as a controlled vocabulary allowing a community to share a common representation of a given area, is one of the key elements of knowledge engineering. Our framework is the capitalization of experimental data extracted from scientific documents (scientific articles, project reports, etc.), in order to feed decision support systems. The capitalization is guided by an ontological and terminological resource (OTR). An OTR associates an ontology with a terminological and/or a linguistic part in order to establish a clear distinction between the term and the notion it denotes (the concept). Experimental data can be represented by n-ary relations linking arguments of the experimentation, i.e. experimental measurements (e.g. oxygen diffusivity in food, oxygen permeability in packaging, biomass grinding, etc.), with studied objects (food, packaging, transformation process, etc.). We have defined the n-ary relation concept and a nary Relation between Quantitative experimental data OTR, called naRyQ. Our modeling relies on OWL2-DL and SKOS, W3C languages. Moreover, we have studied the evolution of such an OTR, extending the existing works taking into account i) the specificity of our OTR which deals with interdependent concepts and ii) its language representation. For that, we have proposed a preventive ontology evolution methodology defining elementary and composed changes based on a set of consistency constraints defined for our naRyQ OTR. Our contributions are implemented in two systems : our naRyQ OTR is nowadays the core of the existing capitalization system @Web and our evolution method is implemented in a Protégé plug-in called DynarOnto.

One the key feature behind Linked Data is the use of vocabularies that allow datasets to share a common language to describe similar concepts and relationships and resolve ambiguities between them. The development of vocabularies is often driven by a consensus process among datasets implementers, in which the criterion of interoperability is considered to be sufficient. This can lead to misrepresentation of real-world entities in Linked Data vocabularies entities. Such drawbacks can be fixed by the use of a formal methodology for modelling Linked Data vocabularies entities and identifying ontological distinctions. One proven example is the OntoClean methodology for curing taxonomies. In this work, it is presented a software tool that implements the PURO approach to ontological distinction modelling. PURO models vocabularies as Ontological Foreground Models (OFM), and the structure of ontological distinctions as Ontological Background Models (OBM), constructed using meta-properties attached to vocabulary entities, in a process known as vocabulary annotation. The software tool, named Background Annotation plugin, written in Java and integrated in the Protégé ontology editor, enables a user to graphically annotate vocabulary entities through an annotation workflow, that implements, among other things, persistency of annotations and their retrieval. Two kinds of workflows are supported: generic and dataset-specific, in order to differentiate a vocabulary usage, in terms of a PURO OBM, with respect to a given Linked Data dataset. The workflow is enhanced by the use of dataset statistical indicators retrieved through the Sindice service, for a sample of chosen datasets, such as the number of entities present in a dataset, and the relative frequency of vocabulary entities in that dataset. A further enhancement is provided by dataset summaries that offer an overview of the most common entity-property paths found in a dataset. Foreseen utilisation of the Background Annotation plugin include: 1) the checking of mapping agreement between different datasets, as produced by the R2R framework and 2) annotation of dependent resources in Concise Boundaries Descriptions of entities, used in data sampling from Linked Data datasets for data mining purposes.

Conformément aux principes de la médecine factuelle, les guides de bonne pratique clinique (GBPC) sont élaborés dans un but d'amélioration de la qualité des soins. Pourtant, le suivi des recommandations par les médecins reste faible, même lorsqu'elles sont intégrées dans des systèmes informatisés d'aide à la décision. En effet, elles sont souvent critiquées pour leur manque de flexibilité, et leur incapacité à gérer la singularité des patients rencontrés en pratique clinique. En particulier, leur orientation monopathologique est en inadéquation avec la réalité de patients bien souvent polypathologiques. Nos travaux portent sur la proposition d'une méthode basée sur un raisonnement ontologique pour permettre la conciliation de GBPC pour la prise en charge flexible de patients polypathologiques au sein d'un système d'aide à la décision. Les bases de connaissances reposent sur des règles construites par formalisation des recommandations, dont les critères patients sont organisés par une ontologie du domaine, permettant de produire un graphe des profils cliniques structuré par généralisation. Le raisonnement ontologique permet une juste adaptation des connaissances aux niveaux d'abstraction variables de la description du patient. Cette méthode a été implémentée dans un système d'aide à la décision, appelé GO-DSS, et appliquée à la prise en charge de patients diabétiques et hypertendus, à partir des GBPC produits par la société VIDAL (VIDAL Recos). Le prototype et ses interfaces ont été évalués qualitativement par un échantillon d'utilisateurs comprenant à la fois des informaticiens avec des connaissances médicales et des médecins avec des compétences en informatique. / Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are elaborated according to evidence-based medicine principles in order to improve healthcare quality. However, even when they are integrated into clinical decision support systems, recommendations are poorly implemented by physicians. Indeed, CPGs are often criticized for their lack of flexibility, and their inability to handle the singularity of patients encountered in clinical practice. In particular, CPGs are usually elaborated for a single pathology whereas patients usually suffer from multiple pathologies and comorbidities. We have proposed a method based on an ontological reasoning to enable the reconciliation of single-pathology CPGs to support the flexible management of patients with multiple pathologies. Knowledge bases are made of decision rules that formalize the content of single-pathology CPGs. Patient criteria are organized by a domain ontology, which allows the generation of a generalization-ordered graph of clinical patient profiles. The ontological reasoning allows to reason at different levels of abstraction to process clinical cases described with different levels of completeness. This method has been implemented in a decision support system called GO-DSS, and applied to the management of patients suffering from both arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes, on the basis of CPGs produced by the VIDAL company (VIDAL Recos). The prototype and its user interfaces have been qualitatively evaluated by a sample of users including both computer scientists with medical knowledge and physicians with computer skills.

Could it be that even though no international treaty or regulation regulates bioprospecting in Antarctica, some features of the techno-science of bioprospecting already lie embedded in the deep texts of the potentially most relevant treaties and regulations? If so, international law already to that extent comprehends the phenomenon, making for sustainable governance and thereby sustainable development. To find out, first an ontology of bioprospecting was synthesized, by an activity theory based conceptual system modeling (CSM). Treating bioprospecting as an activity of search for and research of naturally occurring biota, a set of Conceptual Graphs and associated Tables were drawn up as its ontology-synthesis. Features of this conceptualization were then searched for by an ontological-analysis of the deep texts of selected twenty-five legal instruments, through an ontological legal research (OLR). Search results did unearth several features dispersed and intriguingly embedded in several of the treaties and regulations, quite richly in some of the more recent ones. The cross-application of CSM followed by the hybridized OLR, is a methodological innovation and the generated empirical results of each are resources for further research. The language of international law is revealed as possessing a surprisingly better-than-expected techno-scientific literacy of bioprospecting.

Despite the well-established consensus within the Swedish parliament regarding the benefits of trade with China while at the same time promoting democracy, an unexpected change arose in June 2023, when a united Swedish parliament adopted a report that identified China as a threat to Swedish interests. Consequently, this thesis seeks to address the research question: Can the Swedish political elite's changed attitude towards China be understood through the theory of ontological security? Employing a framework established in Robert J. Steele's interpretation of the ontological security theory, this thesis aims to understand this shift in attitude through a discourse analysis. By analyzing parliamentary bills, documents, and speeches delivered by the Swedish political elite, the analysis reveals a gradual transformation in the attitudes of Swedish Members of Parliament. This transformation is traced back to the prolonged imprisonment of Gui Minhai and the appointment of a new Chinese ambassador in 2017. The findings suggest that Sweden's altered stance towards China serves the purpose of reinforcing biographical narratives and safeguarding Swedish ontological security. In conclusion, this thesis presents one possible understanding of why Sweden adopted a harsher attitude against China.

Ontological security theory has served the field of international relations well by providing a theoretical lens through which the continuous behaviours of states can be understood. This study aims to contribute to furthering the development of ontological security theory by demonstrating its explanatory power even in the context of altered state behaviour. Employing a narrative methodological approach the study investigates the coexistence between states' ontological security pursuits in the form of identity continuity on one hand and political policy change on the other. This is achieved by examining political discourse surrounding a case of political policy change, the Swedish shift in stance towards NATO. The analysis of the study reveals that a pursuit of identity continuity and hence ontological security has coexisted with the political policy change, facilitated by narrative adaptations.These narrative adaptations entail making the political change compatible with the already established state identity. This allows for change in certain aspects while preserving continuity in areas necessary to fulfill the state's need for ontological security.

This thesis explores the role of hope within the Biden administration’s biographical narrative during the year after the Capitol attack on January 6th. The thesis provides for both an exploration of the case and how hope within national identity representations can be analyzed, as well as the value of hope after a disruptive event with consequences for the nation’s self-understanding. Previous research has focused mainly on fear of the outside or internal anxiety as drivers of state identity representations while implicitly assuming the occurrence of universality or a stable identity within the state. Instead, the theorizing on hope proposed by the thesis suggests that the American subject is unfinished and incomplete within its identity representations and requires hope to move forward, while also immunizing notions of fear and anxiety. While a complete identity can never be reached, American identity representations are sustained by manifesting hope for the future. Even though the American collective subject may never reach its desired unity, the hope that it someday might allow for the continuation of identity representations of the striving subject.