Orientador: Michel Zamboni Rached / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:12:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assis_MarianaCarolinade_M.pdf: 4298872 bytes, checksum: ce27e2667f0fc22efc1e8f0c842bebc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O fenômeno da difração gera o alargamento espacial gradativo de feixes e pulsos não guiados durante a propagação, sendo, portanto, um fator limitante para qualquer aplicação onde se deseja que a onda em questão mantenha sua localização transversal - como em Pinças Ópticas, Comunicações Ópticas do Espaço Livre (FSO), entre outros. As chamadas ondas não difrativas são soluções especiais da equação de onda que se mostram resistentes ao fenômeno da difração por longas distâncias. Porém, as versões ideais destas ondas apresentam fluxo de potência infinito através do plano perpendicular à direção de propagação, portanto, impossibilitando sua geração. No entanto, é possível gerar as versões truncadas destes feixes que, apesar de não serem totalmente isentos da difração, eles se mostraram bem resistentes a este fenômeno, mantendo-se ao longo de distâncias consideráveis antes de perderem sua concentração transversal (por exemplo, quando comparados a um feixe gaussiano ordinário, podendo apresentar uma profundidade de campo dezenas de vezes maior). Neste trabalho, propõe-se a geração de feixes não difrativos usando um refletor parabólico tendo uma fonte de ondas esféricas posicionada num ponto ligeiramente deslocado de seu foco (no sentido de afastamento do refletor), a partir de uma abordagem escalar que se mostrou satisfatória como primeira aproximação. E apesar de serem analisados os regimes de infravermelho (comprimento de onda de 850nm) e limiar entre micro-ondas e ondas milimétricas (comprimento de onda de 1cm, 2cm e 3cm) - que, além da ampla aplicabilidade, propiciam uma montagem experimental relativamente simples dado que as dimensões apropriadas para o refletor podem ser encontradas em uma antena parabólica ordinária - os resultados obtidos também podem ser extrapolados para o espectro óptico / Abstract: The phenomenon of diffraction causes gradual spatial broadening of beams and pulses during propagation, and is characterized as a limiting factor for any application where it is desired that the wave maintains its transverse localization - as in Optical Tweezers, Freespace Optical Communications (FSO), among others. The so called nondiffracting waves are special solutions of the wave equation able to resist the diffraction effects for long distances. But the ideal versions of these waves have an infinite power flow through the perpendicular plane to the propagation direction, so being impossible their generation. However, it is possible generate the truncated versions of these beams that, although not being completely free of diffraction, they proved be quite resistants to this phenomenon, sustaining themselves over considerable distances before losing their transverse concentration (for example, when compared to an ordinary Gaussian beam, whose field depth can be dozens of times greater). In this work, we propose the generation of nondiffracting beams using a parabolic reflector having a source of spherical waves positioned at a point slightly displaced from its focus (moving away from the reflector), from a scalar approach which has proven to be satisfactory as first approximation. And despite being analyzed infrared (wavelength of 850nm) and threshold between microwave and millimeter wave spectra (wavelength of 1cm, 2cm and 3cm) - that, besides the wide applicability, allow a relatively simple experimental setup since the proper dimensions to the reflector can be found in an ordinary parabolic antenna - the results can be extrapolated to the optical spectrum / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

The complete understanding of a clusters electronic structure, the primary mechanisms for its properties and stabilization is necessary in order to functionalize them for use as building blocks within novel materials. First principle theoretical studies have been carried out upon the electronic properties of CrxTey (x = 1 – 6, y = 0 – 8, x + y ≤ 14), as well as for the larger triethylphosphine (PEt3) ligated cluster system of Cr6Te8(PEt3)6. Together, we aim to use the information garnered from the smaller clusters to address the underlying behavior of the ligated Cr6Te8(PEt3)6. Additionally, the properties of this larger cluster will be used to further understand its role when paired with C60 within the binary cluster assembled material. The stability and macroscopic properties of the Cr6Te8(PEt3)6 cluster, have been found to be sensitive to type of passivating ligand. As will be shown, the ground state structures of Crn atoms are sensitive to both the number and position of bonded Te atoms. Moreover, that this sensitivity carries over into larger cluster sizes, and at several size intervals produces clusters with high magnetization. To this, we add the investigation into the manipulation of the Cr6Te8 cluster geometry and its properties through various ligands, such as PH3, CO, and CN. It will show, that in altering these ligands there is a modification to the clusters valence shell count, which in turn alters its ionization potential and electron affinity. Additionally, although the ionization potential and electron affinity have changed for the Cr6Te8(PEt3)6 cluster, it has been found that its high magnetization does not.

We present preliminary analysis of mid-infrared spectra of M-type and C-type Mira variables. Due to the brightness of this sample, it is straightforward to monitor changes with phase in the infrared spectral features of these regular pulsators. We have spectra of 25 Mira variables, taken with phase, using the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) high-resolution module. Each star has multiple spectra obtained over a one-year period from 2008-09. This is a rich, unique data set due to multiple observations of each star and the high signal-to-noise ratio from quick exposure times to prevent saturation of the IRS instrument. This paper focuses on the 17.6 and 33.2 micron lines shared by M-types and C-types. These are mostly emission lines that change with phase. We discuss preliminary physical diagnostics for the atmospheres based on the lines, as well as possible line identifcations such as fuorescence of metal species.

Electron orbital theory was applied to the design of the geometrical structure of an electron multiplier for an image intensifier. A special structure satisfying production requirements was studied. Electron optical calculations consisted of determining the potential distribution and tracing the electron trajectories. Liebmann’s procedure was used to solve Laplace’s equation with constant potentials on the multiplier electrodes as boundary conditions. The trajectories were determined by solving the equation of motion in an electrostatic field using a Runge-Kutta procedure. The initial conditions for the trajectories were the initial energies, initial positions, and the initial directions of the secondary electrons. The plotted trajectories indicated the feasibility of an electron multiplier of the type studied.

Using Fe57 Mossbauer spectroscopy, two alternative sites occupied by cobalt (10-4 at. % ) impurity atoms in aluminum have been isolated. The substitutional site A is the stable position after annealing the sample above 840 K, followed by a rapid quench. The impurity atoms in site A are characterized by a single line Mossbauer spectrum (indicative of a cubic environment), a room-temperature f = 0.502 (r. m. s. displ. 0.071 A) and an I. S. (reI. to Fe) = -0.421 mm/sec. For anneals below 770 K the cobalt atoms migrate to site B, which is characterized by a well resolved quadrupole doublet (indicative of a non-cubic environment), a large change in the value of the room-temperature f = - 0.766 (r. m. s. displ. 0.071 A), I. S. = -0.150 mm/sec (increased s-electron density at the nucleus). All linewidths· are approximately 0.21 mm/sec, indicating high uniformity of impurity sites. The site distribution [A] / [B} varies from about 5 % to 95 % for anneals between 770 K and 830 K.

Often electron micrographs exhibit a repeating structure. Sometimes this repeating structure satisfies the definition of a crystal in that it has a three dimensional repeating structure. If the unit cell structure of this repeating structure can be determined it can be used to help categorize different sections of a particular sample. In some cases, the use of optical diffraction analysis of electron micrographs with repeating structure is a method of determining the unit cell structure. Samples of β-Lactoglobulin were prepared for viewing in the electron microscope using both the crystalline material and carbon replicas of the crystal surface. Because the crystalline material was very unstable in the electron beam, images adequate for use as diffraction gratings could not be obtained. Electron images from the replicas were used to generate the optical diffraction patterns in this paper. The structure of β-Lactoglobulin has been determined previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. This information was used to assist in the interpretation of the optical diffraction patterns. Electron micrographs and optical diffraction patterns were recorded which were found to be consistent with the structure of β-Lactoglobulin which were found to be consistent with the structure of β-Lactoglobulin as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The unit cell dimensions were determined to be a = 58±4Å, b = 59±3Å and c = 102±12Å.

The question of how ions interact with each other and with the potential energy barrier in thin lipid bilayer membranes has interested investigators for several years. The application of electrodiffusion theory to the study of this question is the central theme of this work. We have calculated current-voltage curves for barriers of various shapes and heights, in each case by means of numerically integrating the exact electrodiffusion equation as well as this same equation in the constant field approximation. We have also calculated the total charge in the membrane for the same conditions under which we have calculated the current-voltage curves.

<p>Optical imaging methods are limited by the wavelength of light that they use and the amount of scatter that must be imaged through. Super-resolution imaging and sensing methods are those that bypass or mitigate such restrictions. Two super-resolution approaches are presented here using spatially or temporally structured light. Temporal intermittence or blinking of fluorescent emitters is exploited for localization through significant depths of heavy scatter to high resolution, and an efficient algorithm for doing so is presented.</p> <p>Such temporal structure of emission allows far greater resolution than previous comparable imaging methods, providing opportunities in biophotonics and environmental sensing. Spatial structure can be imposed on coherent light that passes through a heavily scattering medium, in the form of a speckle pattern. Speckle intensity correlations are sensitive to the motion of a moving object obscured by scatter, and we demonstrate that this scatter can act as an analyzer, enhancing this sensitivity as the amount of scatter increases. This increased sensitivity is studied using random matrix theory, and eigenchannel analysis is proposed as an explanation. Simulations demonstrate that a randomly scattering analyzer can give sub-wavelength geometric information about a translated, hidden object. Relative motion of structured illumination is explored, with simulations and mathematical analysis demonstrating far-subwavelength sensitivity using moving fields with multiple different types of structure. This work could enable a new approach for material inspection and characterization, and provide improvements in microscopy. </p>

Research was performed to improve the procedures for testing performance parameters of vapor cells for a nuclear-magnetic-resonance gyroscope. In addition to summarizing the theoretical infrastructure of the technology, this research resulted in the development and successful implementation of new techniques to characterize gyro cell performance. One of the most important parameters to measure for gyro performance is the longitudinal spin lifetime of polarized xenon atoms in the vapor cell. The newly implemented technique for measuring these lifetimes matches results from the industry standard method to within 3.5% error while reducing the average testing time by 76% and increasing data resolution by 54%. The vapor cell test methods were appended with new software to expedite the analysis of test data and to investigate more subtle details of the results; one of the two isotopes of xenon in the cells tends to exhibit troublesome second-order effects during these tests due to electric-quadrupole coupling, but now the added analysis capabilities can accurately extract relevant results from such data with no extra effort. Some extraneous lifetime measurement techniques were explored with less substantial results, but they provided useful insight into the complex workings of the gyro cell test system. New criteria were established to define the signal to noise ratio on a consistent basis from cell to cell across various parameters such as cell volume, temperature, and vapor pressure. A technique for measuring gas pressures inside the sealed cells helped link cell performance to cell development processes. This led to informed decisions on filling and sealing methods that consistently yielded cells with better performance in the last few months of this work. When this research began, cells with xenon lifetimes over ten seconds were rare in our lab; by the end, anything under 30 seconds was a disappointment. Not only did the test procedures improve, but so did the parameters being tested, and quite significantly at that. At the same time, many new avenues for continued progress have been opened; the work presented here, while instrumental, is only the beginning.

Tracking and controlling the dynamic evolution of matter under the influence of external fields is among the most fundamental goals of physics. In the microcosm, the motion of electrons follows the laws of quantum mechanics and evolves on the timescale set by the atomic unit of time, 24 attoseconds. While only a few time-dependent quantum mechanical systems can be solved theoretically, recent advances in the generation, characterization, and application of isolated attosecond pulses and few-cycle femtosecond lasers have given experimentalists the necessary tools for dynamic measurements on these systems. However, pioneering studies in attosecond science have so far been limited to the measurement of free electron dynamics, which can in most cases be described approximately using classical mechanics. Novel tools and techniques for studying bound states of matter are therefore desired to test the available theoretical models and to enrich our understanding of the quantum world on as-yet unprecedented timescales. In this work, attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with ultrabroadband attosecond pulses is presented as a technique for direct measurement of electron dynamics in quantum systems, demonstrating for the first time that the attosecond transient absorption technique allows for state-resolved and simultaneous measurement of bound and continuum state dynamics. The helium atom is the primary target of the presented studies, owing to its accessibility to theoretical modeling with both ab initio simulations and to model systems with reduced dimensionality. In these studies, ultrafast dynamics – on timescales shorter than the laser cycle – are observed in prototypical quantum mechanical processes such as the AC Stark and ponderomotive energy level shifts, Rabi oscillations and electromagnetically-induced absorption iv and transparency, and two-color multi-photon absorption to “dark” states of the atom. These features are observed in both bound states and quasi-bound autoionizing states of the atom. Furthermore, dynamic interference oscillations, corresponding to quantum path interferences involving bound and free electronic states of the atom, are observed for the first time in an optical measurement. These first experiments demonstrate the applicability of attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with ultrabroadband attosecond pulses to the study and control of electron dynamics in quantum mechanical systems with high fidelity and state selectivity. The technique is therefore ideally suited for the study of charge transfer and collective electron motion in more complex systems. The transient absorption studies on atomic bound states require ultrabroadband attosecond pulses − attosecond pulses with large spectral bandwidth compared to their central frequency. This is due to the fact that the bound states in which we are interested lie only 15-25 eV above the ground state, so the central frequency of the pulse should lie in this range. On the other hand, the bandwidth needed to generate an isolated 100 as pulse exceeds 18 eV – comparable to or even larger than the central frequency. However, current methods for characterizing attosecond pulses require that the attosecond pulse spectrum bandwidth is small compared to its central frequency, known as the central momentum approximation. We therefore explore the limits of attosecond pulse characterization using the current technology and propose a novel method for characterizing ultrabroadband attosecond pules, which we term PROOF (phase retrieval by omega oscillation filtering). We demonstrate the PROOF technique with both simulated and experimental data, culminating in the characterization of a world-record-breaking 67 as pulse.