The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

Une bonne compréhension et une bonne capacité de prédiction de la section efficace de diffusion de neutron est essentielle à un grand nombre de technologies nucléaires, parmi lesquelles les réacteurs à fission. Pour les noyaux déformés, le calcul des observables de diffusion de nucléon pour la voie élastique et les premiers états excités de basse énergie requiert l'utilisation de calcul en voies couplées. Des potentiels optique et de transition phénoménologiques locaux sont le plus couramment utilisés dans les analyses par voies couplées, mais leur précision en dehors de leur domaine d'ajustement est imprévisible. Des approches microscopiques sont en cours de développement pour augmenter les capacités prédictives et résoudre les problèmes d'extrapolation. Un potentiel obtenu microscopiquement est non local, et de récentes études ont souligné l'importance de traiter explicitement cette non localité sans passer par une procédure de localisation. Notre but dans ce travail est d'étudier dans une approche microscopique, sans paramètre ajustable, l'impact de la non localité des potentiels sur les observables de diffusion de nucléon sur noyau cible. Pour ce faire, nous étudions la diffusion de neutron avec la matrice G de Melbourne qui représente l'interaction entre le projectile et un nucléon de la cible, et nous utilisons la RPA pour décrire la structure de la cible dans le cadre de nos premières applications sur le ⁹⁰Zr. Pour pouvoir étudier aussi des noyaux déformés, nous menons notre étude dans le cadre des voies couplées. La première partie de ce document contient la dérivation, faite dans un cadre unique et cohérent, des équations couplées pour la diffusion de nucléons et des potentiels microscopiques obtenues avec la matrice G de Melbourne et une description de la cible via la RPA. La deuxième partie est dédiée à la présentation des codes que nous avons développés durant ce projet de thèse : MINOLOP pour le calcul de potentiels microscopiques à partir de la matrice G de Melbourne et d'informations de structure données sous la forme d'une densité à 1 corps, et ECANOL pour la résolution des équations en voies couplées avec des potentiels non locaux en entrée. Enfin, nous présentons nos premières applications basées sur ces deux codes : l'étude d'émission de pré-équilibre due à des excitations à 2 phonons dans le ⁹⁰Zr. / A good understanding and prediction capacity of neutron scattering cross sections is crucial to many nuclear technologies, among which all kinds of reactors based on fission process. For deformed nuclei, the computation of scattering observables for the elastic channel and the first, low-lying excited states requires coupled channel calculations. Local, phenomenological optical and macroscopic transition potentials are the most commonly used in coupled channel analyses, but their accuracy outside of their fitting range remains unpredictable. Microscopic approaches are being developed in order to improve prediction power and solve the extrapolation issue. Potentials obtained microscopically are nonlocal, and recent studies have emphasized the importance of treating explicitly this nonlocality, without using a localization procedure. Our goal in the present work is to study in a quantum framework with no adjustable parameter, the impact of the nonlocality of potentials on scattering observables of nucleon-nucleus reactions. To achieve this we study neutron scattering with the Melbourne G matrix, which represents the interaction between the projectile and one nucleon of the target, and we describe the target’s structure using the RPA for our first applications to ⁹⁰Zr. In order to be able to study also deformed nuclei, we do our study in the coupled channel framework. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the derivation in a unique, consistent scope of coupled equations for nucleon-nucleus scattering and of the potentials obtained with the Melbourne G matrix and RPA structure input. Secondly, we describe the codes which we wrote during this Ph.D. project: MINOLOP for the computation of microscopic potentials using the Melbourne G matrix and structure inputs given in terms of a 1-body density, and ECANOL for the resolution of coupled channel equations using nonlocal potentials as input. Eventually, we present our first applications using these two codes to study pre-equilibrium emissions due to 2-phonon excitations in ⁹⁰Zr.

Orientador: Nilton Nobuhiro Imai / Abstract: The acquisition of data using Remote Sensing and in-situ sampling allows several data sources to be integrated for the analysis and observations of environmental characteristics and may require computational methods to support the data processing, exploration and analysis. The need to integrate data from different sources is highlighted in studies of dynamic and complex environments that frequently change, such as hydroelectric reservoirs. Reservoirs are artificial ecosystems, which influence directly the regional characteristics, mainly because of their multipurpose use. The interactions of the electromagnetic energy with the optically active components occur along the entire water column, so that the behavior of the light field reflects the changes applied along the entire euphotic zone. However, the values taken from images are used accordingly to a plane and associated with the respective point or area of surface. The calibration of bio-optical models considering only the surface sampling data can not deliver fully effective results because the electromagnetic radiation interacts with the components located along the water column and the response captured by the sensors does not only represent the value associated with the surface. Considering this scenario, this work proposes an investigation on the influence of the vertical distribution of the optical properties along the water column, in order to contemplate records about the interaction in different levels of depth, b... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: A aquisição de dados por meio da combinação de Sensoriamento Remoto e amostragens in-situ permite que várias fontes de dados sejam integradas para a análise e observação de características do alvo de interesse e pode exigir métodos computacionais para apoiar o processamento, exploração e análise de dados. A necessidade de integrar dados de diferentes fontes é destacada em estudos de ambientes dinâmicos e complexos que se alteram frequentemente, como os reservatórios hidrelétricos. Os reservatórios são ecossistemas artificiais, que influenciam diretamente nas características regionais, principalmente devido ao seu uso múltiplo uso. As interações da energia eletromagnética com os componentes opticamente ativos ocorrem ao longo de toda a coluna d’água, de modo que o comportamento do campo de luz reflete as mudanças aplicadas ao longo da zona eufótica. No entanto, as grandezas registradas nas imagens são usados de acordo com o plano e limitadas ao respectivo ponto ou área da superfície. A calibração de modelos bio-ópticos, considerando apenas os dados de amostragem da superfície, pode não fornecer resultados totalmente eficazes, porque a radiação eletromagnética interage com os componentes localizados ao longo da coluna de água e, consequentemente, a resposta capturada pelos sensores não representa apenas o valor associado à superfície. Este trabalho propõe uma investigação sobre a influência da distribuição vertical das propriedades ópticas ao longo da coluna d’água, a fim de co... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Der selektive Abtrag dünner Schichten findet für eine Vielzahl technischer Fertigungsverfahren Anwendung. Eine solche ist die Herstellung organischer Solarzellen, bei der mittels Laserabtrag die Funktionsschichten strukturiert werden, um eine monolithische Verschaltung zu erreichen. Aus Gründen der Lebensdauerverbesserung und zur Kostenreduktion gibt es Bestrebungen verschiedene Funktionalitäten wie Trägermaterial der Solarzellen und Wasserdampfbarriere zusammenzuführen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wird der Abtrag von elektrisch leitfähigen, transpa-renten Schichten auf einer Wasserbarriereschicht aus Siliziumnitrid untersucht. Das Ziel ist ein vollständiger Abtrag der Elektrode zur elektrischen Separation, bei gleichzeitiger Erhaltung der Barriereeigenschaften der darunterliegenden Schicht. Die Untersuchungen zum Abtragsverhal-ten zeigen Schwankung in der Abtragsqualität der Elektrode. Mit Hilfe von Raman-Spektroskopie und der entwickelten Kontrastscan Methode kann gezeigt werden, dass diese Inhomogenität von Bereichen schwankender Brechzahl in der verwendeten Polyethylentereph-thalatfolie verursacht sind. Diese entstehen bei der Herstellung der Folie durch den Prozess des Verstreckens, um eine thermische Stabilisierung zu erreichen. Zur Entwicklung eines tieferen Verständnisses der Einflüsse auf die Abtragsqualität wird ein Simulationsmodell entwickelt. Es simuliert die optischen Gegebenheiten des gesamten Schichtverbunds und nutzt die ermittelten, lokal absorbierten Leistungen für die Berechnung der thermomechanischen Gegebenheiten in den Schichten nach dem Zwei-Temperatur-Modell. An Hand von Abtragsergebnissen zum Elektrodensystem Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) werden die Er-gebnisse des entwickelten Simulationsmodells mit dem bekannten Modell zur Absorption nach Lambert-Beer verglichen. Für ITO und einen weiteren Elektrodentyp, genannt Dielektrikum-Metall-Dielektrikum (DMD), wird die Übereinstimmung von Simulation und experimentellen Er-gebnissen zur Abtragsschwelle, der Breite des Elektrodenabtrags und zur Beeinflussung der Barriereschicht gegenübergestellt und diskutiert. Auf Basis der Erkenntnisse aus dem entwi-ckelten Simulationsmodell ist es gelungen prozesstechnische Anpassungen zu identifizieren, welche die Auswirkungen der lokalen Brechzahlschwankungen reduzieren. Durch Überführung der entwickelten Prozessabfolge auf eine Rolle-zu-Rolle-Bearbeitung wird schließlich die Ska-lierbarkeit nachgewiesen.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Herstellung organischer Solarzellen 2.2 Verkapselung organischer Elektronik 2.3 Flexible Barrieren 2.4 Laserprozessierung von funktionalen Schichten in der organischen Elektronik 2.5 Laserprozessierung auf flexiblen Barrieren 3 Motivation 4 Grundlagen 4.1 Physikalsiche Grundlagen 4.1.1 Verhalten elektromagnetischer Wellen an Grenzflächen 4.1.2 Lichtinterferenz und Transfermatrixmethode 4.1.3 Energieeintrag durch Absorption 4.1.4 Physikalische Effekte bei der Laser-Materie-Wechselwirkung 4.1.5 Das Zwei-Temperatur-Modell 4.1.6 Zusammenhang von Elektronendichte und Absorption 4.1.7 Generierung freier Ladungsträger 4.2 Materialgrundlagen 4.2.1 Herstellung von thermisch stabilisierten PET 4.2.2 Aufbau des verwendeten Barrieresystem 4.2.3 Herstellung und Eigenschaften der verwendeten Schichten 5 Experimentelle Arbeit und Simulation 5.1 Mess- und Analysemethoden 5.1.1 Spektrale Charakterisierung der Elektrodenschichten 5.1.2 Auflichtmikroskopie 5.1.3 Konfokalmikroskopie 5.1.4 Test auf Barriereintegrität 5.1.5 Messung des Isolationswiderstands 5.1.6 Parametertest an funktionellen Solarzellen 5.2 Laserbearbeitung 5.2.1 Laserauswahl 5.2.2 Strahlformung 5.2.3 Untersuchungen des Laserabtrags 5.2.4 Versuchsaufbau 5.3 Simulationsmodell 5.3.1 Simulationsmodell mit Absorption nach Lambert-Beer 5.3.2 Simulationsmodell mit Absorption durch Interferenzeffekten 6 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 6.1 Optische Eigenschaften der Schichten und Ermittlung von Kennwerten 6.2 Strahlcharakterisierung 6.3 Kontrastscan 6.4 Prozessentwicklung 6.4.1 Abtragsschwelle der Barriere 6.4.2 Laserabtrag der ITO-Elektrode 6.4.3 DMD-Bearbeitung 6.5 Rolle zu Rolle Prozessierung 6.5.1 Charakterisierung des Bandmaterials 6.5.2 Einzelpulsabtrag 6.5.3 Prozessfenster und Überführung auf die R2R-Laseranlage 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Literaturangaben 9 Anhang 9.1 Strahlvermessung zur Gaußsche Energieverteilung 9.2 Verwendung des VORTEX doE – Justage und resultierende Energieverteilung 9.3 Generierung einer TopHat Verteilung mit dem FBS DOE 9.4 ITO Abtrag mit dem Vortex-DOE 9.5 Prozessieren der DMD Varianten mit Alternative Energieverteilungen 9.6 Abtragsschwellen für Intensitäten 9.7 Weitere elektrische Ergebnisse

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cyanobacterial blooms are currently one of the most important issues faced by environmental agencies, water authorities and public health organizations. Remote sensing provides an advanced approach to monitor cyanobacteria by detecting and quantifying chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phycocaynin (PC). In this thesis, an analytical bio-optical model, more typically applied to ocean waters, was modified to accommodate the complexity of inland waters. The newly developed models work well to estimate inherent optical properties, including absorption and backscattering coefficients, in eight different study sites distributed around the globe. Based on derived absorption coefficients, Chl-a and PC concentrations were accurately retrieved for data sets collected annually from 2006 to 2010, and the estimation accuracy exceeded that of currently used algorithms. An important advantage of the model is that low concentrations of Chl-a and PC can be predicted more accurately, enabling early warning of cyanobacterial blooms. In addition, the results also indicated good spatial and temporal transferability of the algorithms, since no specific calibration procedures were required for data sets collected in a different sites and seasons. The compatibility of the newly developed algorithm with MERIS spectra provides the possibility for routine surveillance of cyanobacterial growth in inland waters.

Biogeochemical processes of reefs have been studied for over fifty years, however, information is still lacking on several fundamental reef processes. This lack of information has been limited essentially by techniques that cannot repeatedly sample large spatial areas. These limitations can be reduced with the use of an optical model to estimate biogeochemical processes. This project applied Monteith's light-use efficiency model to coral reef communities for determining photosynthetic and calcification efficiency of light. Gross primary production and net calcification were pooled from the peer-reviewed literature to calculate efficiency. Process efficiency was then compared across functional types of reef communities (i.e., coral, algae/seagrasses, mixed, and sand), and by year, location, season, and depth. Photosynthetic efficiency was calculated from 19 studies, showing an average of 0.039 mol O2 mol-1 photons. Photosynthetic efficiency differed significantly for mixed communities between studies, and for algae/seagrass communities among depths. Calcification efficiency averaged at 0.007 mol CaCO3 mol-1 photons. Significant differences were found in calcification efficiency of algae/seagrasses and mixed reef communities among studies and localities. Additionally, calcification efficiency of algae/seagrasses varied significantly in accordance with depth. Future use of the light-use efficiency model will require determining the efficiency of each functional type to estimate gross production and calcification. Additionally, further investigation of the light-use efficiency model will require long-term measurements of APAR, which is the fraction of incident light absorbed, and the incorporation of environmental parameters that reduce efficiency.

La caractérisation fine des matériaux inorganiques nécessite d'avoir accès à des informations complémentaires de celles apportées par des techniques d'analyse élémentaire ou de diffraction. La spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier permet de caractériser les liaisons covalentes et l'environnement des groupes fonctionnels dans les matériaux. C'est donc une technique de choix pour l'étude des matériaux hydratés, amorphes ou sujets à des phénomènes de vieillissement. En couplant cette technique à une platine de déplacement, il est possible de réaliser des cartographies des phases sur quelques centimètres carrés : c'est la microscopie infrarouge. Cette thèse développe plus particulièrement l'utilisation de la lumière réfléchie au travers de l'étude de la réflexion spéculaire et de la réflexion totale atténuée (ATR).Après une première partie se focalisant sur les méthodes d'acquisitions disponibles, une seconde partie s'attache à obtenir de manière non supervisée les cartographies chimiques associées aux concentrations relatives des différents composants présents dans la zone analysée. Des techniques de réduction de données et d'analyse factorielle sont mises en place afin d'estimer le nombre de composants chimiques et leurs spectres relatifs ; des problèmes de minimisation sous contraintes sont résolus pour extraire l'information chimique. La réflexion spéculaire ne nécessite aucun contact avec l‘échantillon et, de ce fait, n'entraine aucune altération de la surface analysée. C'est sur le papier une technique de choix pour suivre l'évolution d'un matériau. Cependant, elle souffre de la complexité d'interprétation liée à l'allure des spectres obtenus. Afin de développer la cartographie issue de la réflexion spéculaire, des modèles prenant en compte l'optique géométrique, l'optique ondulatoire, des corrections d'interférogrammes et des méthodes classiques d'homogénéisation ont été développés. Ce travail a permis d'aboutir à un modèle optique liant les spectres issus de la réflexion spéculaire avec les concentrations relatives des composants. Ce modèle tient compte de la polarisation, de l'angle d'incidence et utilise les constantes diélectriques du matériau. Ce modèle a été validé sur un matériau contenant trois composants distincts facilement identifiables en infrarouge et spécialement mis en forme pour cette étude. Ce modèle a ouvert la voie à l'utilisation innovante de lumières polarisées elliptiquement pour déterminer l'indice de réfraction complexe d'un matériau. Ainsi, des spectroscopes infrarouges couplés à un accessoire de contrôle de l'angle d'incidence peuvent être utilisés en complément de l'ellipsométrie / Complementary information, to that provided by elemental analysis and diffraction techniques, is needed to characterize inorganic materials. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy enables to characterize covalent bonds and the environment of functional groups in materials. Thus, it is a technique of interest to study hydrated materials, amorphous materials or any materials, which may experience ageing phenomena. By combining this technique with a micrometric motorized stage, cartographies of chemical compounds can be obtained on several square millimeters: this is the infrared microscopy technique. This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the use of reflected light, in particular through the study of specular reflection and of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). After a first part focused on the different acquisition set-ups, a second part covers the unsupervised methodologies of resolution employed to obtain chemical maps. They result in one map for each component present in the analyzed area. Dimensions reduction techniques and multivariate statistics techniques are implemented to estimate the number of components and their infrared spectra; minimization problems under constraints are solved to retrieve chemical information. When specular reflection is used to acquire spectra, no contact is made with the sample, thus no damage of the analyzed area occurs during the acquisition. A priori, it is a great technique to study the evolution of a material. However, this technique suffers from the complexity of interpretation of the resulting spectra. With the objective to democratize the use of specular reflection to obtain chemical maps, models based on geometrical optics and including diffraction, correction of interferograms and classical homogenization techniques have been developed. This work resulted in an optical model linking the angle of incidence, the polarization state and the dielectric optical constants of the material with the reflected light, which is measured. A model material, constituted of three distinct phases, detectable in the infrared range, has specially been fabricated to validate this optical model. This model set the stage for the use of elliptically polarized light in the determining of the complex refractive indices of materials in the infrared range. Thanks to this development, infrared spectroscopes, equipped with a classical set-up to control the angle of incidence, can now be used in addition to ellipsometry techniques

Die polare magnetooptische Kerr-Effekt-Spektroskopie (MOKE) wird in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal zur Charakterisierung paramagnetischer Schichten eingesetzt. Die Schichten bestehen aus Phthalocyanin-Molekülen (H2Pc, VOPc, MnPc, CoPc und CuPc), die sich als Modellsystem zur Untersuchung des Einflusses des Molekülzentrums auf die elektronischen Zustände eignen. Die optischen Konstanten und die Dicken der Schichten werden mittels Ellipsometrie bestimmt. Mithilfe eines optischen Schichtmodells wird aus den Ellipsometrie- und MOKE-Daten die Voigt-Konstante, ein magnetooptischer Materialparameter, berechnet. Der Einfluss des Molekülzentrums auf die energetische Dispersion der Voigt-Konstante ist moderat. Vergleichsweise groß ist der Einfluss der Orientierung der Moleküle auf die Größe der Voigt-Konstante. Daher kann diese als Maß für den Aufstellwinkel des planaren CuPc herausgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wird am Beispiel von CuPc gezeigt, dass sich die strukturelle Ordnung in molekularen Schichten mittels Reflexions-Anisotropie-Spektroskopie quantifizieren lässt. Die MOKE-Spektroskopie wird zusammmen mit MOKE-Magnetometrie auch zur Untersuchung von Eisen-Platin-Schichten mit Schichtdicken um 5 nm auf thermisch oxidiertem Silizium verwendet. Hier wird der Einfluss von eindiffundiertem Kupfer auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften Remanenz, Koerzitivität und magnetische Anisotropie der Schichten untersucht. Dabei wird neben der in Form einer Unterschicht bereitgestellten Kupfermenge die Temperatur variiert, bei der das Kupfer diffundiert. Die Magnetometrieuntersuchungen ergeben, dass Kupfer die magnetischen Eigenschaften der Eisen-Platin-Schichten verbessert, das Optimum des Kupfergehalts aber deutlich unter 20% liegt. Die optimale Mischtemperatur beträgt 600°C. Durch die Anwendung der MOKE-Spektroskopie wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals die Präsenz einer Feinstruktur der magnetooptischen Übergänge aus den 3d-Zuständen des Eisens entdeckt. Durch Vergleichsmessungen mit Schichten anderer Schichtdicke und auf anderen Substraten kann diese Feinstruktur mit mechanischen Verspannungen an der Grenzfläche zum Substrat in Verbindung gebracht werden.