Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Ãcido oleanÃlico à um triterpeno pentacÃclico largamente encontrado em vÃrias plantas medicinais. Essa substÃncia demonstrou ter uma variedade de atividades farmacolÃgicas, dentre as quais se destacam: antiinflamatÃria, hepatoprotetora, gastroprotetora e antinociceptiva. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a atividade antinociceptiva do Ãcido oleanÃlico em modelos de nocicepÃÃo aguda induzida por capsaicina (20Âl/ 1,6 &#956;g) e Ãleo de mostarda (0,75%, 50 ÂL/animal) em camundongos, alÃm dos possÃveis mecanismos de aÃÃo envolvidos. Camundongos foram prÃ-tratados com Ãcido oleanÃlico (3, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg, v.o.) ou veÃculo, e os comportamentos de dor foram analisados. As doses de 10, 30 e 100 mg/kg, v.o., foram capazes de reduzir os comportamentos dolorosos expressos pelos animais nos modelos de nocicepÃÃo induzida por capsaicina e Ãleo de mostarda, sendo o maior nÃvel de inibiÃÃo (p<0,001) encontrado na dose de 30 mg/kg. Na tentativa de desvendar os possÃveis mecanismos de aÃÃo do Ãcido oleanÃlico no modelo de nocicepÃÃo induzido por capsaicina, avaliamos a participaÃÃo dos receptores opiÃides, &#945;2, Ãxido nÃtrico e canais de potÃssio. O efeito antinociceptivo do Ãcido oleanÃlico (30 mg/kg, v.o.) foi significantemente revertido pelo prÃ-tratamento com antagonista opiÃide, naloxona (2 mg/kg, i.p.); pelo doador de Ãxido nÃtrico, L-arginina (600 mg/kg, i.p.) e pela glibenclamida (2 mg/kg, i.p.), um antagonista dos canais de potÃssio. Por outro lado, o prÃ-tratamento com um antagonista &#945;2, ioimbina (2 mg/kg, i.p.), nÃo ocasionou a reversÃo da antinocicepÃÃo. Na tentativa de desvendar os possÃveis mecanismos de aÃÃo do Ãcido oleanÃlico no modelo de nocicepÃÃo visceral induzida por Ãleo de mostarda, avaliamos a participaÃÃo dos receptores opiÃides, &#945;2 e TRPV1. O efeito antinociceptivo do Ãcido oleanÃlico (30 mg/kg, v.o.) foi significantemente revertido (p<0,05) pelo prÃ-tratamento com antagonista opiÃide, naloxona (2 mg/kg, i.p.), enquanto que o antagonista &#945;2 , ioimbina (2 mg/kg, i.p.), nÃo teve o mesmo efeito. O prÃ-tratamento com vermelho de rutÃnio (3 mg/kg, s.c.), um antagonista nÃo competitivo do receptor TRPV1 causou inibiÃÃo significativa da nocicepÃÃo (p<0,01) induzida pelo Ãleo de mostarda, entretanto a administraÃÃo conjunta com o Ãcido oleanÃlico nÃo produziu antagonismo nem potenciaÃÃo da antinocicepÃÃo causada pelo Ãcido oleanÃlico. Para avaliar a existÃncia de um impedimento locomotor ou de uma incoordenaÃÃo motora, foram utilizados os testes do campo aberto e o teste do rota rod, respectivamente. Os dados indicaram que o tratamento com o Ãcido oleanÃlico (30 mg/kg, v.o.) nÃo induziu (p>0,05) impedimento locomotor ou incoordenaÃÃo motora nos animais, sendo ainda capaz de reverter (p<0,05) o impedimento locomotor induzido pelo Ãleo de mostarda no teste do campo aberto. Em conjunto os dados revelaram a efetividade do Ãcido oleanÃlico em modelos de nocicepÃÃo possivelmente envolvendo receptores opiÃides, TRPV1, Ãxido nÃtrico e canais de potÃssio. / Oleanolic acid is a triterpene pentacyclic widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Different biologic activities have been reported including: antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective and antinociceptive. This work was aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive &#61472;effect of oleanolic acid in acute nociception models induced by capsaicin (20Âl/ 1.6 &#956;g) and mustard oil (0.75%, 50 ÂL/animal) in mice and to establish the likely mechanism(s) of action. Mice were pretreated orally with oleonolic acid (3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) or vehicle, and the pain-related behavioral responses were analysed. The pain behavioral responses were significantly suppressed at doses 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in acute nociception models induced by capsaicin and mustard oil. The maximal suppression (p<0.001) was observed at the dose of 30 mg/kg. In order to verify the possible mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive action of oleanolic acid in the capsaicin-induced nociception, the involvement of endogenous opioids, &#945;2, nitric oxide and KATP channels were analyzed. The antinociception produced by OA (30 mg/kg, v.o.) was found to be significantly blocked in animals pre-treated with the opioid antagonist, naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.); the substrate for oxide nitric synthase, L-arginine (600 mg/kg, i.p.); or a KATP-channel blocker, glibenclamide (2 mg/kg, i.p.) but was unaffected by yohimbine (2 mg/kg, i.p.), an &#945;2 -adrenoceptor antagonist. In order to verify the possible mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive action of oleanolic acid in the mustard oil-induced visceral pain model, opioid, &#945;2 adreno and TRPV1 receptors were analyzed. The antinociceptive effect of oleanolic acid (30 mg/kg, v.o.) was significantly blocked (p<0.05) by pretreatment with the opioid antagonist, naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.), but the &#945;2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine (2 mg/kg, s.c.), had no effect. Pretreatment with ruthenium red (3 mg/kg, s.c.), a non-competitive TRPV1 antagonist alone caused significant inhibition (p<0.01) of mustard oil-induced nociception but its co-administration with oleanolic acid produced neither antagonism nor potentiation of oleonolic acid antinociception. Further, to evaluate a possible motor impairment and motor incoordination effects related to oleanolic acid, open-field and rota-rod tests were performed. The data indicated that the treatment of animals with the oleanolic acid (30 mg/kg, v.o.) was unable to cause motor impairment or motor incoordination effects (p>0.05), being even able to reverse (p<0.05) a mustard oil-induced motor impairment in the open field test. The results taken together strongly suggest the therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid in oblitering nociception through the mechanisms that possibly involve the opioids, TRPV1 receptors, nitric oxide and KATP channels.

Orientadores: Claudia Herrera Tambeli, Maria Cecilia F. A. Veiga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T22:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clemente-Napimoga_JulianaTrindade_M.pdf: 904782 bytes, checksum: 55d51f81e2ba465f145751f287246951 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou as diferenças sexuais na resposta nociceptiva induzida pela administração de formalina na articulação temporomandibular (ATM) com ou sem a co-administração do U50,488 (agonista do receptor opióide capa). As fases do ciclo estral das fêmeas foram citologicamente determinadas e apenas aquelas que apresentavam-se na fase diestro ou proestro, e machos foram incluídos. A formalina induziu um comportamento nociceptivo maior nas fêmeas em diestro do que nas fêmeas em proestro ou machos. O U50,488 reduziu significativamente as respostas nociceptivas induzidas pela formalina, e esta redução foi maior nas fêmeas, especialmente nas fêmeas da fase diestro do ciclo estral. A injeção do U50,488 na ATM contralateral não afetou na magnitude do comportamento induzido pela formalina, e o pré-tratamento com o antagonista seletivo do receptor opióide capa nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI) na ATM ipsilateral reduziu os efeitos antinociceptivos do U50,488. Estes resultados demonstram a ação dos receptores opióides capa periféricos na modulação da dor inflamatória. Além disso, considerando que os níveis plasmáticos dos hormônios ovarianos são baixos durante a fase diestro, estes resultados são consistentes com a hipótese de que os hormônios sexuais femininos podem ter uma ação analgésica na redução da dor inflamatória induzida pela formalina, assim como, também ter uma ação anti-analgésica nos efeitos mediados pelos receptores opióides capa / Abstract: This study examined sex differences in nociceptive responses induced by intra-temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formalin with and without co-administration of the ?-opioid receptor agonist U50,488. The estrous phase of females was cytologically determined; only those in either proestrus or diestrus, and males, were included. Formalin elicited significantly greater nociceptive behavior in diestrus females than in either proestrus females or males. U50,488 significantly reduced formalin nociceptive responses, and this reduction was significantly greater in females, especially in the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle. U50,488 injection into the contralateral TMJ failed to affect the magnitude of formalininduced behavior, and preinjection of the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) into the ipsilateral TMJ significantly reduced the antinociceptive effect of U50,488. These findings support a role for peripheral kappa-opioid receptors in the modulation of inflammatory pain. Furthermore, since plasma levels of ovarian hormones are lowest during diestrus, these findings are consistent with the suggestion that female sex hormones may play an analgesic role in reducing formalin-induced inflammatory pain, and may also play an anti-analgesic role, at least in ?-mediated effects / Mestrado / Fisiologia Oral / Mestre em Odontologia

The first nociceptive synapse in the spinal cord dorsal horn represents an important site, where nociceptive synaptic transmission can be modulated under pathological conditions. One of the modulatory mechanism involves activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) that is expressed on central terminals of primary nociceptive neurons, where it regulates release of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Previous studies suggested that changes in TRPV1 activity may be related to effects of chemokine CCL2 (C-C motif ligand 2) and may be also involved in synaptic transmission modulation after µ-opioid receptors (MOP-R) activation. Because CCL2 receptors CCR2 often co-localize with TRPV1 and MOP-R, the goal of this work was to studypossible interactions of these receptors on the pre-synaptic endings of primaryafferents in the spinal cord dorsal horn and their role in nociceptive signalling under pathological conditions. The presented thesis focused on the effect of CCL2 during peripheral neuropathy and its interference with µ-opioid receptor activation. To studysynaptic transmission at the spinal cord level, patch-clamp recordings of excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSC) in superficial spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in acute lumbar spinal cord slices from rats was used....

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of membrane-bound receptors. Transmission of signals into the cell interior is mediated through the interactions of these receptors with other signaling molecules. Nowadays, a great attention is devoted to biased ligands which are able to alter the conformation of the receptor in a specific way and thus distinctly affect its function. This diploma thesis was focused on a study of µ-opioid receptor (MOR), which is important in nociception. The aim of this study was to find out, how the activation of MOR by specific biased ligands (morphine, endomorphin-2 and DAMGO) affects the function and the interactions of MOR with potential molecular partners (for example G proteins or β-arrestin) A method of siRNA interference was used to knock down the following selected signaling molecules: Gαi1, Gαi2, Gαi3, Gαz and β-arrestin2. The effect of biased ligands on lateral mobility of MOR in the plasma membrane and on activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) was examined under these conditions. We observed a possible involvement of Gαz subunit in the lateral mobility of MOR after the effect of morphine and endomorphin-2. The lateral mobility of MOR was significantly increased in cells lacking Gαi2 or Gαi3 or β-arrestin2. In this case the MOR was in inactive state....

We have shown previously [Hosohata, K., Logan, J.K., Varga, E., Burkey, T.H., Vanderah, T.W., Porreca, F., Hruby, V.J., Roeske, W.R., Yamamura, H.I., 2000. The role of the G protein γ2 subunit in opioid antinociception in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 392, R9-R11] that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) treatment of mice with a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the γ2 subunit (Gγ2) of the heterotrimeric G proteins (antisense ODN) significantly attenuates antinociception by a δ-opioid receptor agonist. In the present study, we examined the involvement of Gγ2 in antinociception mediated by other (μ- or κ-opioid, cannabinoid, α2-adrenoreceptor) analgesic agents in a warm (55°C) water tail-flick test in mice. Interestingly, i.c.v. treatment with the antisense ODN attenuated antinociception by each analgesic agent. Missense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide treatment, on the other hand, had no effect on antinociception mediated by these agonists. The antinociceptive response recovered in 6 days after the last antisense ODN injection, indicating a lack of nonspecific tissue damage in the animals. These results suggest a pervasive role for the G protein γ2 subunits in supraspinal antinociception.

Les opioïdes sont les analgésiques les plus puissants mais leur utilisation prolongée peut entraîner le développement d’une tolérance analgésique. La tolérance serait en partie associée à l’inhibition prolongée de l’adénosine monophosphate cyclique (AMPc) entraînant des changements compensatoires dans la voie de l’adénylate cyclase. Pour cette étude, nous avons eu recours à un biosenseur basée sur la technologie de Bioluminescence Resonnance Energy Transfer (BRET) et qui fournit des mesures de l’AMPc en fonction du temps réel. Durant les 15 premières minutes de stimulation, la réponse de l’AMPc est bi-phasique. Cette progression de la réponse à l’AMPc n’est pas la même pour tous les ligands. Par exemple, la deltorphine II qui induit l’internalisation du récepteur opioïde delta (DOR) affiche une baisse de l’inhibition de l’AMPc. À l’inverse la morphine qui n’induit pas l’internalisation du DOR affiche une réponse stable à l’inhibition de l’AMPc. Ainsi le profil d’internalisation permet de prédire la progression de l’inhibition de l’AMPc à court terme (15 minutes). Nous avons aussi mesuré la réponse à l’AMPc durant 30, 60 et 120 min, étant donné qu’un traitement chronique aux opioïdes induit une tolérance analgésique. Selon les résultats obtenus, le profil d’internalisation du DOR induits par les ligands ne permet pas d’expliquer l’inhibition persistante de l’AMPc. / Opioids are the most powerful analgesics but their prolonged use can cause the development of analgesic tolerance. The tolerance may be associated with the duration of response to cAMP. For this study, we used a biosensor based on Bioluminescence Resonnance Energy Transfer technology that provides measurements of cAMP levels as a function of real time. The aim of our study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the internalization profile of delta-opioid receptor (DOR) when stimulated by different ligands, with respect to the duration of signaling in the short-term (≤15 min) and long term (120 min). This evolution of the duration of cAMP inhibition is biphasic and is explained in part by the efficiency of ligands to promote Gαi activation and by the profile of internalization for each of the different ligands used in this study. For example, deltorphin II which displayed high efficiency to promote Gαi activation and internalization shows a more pronounced decline in cAMP response, unlike morphine which displayed low efficiency to promote Gαi activation, and a poor sequestration, displaying a minimal response decay of inhibition of cAMP. However, ligand ability to promote internalization of DOR does not explain the kinetic profile of a persistent inhibition of cAMP over a longer period of 120 min.

Les opiacés figurent parmi les analgésiques les plus puissants pour le traitement des douleurs sévères. Les agonistes du DOR (récepteur delta opiacé) induisent moins d'effets secondaires que ceux du mu, ce qui les rend une cible d'intérêt pour le traitement des douleurs chroniques. Cependant, ils induisent la tolérance à l'analgésie. Des hypothèses récentes proposent que le potentiel des drogues à induire la tolérance soit la conséquence de la stabilisation de différentes conformations du récepteur induites par la liaison avec différents ligands, chacune ayant différentes propriétés de trafic. Dans ce contexte, nous avons déterminé si différents ligands du DOR différaient dans leur capacité à induire la signalisation et le trafic du récepteur. Nos résultats indiquent que DPDPE et SNC-80 sont les drogues les plus efficaces à inhiber la production d’AMPc, suivis par UFP-512, morphine et TIPP. DPDPE et SNC-80 induisent à eux seuls l’internalisation du DOR dans les cellules HEK-293 de façon dépendante de la β-arrestine mais pas de la GRK2 ni PKC. Ces deux drogues induisent également l’internalisation du DOR dans les neurones corticaux et c’est seulement le DPDPE qui permet au DOR de regagner la membrane des cellules HEK-293 et des neurones après récupération. Cette capacité de recyclage était suggérée comme un mécanisme protégeant contre la survenue de la tolérance. Ces observations indiquent que le DOR peut subir différentes régulations en fonction du ligand lui étant associé. Cette propriété de sélectivité fonctionnelle des ligands pourrait être utile pour le développement de nouveaux opiacés ayant une activité analgésique plus durable. / Opiates are among the most powerful painkillers to treat severe pain. Delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonists induce fewer side effects than mu opioid receptor agonists, which makes them a target of interest for the treatment of chronic pain. However, they induce tolerance to analgesia. Recent hypotheses suggest that drugs tolerance is the result of stabilization of ligand-specific conformations of the receptor, with distinct traffic properties such as internalization and/or recycling. In this context, we determined whether different DOR ligands differed with respect to their ability to induce signaling and receptor trafficking. Our results indicate that DPDPE and SNC-80 are the most effective drugs to inhibit the production of cAMP, followed by UFP-512, morphine and TIPP. Only DPDPE and SNC-80 manage to induce DOR internalization in HEK-293 cells. This effect is dependent on β-arrestin but not on GRK2 or PKC. Of these two internalizing agonists, only DPDPE allows the DOR to recycle back to the membrane of HEK-293 cells after recovery. DPDPE and SNC-80 also trigger similar DOR internalization in cortical neurons, and as observed in HEK293 cells only DPDPE allowed the receptor to recycle back to the membrane. This recycling capacity was suggested as a mechanism to protect against the onset of tolerance. These observations indicate that the DOR can undergo different regulations depending on the ligand bound to it. This property of functional selectivity of DOR ligands could be useful for the development of new opiates with longer lasting analgesic properties.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of structural and dynamic organization of thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH-R) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) within plasma membrane (PM) in relation to the specific sub-compartments of PM denominated as domains or membrane rafts. Modern fluorescence microscopy techniques FLIM, FRAP and RICS were used for this purpose. The experiments were performed on the live cells derived from HEK293 cell line. To reach the main goal of this work, the integrity of PM structure was altered by depletion of cholesterol which was performed by incubation of cells with β cyclodextrin. Results clearly support our previously suggested idea that the vast majority of TRH-R is localized in non-raft regions of plasma membrane. This work also compared different modes of performance of FRAP and results obtained by FRAP and RICS because these methods are to some extent analogous. This is one of the first works that used the RICS approach to characterize the G protein-coupled receptors. In the second part of this work, the setup of transient transfection of the HEK293 cells with DOR-ECFP and DOR EYFP constructs was established. Simultaneously, the functionality of these constructs, i.e. the ability of DOR to activate the cognate G protein was determined. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Study of HEK293 cells stably expressing fusion protein between delta opioid receptor (δ-OR) and pertussis toxin-insensitive mutant of Gi1α protein, δ-OR-Gi1α (Cys351 -Ile351 ), provided the following results. Decrease of plasma membrane cholesterol content (cholesterol depletion) induced by cyclic oligosaccharide β-cyclodextrin did not affect binding of specific δ-OR agonist, [3 H]DADLE. Neither the maximum number of binding sites nor the affinity of [3 H]DADLE binding was changed by cholesterol depletion. However, the ability of δ-OR to activate cognate trimeric G proteins was impaired. EC50 value of agonist-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was an order of magnitude higher. This effect was observed in case of both control and pertussis toxin-treated cells. It means that cholesterol depletion markedly reduced the efficiency of functional coupling of δ-OR to endogenously expressed pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of Gi/Go family as well as covalently bound Gi1α (Cys351 -Ile351 ) protein. Unchanged plasma membrane cholesterol content is therefore important requirement for proper δ-OR function. Detection of the effect of cholesterol depletion on the functional activity of δ-OR was supported by the analysis of changes in biophysical state of plasma membrane using fluorescent membrane probes,...

Chronic postoperative pain impacts millions of individuals worldwide that undergo a variety of surgical procedures. Opioids remain the mainstay analgesics of acute and perioperative pain; however, prolonged opioid therapy may lead to life-threating adverse effects, tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Therefore, unraveling the cellular mechanisms that drive persistent pain states and opposing endogenous analgesia provided by opioid receptor signaling, may lead to novel analgesics. Evidence suggests that tissue injury leads to increased sensitization of the spinal cord nociceptive neurons which increases susceptibility to chronic pain via an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation of calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclase isoform 1 (AC1). This phenomenon, named latent pain sensitization (LS), is mediated by a compensatory response of endogenous inhibitory systems. In this dissertation, we test the hypothesis that surgical insult promotes prolonged activation of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) which mask LS via attenuation of pro-nociceptive AC1 signaling pathways in both male and female animals. We employed a murine model of chronic postoperative pain that promotes LS in the spinal cord and closely resembles the phenotypic features of postoperative pain in human subjects. When behavioral signs of hyperalgesia resolved, we targeted spinal opioid receptor systems and pronociceptive modulators with intrathecal delivery of selective pharmacological antagonists and assessed behavioral signs of hyperalgesia and spinal nociceptive sensitization. We propose that LS is kept in remission by a long-lasting compensatory response of tonic endogenous KOR signaling that hinders a pronociceptive LS pathway that includes not only AC1 but also two downstream targets: protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac1/2) - in a sex-dependent manner. Our results propose new therapeutic targets for the management of persistent postoperative pain and underscore the importance of tailoring sex-specific pain management strategies.