Magister Educationis - MEd / This study endeavoured to gauge the impact of globalization on the intergenerational diffusion of oral literature and its pedagogic role in Namibia. The study also sought to highlight the contribution of oral literature and its pedagogic value in addressing the aims and objectives of the Namibian education system in regard to the training of learners to acquire the skills, knowledge, attitudes and values needed for them to become effective and valuable members of society. The theoretical framework that underpins the study, the functionalist approach, foregrounds the functional values of social systems and structures. Oral heritage is seen as having various societal functions, pre-eminently that of moulding, educating and shaping young people to be functional members of the society (Finnegan, 1970). The aims of this study were pursued through a case study of two educational contexts in the Zambezi (formerly Caprivi) region of north-east Namibia. The inquiry in the formal educational setting was done in four schools, while that into the non-formal educational setting took place in four rural villages. The latter were crucial in the study in that they were home to research subjects who possessed valuable insights into the pedagogic role of oral literature as a form of community based education. The four schools were purposefully selected for offering Silozi, a lingua franca in Zambezi region, as a first language subject

Die Studie definiert und analysiert Kanywood-Videofilme kritisch, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf Quellen der mündlichen Literatur und Performancepraxis liegt. Per Definition steht Kanywood sowohl für Filmindustrie als auch für in Nordnigeria produzierten Videofilme. Die Studie hält an "Kanywood" als dem für die Branche geprägten Label fest. Der Literaturüberblick zeigt, dass die Aneignung von Bollywood-Filmmustern durch Kanywood-Filmemacher übermäßig untersucht wurde. Bisherige Untersuchungen im Bereich des re-enactment oraler Hausa-Performance in Kanywood-Videofilmen sind hingegen unzureichend. Die vorliegende Studie füllt mit ihrer Untersuchung der Transformation der Hausa-Kultur im Medium Film aufgrund der Globalisierung und im Kontext traditioneller Performance-Künste diese Lücke, und fügt so den bestehenden Arbeiten über Kanywood eine innovative Forschungsperspektive hinzu. Im theoretischen Rahmen von Performance Studies und mit der gründlichen Analyse eines ausgewählten Korpus zeigt die Studie, wie der Videofilm als Medium wichtiger sozialer und kultureller Veränderungen gesehen wird. Er ist nicht nur ein Gegenstand anhand dessen die Erforschung des Konzepts einer transzendierenden Globalisierung möglich ist, sondern auch ein Weg, um zu verstehen, wie die Gesellschaft sich unter bestimmten sich wandelnden Umständen verändert. Während die allgemein zugrunde liegende Frage lautet, ob Kultur statisch ist oder nicht, verhandelt die Studie dabei die spezifischen Fragen, inwiefern Performances während des Filmemachens neu inszeniert und neu gerahmt werden, und inwieweit traditionell kodierte Performance-Ereignisse im Videofilm verändert, subvertiert und/oder bereichert werden. Die Studie empfiehlt die Ästhetik von Filmsprache als ein Gebiet weiterführender Forschung, stellt heraus, dass Imitation, Adaptation und Aneignung zirkulierender künstlerischer Formen ein globale Phänomene sind, die auf Intertextualität beruhen, erklärt, dass Kultur nicht statisch, sondern dynamisch ist, und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass es angemessener ist, Videofilme und Filmemacher durch das Paradigma der kulturellen Hybridität und Modernisierung zu betrachten, da sie die kulturelle Verschiebung, Transformation und Veränderung im Zeitalter der Globalisierung fördern. / The study identifies and critically analyses Kanywood video films with particular emphasis on sources in oral literature and performance practices. By way of definition, Kanywood stands for both the film industry and video films produced in northern Nigeria. The study sticks to “Kanywood” as the label coined for the industry. However, “Kannywood” with the consonant cluster, as in Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood is a variant label, which some scholars have adopted. The study forgrounds that Kanywood filmmakers' appropriation of Bollywood have been excessively explored. But investigations in the area of re-enactment of performance in Kanywood video films are conceivably insufficiently undertaken. Therefore, the distinct contribution of this study reflects on transformation of Hausa culture due to globalization, thus elaborating the existing works on Kanywood. Through a performance framework and a thorough analysis of selected corpus, the study shows how video film is seen as a provider of major social and cultural changes. It is not only a means through which an exploration of the concept of the transcending globalization is possible, but it is also a way of comprehending how the society transforms under some changing circumstances. While the general underlying question is whether or not culture is static, the study thereby negotiates specific questions such as how are performances re-enacted and re-framed during filmmaking process, and how far are traditionally encoded performance events altered, changed, subverted or enriched in video film? The study recommends the aesthetics of language as an area of further research, foregrounds that imitation, adaptation and appropriation of circulating artistic forms is a global phenomenon grounded in intertextuality, expounds that culture is not fixed but dynamic, and concludes that it is more appropriate to look at the video films and the filmmakers through the paradigm of cultural hybridity and modernization which enhance cultural shift, transformation and change in this era of globalization. Keywords: Kanywood, performance, oral heritage, transformation The study identifies and critically analyses Kanywood video films with particular emphasis on sources in oral literature and performance practices. By way of definition, Kanywood stands for both the film industry and video films produced in northern Nigeria. The study sticks to “Kanywood” as the label coined for the industry. However, “Kannywood” with the consonant cluster, as in Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood is a variant label, which some scholars have adopted. The study forgrounds that Kanywood filmmakers' appropriation of Bollywood have been excessively explored. But investigations in the area of re-enactment of performance in Kanywood video films are conceivably insufficiently undertaken. Therefore, the distinct contribution of this study reflects on transformation of Hausa culture due to globalization, thus elaborating the existing works on Kanywood. Through a performance framework and a thorough analysis of selected corpus, the study shows how video film is seen as a provider of major social and cultural changes. It is not only a means through which an exploration of the concept of the transcending globalization is possible, but it is also a way of comprehending how the society transforms under some changing circumstances. While the general underlying question is whether or not culture is static, the study thereby negotiates specific questions such as how are performances re-enacted and re-framed during filmmaking process, and how far are traditionally encoded performance events altered, changed, subverted or enriched in video film? The study recommends the aesthetics of language as an area of further research, foregrounds that imitation, adaptation and appropriation of circulating artistic forms is a global phenomenon grounded in intertextuality, expounds that culture is not fixed but dynamic, and concludes that it is more appropriate to look at the video films and the filmmakers through the paradigm of cultural hybridity and modernization which enhance cultural shift, transformation and change in this era of globalization. Keywords: Kanywood, performance, oral heritage, transformation The study identifies and critically analyses Kanywood Video films with particular emphasis on sources in oral literature and performance practices. By way of definition, Kanywood stands for both the film industry and video films produced in northern Nigeria. The study sticks to "Kanywood" as the label coined for the industry. However, "Kannywood" with the consonant cluster, as in Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood is a variant label, which some scholars have adopted. The study foregrounds that Kanywood filmmakers' appropriation of Bollywood have been excessively explored. But investigations in the area of re-enactment of performance in Kanywood video films are conceivably insufficiently undertaken. Therefore, the distinct contribution of this reflects on transformation of Hausa culture due to globalization, thus elaborating the existing works on Kanywood. Through a performance framework and a thorough analysis of selected corpus, the study shows how video film is seen as a provider of major social and cultural changes. It is not only a means through which an exploration of the concept of the transcending globalization is possible, but it is also a way of comprehending how the society transforms under some changing circumstances. While the general underlying question is whether or not culture is static, the study thereby negotiates specific questions such as how are performances re-enacted and re-framed during filmmaking process, and how far are traditionally encoded performance events altered, changed, subverted or enriched in video film? The study recommends the aesthetics of language as an area of further research, foregrounds that imitation, adaptation and appropriation of circulating artistic forms is a global phenomenon grounded in intertextuality, expounds that culture is not fixed but dynamic, and concludes that it is more appropriate to look at the video films and the filmmakers through the paradigm of cultural hybridity and modernization which enhance cultural shift, transformation and change in this era of globalization.

Depuis son adoption de la « Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel » en 2003, la Chine a lancé au niveau national, le répertoire de son patrimoine culturel immatériel, et a élaboré, mis en action des mesures pour sa sauvegarde. Pékin, ancienne capitale des cinq dynasties, possède une source abondante du patrimoine culturel immatériel. Les vieilles enseignes pékinoises représentent un vecteur particulier du patrimoine oral, l’art de la dénomination, l’art de l’enseigne, la culture traditionnelle à travers le Confucianisme ainsi que des savoir-faire. Cependant, par rapport à la valorisation économique, la valorisation culturelle de ces entreprises a été longtemps négligée. En recourant à la formulation du patrimoine culturel immatériel, le présent travail a voulu explorer et étudier la pluralité du patrimoine immatériel des vieilles enseignes pékinoises, afin de montrer son enjeu dans le développement et la pérennité de ces enseignes ainsi que pour la préservation de la culture locale de Pékin. / Since its adoption of the « Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage », China has launched in its territory, the identification of its intangible cultural heritage, and has elaborated, applied the safeguarding methods accordingly. Beijing, capital of five dynasties in ancient times, possesses an abundant resource of intangible cultural heritage. The time-honored brands, for example, are the vehicle of several elements strongly local-colored, such as oralheritage, name art, art of sign-board, traditional philosophy mainly represented by Confucianism, and traditional craftsmanship. Nonetheless, the cultural valorization of Beijing’s time-honored brands has not been stressed, on the contrary to their economical valorization. Relying on the formulation of intangible cultural heritage, this study explored and examined the plurality of these time-honored brands’ intangible heritage, in order to demonstrate its importance for these brands’ development and durability, as well as for the preservation of Beijing’s local culture. / 自从2003 年中国加入«非物质文化遗产保护公约»以来，开展了对其非物质文化遗产的 全面普查，并相应制定和执行了保护政策及措施。北京，作为中国五朝古都，拥有极为丰富 的非物质文化遗产资源。北京老字号就承载了从口头遗产，命名艺术，牌匾艺术，以儒家为 代表的传统思想，到其传统技艺等极具北京特色的项目。但是相对于其经济价值，北京老字 号的文化价值长期处于被忽视的地位。本文利用非物质文化遗产概念的提出，发掘并研究了 北京老字号的非物质文化遗产的多面性，借以阐明其对这些企业的生存和发展，及其对维持 北京地方文化特色的重要性。