Master of Science / Geology / Saugata Datta / The province (upazila) of Matlab in SE Bangladesh is highly affected with elevated concentrations of dissolved As content and widespread fecal contamination in untreated drinking waters. The study area is sedimentologically composed of thick floodplain deposits of Holocene age overlying Plio-Pleistocene grey fine to coarse sands with considerable clays (consisting of Dupi Tila formation). The goal of the current study is to understand the possible impact of co-occurrence of dissolved organic carbon (along with As release) and fecal indicator bacteria (e.g., E.coli) in aquifers from shallow to deep groundwater quality in this area. Nineteen groundwater (spanning a depth range of 14 to 240 m) samples and nine surface water samples (eight ponds and one canal in proximity to the piezometer nests) were collected from four different piezometric nests within north and south Matlab Upazila in Bangladesh during the monsoonal season (Jun-Jul 2014). The analyses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its fluorescence properties indicate that the chemical character of DOC from shallow to intermediate groundwaters (<150 m) and surface water is dominated by more aromatic and humic materials than deeper groundwaters. Both groundwaters and surface waters may receive humic substances leached from soil and/or from the cellular constituents and exudates of indigenous aquatic organisms. Dissolved organic carbons in groundwater and surface waters are composed of predominantly UVA and UVC-humic like along with tryptophan like components. Only 15% of total C is modern carbon at shallowest depths (<30 m) in groundwaters. The recharge source of groundwaters is from local precipitation, with or without some evaporation before infiltration as depicted by the δ2H and δ¹⁸O variations and the water is infiltrating through mostly terrestrially derived weathered sediments into the aquifers. The type of water in the study area is Ca-Na-HCO₃⁻ type. More toxic and soluble As (III) is present in shallow groundwaters (<30 m). High concentrations of As (V) and As[subscript (t)] are observed high in shallow and intermediate depth wells (<150 m). The most probable number based on the Colilert test and qPCR result for E.coli suggest that unprotected surface waters are harbingers for high microbial population compared to hand pumped wells. However, the very low observed concentrations of cultured E. coli (<1-10 MPN/100 mL) and E. coli DNA (<40 Copies/100 mL) in the wells indicates that the abundance of E.coli cells decrease rapidly with residence time in oligotrophic aquifers. Thus, it may be suggested that more humic DOC in shallow and intermediate groundwaters may be involved in complexation or other biogeochemical reactions that may mobilize As in groundwater. The non-indigenous bacteria can be the primary producers of DOC in the aquifers which can be utilizing surface derived DOC.

Master of Science / Geology / Matthew W. Totten / Organic-rich shales were deposited over a large part of what is now North America during the Late Devonian. North America in the late Devonian was located in the tropics (Woodrow et al., 1973), possibly in low southerly latitudes (Heckel and Witzke, 1979; Witzke and Heckel, 1988; Streel et al., 1990). This environment creates an organic-rich environment that resulted in thick, black shales. The Devonian-Mississippian Chattanooga (Woodford) shale is known to be an important petroleum source rock in many intracratonic basins of the Midcontinent (Lambert, 1993). Geochemical analysis of the Chattanooga shale, using various techniques, provides additional information on oil-source rock potential. Handheld XRF analysis was conducted on well cuttings samples, Loss on Ignition (LOI) was performed on a subset of those samples and mapping of the organic matter results of the two methods was completed. Handheld XRF still has the prospect for providing quick analysis to infer organic matter content to be used as a determination of the quality of source rock. Although slightly reduced correlation has been found within this study compared to Willey (2015), the method has still proven viable for fracking targets to be determined on site and in a more efficient manner. Loss on Ignition results have correlated with TOC data better then XRF results, making this method the better option for evaluating source rock potential. Mapping of these results provide the first known source rock potential map across Kansas and can be used by the industry for future exploration.

No description available.

Submitted by HERMANO JOSÉ RIBEIRO HENRIQUES (hermano.henriques.hh@gmail.com) on 2018-04-19T02:51:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Hermano 23-03-18 FINAL.pdf: 675802 bytes, checksum: 998790963004d6f800e75626d999e4c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-20T16:48:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 henriques_hjr_me_ilha.pdf: 457543 bytes, checksum: ccd8449717ed932372ce579f36b5f1fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T16:48:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 henriques_hjr_me_ilha.pdf: 457543 bytes, checksum: ccd8449717ed932372ce579f36b5f1fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização das regiões de cerrado para a produção agrícola se estabeleceu inicialmente pelo uso intensivo do solo proporcionando alterações nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de acordo com o tipo de manejo adotado. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria- MS, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, de textura argilosa (EMBRAPA, 2013), nos anos de 2016 a 2017 teve como objetivo de comparar os sistemas de manejo do solo a ser adotada em safras seguidas para estabilização do plantio direto (SPD) nas culturas de soja (verão) e do sorgo (outono-inverno). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: sistema de semeadura direta contínuo (de 23 e 24 anos de implantação), sendo que cultivo mínimo, preparo convencional do solo com grade pesada e arado de aiveca seguida de três gradagens leves e plantio direto sobre cada destes manejos do solo realizados continuamente com o mesmo número de safras seguidas até a 7° e 8° safra. Para comparação de medias foram avaliados os dados biométricos das culturas da soja e do sorgo, atributos físicos do solo e quantidade de carbono orgânico total. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os sistemas de semeadura direta contínuo apresentaram maior quantidade de estoque de carbono orgânico total. A elevação da produtividade de grãos de soja está diretamente relacionada à maior presença de plantas no estande final quando o solo foi preparado com grade pesada seguida do tempo de implantação como sistema plantio direto, diferentemente dos manejos de preparo do solo com grade pesada e arado de aiveca contínuo terem menor sobrevivência de plantas, refletiu diretamente na queda de produtividades de grãos de soja em razão do maior campo de visão ter facilitado o ataque de pássaros. Os mesmos tratamentos de manejos do solo adotados na cultura do sorgo apresentaram efeito nulo sobre características biométricas, demostrando que independentemente do tempo de implantação do SPD e manejo do solo adotado anteriormente continua sendo a opção mais viável economicamente para a região de Cerrado. / The use of cerrado regions for agricultural production was established initially with intensive use of the soil, providing changes in the physical, chemical and biological attributes according to the type of management adopted. The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, in the of Selvíria-MS, in an Oxisol (EMBRAPA, 2013), year period from 2016 to 2017, had the objective of comparing the soil tillage systems to be adopted in crop seasons for stabilization of no-tillage (SPD) in soybean (summer) and sorghum (autumn-winter). The experimental design was a randomized block design, using factorial arrangement with four replications and seven treatments: continuous no-tillage (23 and 24 years of implantation), with minimum tillage, conventional soil tillage with heavy grating, and shisel moldboard pow by three disk plowing followed and no-tillage on each of these soils managed continuously with the same number of harvests followed up to the 7th and 8th harvests. Biometric data from soybean and sorghum cultures, soil physical attributes and amount of total organic carbon were evaluated for comparison of means. The results showed that continuous direct seeding systems presented higher amounts of total organic carbon stock. The increase of soybean grain yield is directly related to the greater presence of plants in the final stand when the soil was prepared with heavy grating followed by the time of implantation as no-tillage system, unlike the soil preparation operations with heavy grating and shisel moldboard pow continued to have lower plant survival, directly reflected in the fall in yields of soybeans because the greater field of view facilitated the attack of birds. The same soil management treatments adopted in the sorghum crop showed zero effect on biometric characteristics, showing that regardless of the time of SPD implementation and previously adopted soil management, it remains the most economically viable option in the Cerrado.

Orientador: Élcio Hiroyoshi Yano / Resumo: A utilização das regiões de cerrado para a produção agrícola se estabeleceu inicialmente pelo uso intensivo do solo proporcionando alterações nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de acordo com o tipo de manejo adotado. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, no município de Selvíria- MS, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, de textura argilosa (EMBRAPA, 2013), nos anos de 2016 a 2017 teve como objetivo de comparar os sistemas de manejo do solo a ser adotada em safras seguidas para estabilização do plantio direto (SPD) nas culturas de soja (verão) e do sorgo (outono-inverno). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: sistema de semeadura direta contínuo (de 23 e 24 anos de implantação), sendo que cultivo mínimo, preparo convencional do solo com grade pesada e arado de aiveca seguida de três gradagens leves e plantio direto sobre cada destes manejos do solo realizados continuamente com o mesmo número de safras seguidas até a 7° e 8° safra. Para comparação de medias foram avaliados os dados biométricos das culturas da soja e do sorgo, atributos físicos do solo e quantidade de carbono orgânico total. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os sistemas de semeadura direta contínuo apresentaram maior quantidade de estoque de carbono orgânico total. A elevação da produtividade de grãos de soja está diretamente relacionada à ma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of cerrado regions for agricultural production was established initially with intensive use of the soil, providing changes in the physical, chemical and biological attributes according to the type of management adopted. The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Ensino (FEPE-Cerrado), belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, in the of Selvíria-MS, in an Oxisol (EMBRAPA, 2013), year period from 2016 to 2017, had the objective of comparing the soil tillage systems to be adopted in crop seasons for stabilization of no-tillage (SPD) in soybean (summer) and sorghum (autumn-winter). The experimental design was a randomized block design, using factorial arrangement with four replications and seven treatments: continuous no-tillage (23 and 24 years of implantation), with minimum tillage, conventional soil tillage with heavy grating, and shisel moldboard pow by three disk plowing followed and no-tillage on each of these soils managed continuously with the same number of harvests followed up to the 7th and 8th harvests. Biometric data from soybean and sorghum cultures, soil physical attributes and amount of total organic carbon were evaluated for comparison of means. The results showed that continuous direct seeding systems presented higher amounts of total organic carbon stock. The increase of soybean grain yield is directly related to the greater presence of plants in the final stand when the soil was prepared with heavy grating follo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Soil degradation can occur because of inadequate management, which may result in soil unproductive and, in certain situations, lead to the desertification process. One of the causes of degradation is overgrazing, causing loss of biodiversity of plant strata by the pressure of ramoneio and soil compaction by excessive trampling of animals, bringing implications to the ground in the physical, chemical and biological properties, thereby undermining the sustainability of the agroecosystem. An alternative to recover soil degradation is the practice of fallow, because that is easy to perform and inexpensive to restore soil properties that provides input of organic matter, important soil conditioner. With that aimed to prove the hypothesis that the time of 14 year fallow improves the physical and chemical soil in degraded areas in the process of desertification. The areas selected for the study are located in the municipality of IrauÃuba in the state of CearÃ, Brazil. Soil samples were taken in five areas of overgrazing, in five areas of fallow and in a forest area, is serving as the reference area. Physical and chemical analysis of the soil as soil density, total porosity, flocculation, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity (CTC), total organic carbon, carbon management index and physical fractions of organic carbon, were done to assess the changes the physical and chemical attributes of these areas. The management of fallow showed improvements in physical and chemical soil when assessed after 14 years of withdrawal of animals, but when compared to the work done in the same area in 2009, with 7 years of fallow, evidence that the areas are still in the process of degradation. The organic carbon content was higher in the areas of fallow and the fraction with the highest proportion was the organic carbon associated to minerals. / A degradaÃÃo do solo pode ocorrer em funÃÃo do manejo inadequado, o qual pode acarretar na improdutividade do solo e, em certas situaÃÃes, levar ao processo de desertificaÃÃo. Uma das causas da degradaÃÃo à o sobrepastejo, ocasionando perda da biodiversidade do estrato vegetal pela pressÃo do ramoneio e compactaÃÃo do solo pelo pisoteio excessivo dos animais, trazendo implicaÃÃes ao solo nas propriedades fÃsicas, quÃmicas e biolÃgicas, comprometendo assim a sustentabilidade do agrossistema. Uma alternativa para recuperar a degradaÃÃo do solo à a prÃtica do pousio, pois essa à de fÃcil execuÃÃo e de baixo custo para restaurar as propriedades do solo que proporciona aporte de matÃria orgÃnica, importante condicionador do solo. Com isso, objetivou-se comprovar a hipÃtese que o tempo de pousio de 14 anos melhora os atributos fÃsicos e quÃmicos do solo em Ãreas degradadas em processo de desertificaÃÃo. As Ãreas selecionadas para o estudo estÃo localizadas no municÃpio de IrauÃuba, no Estado do CearÃ, Brasil. Foram realizadas coletas de solo em cinco Ãreas de sobrepastejo, em cinco Ãreas de pousio e em uma Ãrea de mata, esta servindo como Ãrea de referÃncia. AnÃlises fÃsicas e quÃmicas do solo como: densidade do solo, porosidade total, grau de floculaÃÃo, pH, condutividade elÃtrica, capacidade de troca de cÃtions (CTC), carbono orgÃnico total, Ãndice de manejo de carbono e fracionamento fÃsico do carbono orgÃnico, foram feitas a fim de avaliar as modificaÃÃes nos atributos fÃsicos e quÃmicos destas Ãreas. O manejo de pousio apresentou melhorias em atributos fÃsicos e quÃmicos do solo quando avaliado apÃs 14 anos de retirada dos animais, mas quando comparada ao trabalho realizado na mesma Ãrea em 2009, com 7 anos de pousio, evidÃncia que as Ãreas ainda estÃo em processo de degradaÃÃo. O teor de carbono orgÃnico foi maior nas Ãreas de pousio e a fraÃÃo com maior proporÃÃo foi o carbono orgÃnico associado aos minerais.

No Rio Grande do Sul, são escassos os estudos relacionados à identificação e à caracterização de minerais pedogênicos em ampla escala, bem como aqueles que tratam da influência da mineralogia nos aspectos físicos e químicos dos solos. O sistema solo é resultado da combinação de fatores que atuaram ao longo do tempo geológico, fato evidente no estado do Rio Grande do Sul devido a expressiva variabilidade de classes de solos em seu território. Nesse sentido, o estudo objetivou caracterizar a composição mineralógica de solos formados nas diferentes regiões fisiográficas do Rio Grande do Sul e definir combinações físicas, químicas e mineralógicas responsáveis pela adsorção de fósforo nesses solos. Para tal, foram selecionadas 60 amostras representativas de oito classes de solos de pedoambientes oxidados e com distintos graus de intemperização. As amostras foram previamente coletadas sob vegetação natural na camada de 0 a 20 cm de profundidade. Na fração TFSA, foram realizadas análises físicas (granulometria, área superficial específica, suscetibilidade magnética), químicas (carbono orgânico total, teor de óxidos de ferro pedogênicos e óxidos de baixa cristalinidade, teor de fósforo remanescente) e mineralógicas (difratometria de raio x, estimativa dos minerais por área e largura a meia altura). Os dados foram analisados por correlações de Pearson. Os resultados mostraram ampla variação mineralógica devido aos distintos materiais de origem, influenciando a granulometria, ASE e SM. Os valores de COT mostraram relação positiva com os teores de argila e negativa, principalmente, com os teores de Prem, interferindo nos fenômenos de sorção dos solos. Os teores de Fed aumentaram conforme o incremento de argila nos solos e os teores de Feo foram baixos, ambos devido ao avançado estágio de intemperização dos solos. Na fração argila, predomina a caulinita associada a diferentes proporções de argilominerais 2:1 e óxidos de ferro. A adsorção de fósforo apresenta relação expressiva com os teores de argila, de óxidos de ferro, de carbono orgânico total e, consequentemente, com a área superficial específica do solo. / There are few studies in Rio Grande do Sul making relations with the identification and characterization of pedogenic minerals on a large scale, as well as those that establish the influence of mineralogy on physical and chemical aspects of the soil. The soil system is a result of combination of factors that acted over geological time, an evident fact in Rio Grande do Sul state of due to significant variability of soil classes on his territory. Therein, the study intent to characterize the mineralogical composition of soils formed in distinct geographical regions of Rio Grande do Sul and define physical, chemical and mineralogical combinations responsible for phosphorus adsorption in these soils. However, we selected 60 representative samples of eight soil classes of oxidics pedoenvironments and with distinct degrees of mineral weathering. The samples were previously collected under natural vegetation in the 0 to 20 cm deep. In TFSA fraction, were performed physical (soil texture, specific surface area, magnetic susceptibility), chemical (total organic carbon, content of pedogenic (Fed) and low cristalinity (Feo) iron oxides, remaining phosphorus content (Prem)) and mineralogical analyzes (X ray diffraction, estimation per area and width at half height of minerals). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlations. The results showed wide mineralogical variation due to different parent materials, influencing the soil texture, SSA and MS. The TOC values were closely related with the clay fraction and negative relationship, especially with the levels of Prem, interfering in soil sorption phenomena. The Fed contents increased with the clay fraction and Feo contents were low, both due to the advanced soil stage of weathering. The clay fraction had predominantly kaolinite associated with different ratios of 2: 1 clay minerals and iron oxides. The phosphorus adsorption shows a significant relationship with the clay fraction, iron oxides, total organic carbon and, consequently, with the specific surface area of the soil.

Os radiofármacos são definidos como preparações farmacêuticas contendo um radionuclídeo em sua composição, são administrados intravenosamente em sua maioria, e, portanto, o cumprimento dos princípios de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) é essencial e indispensável à tais produtos. A validação de limpeza é um requisito das BPF e consiste na evidência documentada que demonstra que os procedimentos de limpeza removem os resíduos a níveis pré-determinados de aceitação, garantindo que não haja contaminação cruzada. Uma simplificação da validação dos processos de limpeza é admitida, e consiste na escolha de um produto, denominado de \"pior caso\" ou worst case, para representar a limpeza de todos os equipamentos da mesma linha de produção. Uma das etapas da validação de limpeza é o estabelecimento e validação do método analítico para quantificação do resíduo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o pior caso para a validação de limpeza dos equipamentos de produção de reagentes liofilizados-RL para marcação com 99mTc, avaliar a utilização do teor de carbono orgânico total (COT) como indicador de limpeza dos equipamentos utilizados na fabricação dos RL, validar o método para determinação de CONP (carbono orgânico não purgável/volátil) e realizar testes de recuperação com o produto escolhido como pior caso. A escolha do produto pior caso baseou-se no cálculo de um índice denominado \"índice para pior caso - Worst Case Index (WCI)\", utilizando informações de solubilidade dos fármacos, dificuldade de limpeza dos equipamentos e taxa de ocupação dos produtos na linha de produção. O produto indicado como pior caso entre os RL foi o MIBI-TEC. Os ensaios de validação do método foram realizados utilizando-se um analisador de carbono modelo TOC-Vwp acoplado a um amostrador automático modelo ASI-V, ambos da marca Shimadzu&reg e controlados por software TOC Control-V Shimadzu&reg. Foi utilizado o método direto de quantificação do CONP. Os parâmetros avaliados na validação do método foram: conformidade do sistema, robustez, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ), precisão (repetibilidade e precisão intermediária), e exatidão (recuperação) e foram definidos como: 4% acidificante, 2,5 mL de oxidante, tempo de integração da curva de 4,5 minutos, tempo de sparge de 3,0 minutos e linearidade na faixa de 40-1000 &mu;gL-1, com coeficiente de correlação (r) e soma residual dos mínimos quadrados (r2) &gt; 0,99 respectivamente. LD e LQ para CONP foram 14,25 ppb e 47,52 ppb, respectivamente, repetibilidade entre 0,11 4,47%; a precisão intermediária entre 0,59 a 3,80% e exatidão entre 97,05 - 102,90%. A curva analítica para Mibi mostrou-se linear na faixa de 100-800 &mu;gL-1, com r e r2 &gt; 0,99, apresentando parâmetros similares aos das curvas analíticas de CONP. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que a abordagem do pior caso para validação de limpeza é um meio simples e eficaz para diminuir a complexidade e morosidade do processo de validação, além de proporcionar uma redução nos custos envolvidos nestas atividades. Todos os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de validação de método CONP atenderam as exigências e especificações preconizadas pela norma RE 899/2003 da ANVISA para considerar a metodologia validada. / Radiopharmaceuticals are defined as pharmaceutical preparations containing a radionuclide in their composition, mostly intravenously administered, and therefore compliance with the principles of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is essential and indispensable. Cleaning validation is a requirement of the current GMP, and consists of documented evidence, which demonstrates that the cleaning procedures are able to remove residues to pre-determined acceptance levels, ensuring that no cross contamination occurs. A simplification of cleaning processes validation is accepted, and consists in choosing a product, called \"worst case\", to represent the cleaning processes of all equipment of the same production area. One of the steps of cleaning validation is the establishment and validation of the analytical method to quantify the residue. The aim of this study was to establish the worst case for cleaning validation of equipment in the radiopharmaceutical production of lyophilized reagent (LR) for labeling with 99mTc, evaluate the use of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content as indicator of equipment cleaning used in the LR manufacture, validate the method of Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon (NPOC), and perform recovery tests with the product chosen as worst case.Worst case products choice was based on the calculation of an index called \"Worst Case Index\" (WCI), using information about drug solubility, difficulty of cleaning the equipment and occupancy rate of the products in line production. The products indicated as worst case was the LR MIBI-TEC. The method validation assays were performed using carbon analyser model TOC-Vwp coupled to an autosampler model ASI-V, both from Shimadzu&reg, controlled by TOC Control-V software. It was used the direct method for NPOC quantification. The parameters evaluated in the validation method were: system suitability, robustness, linearity, detection limit (DL) and quantification limit (QL), precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), and accuracy (recovery) and they were defined as follows: 4% acidifying reagent, 2.5 ml oxidizing reagent, 4.5 minutes integration curve time, 3 minutes sparge time and linearity in 40-1000 &mu;gL-1 range, with correlation coefficient (r) and residual sum of minimum squares (r2) greater than 0.99 respectively. DL and QL for NPOC were 14.25 ppb e 47.52 ppb respectively, repeatability between 0.11 and 4.47%; the intermediate precision between 0.59 and 3.80% and accuracy between 97.05 and 102.90%. The analytical curve for Mibi was linear in 100-800 &mu;gL-1 range with r and r2 greater than 0.99, presenting similar parameters to NPOC analytical curves. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that the worst-case approach to cleaning validation is a simple and effective way to reduce the complexity and slowness of the validation process, and provide a costs reduction involved in these activities. All results obtained in NPOC method validation assays met the requirements and specifications recommended by the RE 899/2003 Resolution from ANVISA to consider the method validated.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-21T17:20:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Vinicius Olivieri Rodrigues Gomes.pdf: 8391173 bytes, checksum: b3790798dbf591af7fcc8e63ad01c306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T17:20:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Vinicius Olivieri Rodrigues Gomes.pdf: 8391173 bytes, checksum: b3790798dbf591af7fcc8e63ad01c306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-22 / The need of producing polymeric artifacts increasingly powerful and versatile but which have increasingly lower biodegradation times motivates the scientific community to seek combinations of natural and synthetic polymers in order to meet both aspects. The manufacture of the blend LDPE/TPS Starch / Chitosan aims to go against that objective. The biodegradation occurs mostly in the soil. Trying to understand the dynamics of the biodegradation process in soil, this paper monitored the effects caused by deposition of the blend, analyzing different parameters, such as organic carbon, organic matter and microbial carbon, indicating levels of soil quality.The blends were prepared with different concentrations of chitosan, with values set to 0, 7, 5 and 15% of total mass and buried in pure soil and soil treated with humus. The analysis periods were 10, 40, 70, 100 and 130 days, with samples being exposed to the environment. Infrared analysis were performed using Fourier transform, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with spectroscopy dispersive energy before and after biodegradation mass loss, after the biodegradation process of the blends. Organic carbon, organic matter, microbial carbon, pH and moisture in the soil.The results obtained after analysis in blend showed that with the passage of time, the biodegradation process happened, considering that carbon levels dropped considerably and oxygen were increased in accordance with the EDS analysis. The FTIR analysis confirmed this fact by showing that there was an intese oxidative process, especially in the initial 70 days in all samples. The X-RD analysis showed that there was a variationin crystallinity, but always with a decrease of this paramenter. The weight loss was also significant and progressive in all samples. Soil results showed that the same is resilient and can recover its characteristics during the biodegradation process. At the beginning of the experiment, especially in the first 40 ays, all evaluated paramenters declined considerably, but returned to baseline levels and maintained these values by the end of the experiment. Experimental design was made and it showed that none of the dependent variables influenced the biodegradion process. / A necessidade de produzir artefatos polim?ricos cada vez mais vers?teis e ?performantes? e que apresentem caracter?sticas de biodegrada??o cada vez mais acentuadas tem motivado a comunidade cient?fica a buscar combina??es entre pol?meros sint?ticos e naturais com o objetivo de atender esses aspectos. O desenvolvimento de blendas de polietileno de baixa densidade/amido termopl?stico/quitosana (PEBD/TPS/Q) e de amido termopl?stico/quitosana (TPS/Q) visou ir de encontro a tal objetivo, procurando entender a din?mica do processo biodegradativo no solo. O presente trabalho acompanhou os efeitos causados pela deposi??o dessas blendas, analisando diferentes par?metros, como carbono org?nico total, massa org?nica total e carbono de biomassa microbiana, que indicam n?veis de qualidade do solo, al?m da perda de massa ap?s cada per?odo de biodegrada??o. As blendas de PEBD/TPS/Q e TPS/Q foram preparadas com diferentes concentra??es de quitosana, com valores definidos em 0, 7,5 e 15% da massa total e enterradas em solo puro e solo tratado com h?mus. Os per?odos de an?lise de biodegrada??o foram de 10, 40, 70, 100 e 130 dias, com as amostras sendo expostas ao ambiente. As blendas foram analisadas por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difra??o de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS), e quanto a perda de massa, antes e ap?s o processo de biodegrada??o. Tamb?m foram realizadas an?lises de carbono org?nico total, massa org?nica total, concentra??o de carbono de biomassa microbiana, pH e umidade dos solos utilizados. Os resultados comprovaram o processo biodegradativo das blendas com o passar do tempo, tendo em vista a diminui??o dos n?veis de carbono e aumento consider?vel dos n?veis de oxig?nio das blendas de PEBD/TPS/Q, de acordo com as an?lises de FTIR e EDS, e total biodegrada??o das blendas de TPS/Q. As bandas de FTIR comprovaram a ocorr?ncia do processo oxidativo, principalmente nos 70 dias iniciais, nas amostras de PEBD/TPS/Q. As an?lises de DRX mostraram que houve uma varia??o da cristalinidade, com a tend?ncia de diminui??o deste par?metro. A perda de massa tamb?m foi consider?vel e progressiva para todas as amostras. Os resultados de an?lise das amostras de solo mostraram o poder de recupera??o da atividade microbiana dos mesmos (resili?ncia) durante o processo biodegradativo. No per?odo inicial do experimento, em especial nos primeiros 40 dias, todos os par?metros avaliados sofreram decaimento de seus valores, por?m retornaram aos patamares iniciais e mantiveram esses valores at? o final do experimento. O planejamento experimental realizado mostrou que nenhuma das vari?veis independentes influenciou no processo de bioatividade do solo.

The Petrockstowe and Bovey basins are two similar pull apart (strike slip) basins located on the Sticklepath – Lustleigh Fault Zone (SLFZ) in Devon, SW England. The SLFZ is one of the several faults on the Cornubian Peninsula and may be linked to Variscan structures rejuvenated in Palaeogene times. The bulk of the basins’ fill consists of clays, silts, lignites and sands of Palaeogene age, comparable to the Lough Neagh Basin (Northern Ireland), which is also thought to be part of the SLFZ. In this study a multiproxy approach involving sedimentary facies analysis, palynological analysis, stable carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis and organic carbon palaeothermometer analyses were applied in an attempt to understand the depositional environment in both basins. A negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) with a magnitude of 2‰ was recorded at ~ 580 m in the siltstone, silty clay to clay lithofacies in the lower part of Petrockstowe Basin, with minimum δ13CTOC values of -28.6‰. The CIE spans a depth of 7 m. Palynological characteristics of this excursion are correlated with the Cogham Lignite in the southern UK, which is the only established PETM section in the UK, and other continental sections to test whether the palynology associated with this CIE can be used to date it. The age model proposed herein correlates the CIE to the Eocene Thermal Maximum -2 (ETM2; ~ 52.5Ma) event. Key pollen and spore assemblages found in the lower Petrockstowe Basin are Monocolpopollenites, Inaperturopollenites, Laevigatisporites, Bisaccate conifer pollen and Tricolporopollenites, which suggest an Eocene age, while those occurring in the upper part of the Petrockstowe and Bovey basins are Arecipites, Inaperturopollenites, Monocolpopollenites, Tricolporopollenites, Sequoiapollenites, and Pompeckjodaepollenites, which have suggested botanical affinities to modern tropical to sub-tropical genera signifying a climate that was frost-free at the time of sediment deposition. This assemblage further suggests that these sediments are Oligocene to middle Oligocene in age. In the upper part of the Petrockstowe Basin, reconstructed mean annual air temperatures (MAT) demonstrate a clear departure from the mean temperature of 24.5oC at 10 m to 19.5oC towards the top of the core, indicating a steady continuous decline similar to the temperature departures seen in the Solent Group in the Hampshire Basin, Isle of Wight, UK which has an established Eocene – Oligocene succession.