Neste trabalho duas espécies de grãos, de kefir e do tibet, popularmente conhecidas e utilizadas para fermentar o leite, foram estudados neste trabalho, no que se refere aos produtos formados durante a fermentação. O grão de kefir é uma associação simbiótica de microganismo pertencente a diversas espécies incluindo no geral bactérias ácidas láticas (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc), leveduras (Saccharomyces cereviseae) e bactérias ácidas acéticas (Acetobacter). O grão de tibet é, também composto por uma associação simbiótica de leveduras e bactéria ácida lática. No entanto, grãos de kefir e tibet são muitos similares em quantidade microbiológica, procedimento de cultivo, muito similar em estrutura e produtos de fermentação, mas diferem em aspecto visual. A voltametria cíclica e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, em fase reversa (HPLC) com detecção no UV em 210nm operando no modo de eluição isocrático, foram aplicadas para determinar ácidos orgânicos em leite fermentados pelos grãos kefir e do Tibet e em amostra de iogurte comercial. Em ambos os métodos utilizados os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença de ácidos orgânicos em leite e no leite fermentado pelos grãos kefir e do Tibet e em amostra comercial de iogurte. Essas matrizes mostraram eletroatividade em ultramicroeletrodo de ouro. E nas análises por HPLC foi comprovado a presença de ácidos orgânicos e em grandes quantidades para cinco ácidos dos oito presentes nas amostras. Neste trabalho, foi efetuada a determinação de 8 ácidos orgânicos. Nas amostras citadas foram identificados os ácidos lático, oxálico, pirúvico, acético, úrico, cítrico, succínico e fórmico. Esta identificação foi feita por comparação entre os tempos de retenção dos compostos nas amostras de leite fermentado com os tempos de retenção dos padrões dos ácidos injetados individualmente para a técnica de HPLC. E quanto a aplicação da voltametria na análise de leite fermentado, o grão de Tibet demonstrou maior resposta analítica entre corrente e concentração, comparado ao grão de kefir e amostra comercial de iogurte. Fazendo uma análise comparativa das duas técnicas a HPLC tornou-se mais adequada devido a maior seletividade. / The products formed during the milk fermentation using the kefir and tibet grains (popularly known species) were studied in this work. The kefir grain is a symbiotic association of microorganisms that includes several species of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc), yeasts (Saccharomyces cereviseae) and acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter). The tibet grain is also composed by a symbiotic association of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. In spite of, the kefir and tibet grains are very similar in microbiologic components, cultivation procedure, structure and fermentation products, they differ in visual aspect. For the determination of the organic acids contained in fermented milk by the kefir or tibet grains and in a sample of commercial yogurt, the cyclic voltammetry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in reverse phase techniques were applied, the later was operated in isocratic elution mode with detection in the UV (210nm) region. In both techniques used, the obtained results showed the presence of organic acids in milk and in the fermented milk by the grains kefir and tibet and in the sample of commercial yogurt. Those matrixes showed electroactivity on a gold ultramicroelectrode and their analyses using HPLC was also possible. Thus, the presence of organic acids in great amounts for five acids of the eight presents in the samples was confirmed. In this work, the detection of 8 organic acids was carried out. In the mentioned samples were identified the lactic, oxalic, pyruvic, acetic, uric, citric, succinic and formic acids. This identification was performed by comparison among the retention times of the compounds in the samples of fermented milk with the retention times of the patterns of the acids, injected individually for the HPLC technique. Nevertheless, in the voltammetry application for the analysis of the fermented milk, the tibet grain demonstrated larger analytical signals (current – concentration relationship), compared to the kefir grain and the commercial sample of yogurt. Making a comparative analysis of the two techniques, HPLC became more appropriate due its larger selectivity.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine some of the potential fates of processing reagents in a coal preparation plant.  The focus is specifically on petro-diesel (termed "diesel" in this paper), which is used as a collector in the flotation of fine coal.  Diesel range organics (DRO) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are measured in aqueous samples using gas chromatography equipped with either a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) or a mass spectrometer (GC-MS).  Samples are subjected to a variety of test conditions in order to understand the behavior of diesel compounds in coal processing streams. Results show that frother and collector reagents are not likely to partition completely to a single fraction of the process slurry.  Further test work has shown that sub-ppm levels of DRO dominated by the water soluble fraction of diesel are expected to be present in process waters; however, PAHs and insoluble DRO may be removed via volatilization and/or degradation.  DRO and PAHs are also expected to be desorbed from coal particles when contacted with fresh water.  Flotation tests have revealed that low levels of DRO are found in both the concentrate and tailings processing streams with slightly higher concentrations being found in the concentrate stream.  From the tests performed in this thesis, it appears as though there is no apparent environmental concern when coal preparation plants are operating under normal conditions. / Master of Science

Magnetic properties of three families of metal-organic coordinated networks which have the general form of M(II)A(4,4'-bipyridine), where M=Fe, Ni, Co, and Cu and A=Cl2, (ox) and (N3)2, are studied in this dissertation. Novel Ni(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine), Co(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) and Cu(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) have been synthesized. We applied different synthesis procedures and produced Ni, Co, and Cu azide compounds for the first time, thus leaving the hydrothermal route procedure. Powder x-ray diffraction at room temperature was done in order to establish the crystal structure of the members of these three families. It was found that all of them crystallize in orthorhombic structure, where transitional metals have an octahedral coordination. Since all three families have identical crystal structure we got opportunity to examine how ligands facilitate magnetic interaction between metallic centers and also to test existing magnetic theoretical models. Since 4,4'-bipyridine is much longer than other ligands, our systems can be considered as 1-D magnetic systems. Their interchain magnetic interactions are very weak, and they order magnetically at very low temperatures of the order of few K. Measurements of M(H) at temperatures T=1.9K and T=2K and χ(T) in different external magnetic fields in zero field and field cooled modes have been made. In the case of MCl2(4,4'-bipyridine) family of compounds, we observed ferromagnetic interactions between metal ions within the chains and antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent chains. M(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine) family of metal-organic compounds has antiferromagnetic interactions between the transitional metal ions within the chain, while weak ferromagnetic interaction exists between the chains. All members in the M(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) family except in the case of the copper compound were found to have ferromagnetic interactions between metal ions within the chains and then antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent chains. The copper compound does not show magnetic ordering in the temperature range we considered. All the metal ions in these compounds were detected in high spin states. The magnetic susceptibility data was fit to appropriate 1-D models, which in the case of MCl2(4,4'-bipyridine) and M(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) were the Classical Spin Fisher model, and the Bonner Fisher model in the case M(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine). The experimental results and fitting to the appropriate model with the accuracy of 0.995 suggests that shorter Cl-M-Cl distances facilitate ferromagnetic interactions, which are more sensitive to the total spin value then to the sole distance between metal ions. The magnetic behavior of M(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) family of coordinated metal-organic compounds is very interesting because family members exhibit both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic behavior. The ferromagnetic characteristics decrease with decreasing spin. Fitting the results for all compounds of the M(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine) family have shown that strong anisotropy exists in all of them, being highest in Ni(ox)(4,'4-bipyridine) and lowest in Co(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine). Specific heat measurements were performed in the case of cobalt and copper azide compounds and then compared with previously obtained results for the iron coordinated network of the same family. Although none of these compounds show the characteristic λ shaped transition indicating magnetic ordering, all of them have unusually large values of the constant γ, which indicates significant magnetic contribution to the observed specific heat, since the free electron contribution in these observed families is negligible. We have concluded that total spin of the transitional metal plays a more important role than the distance between ions within the chain in determining magnitude of interaction, and that (N3)2 is a better facilitator of ferromagnetic interaction between ions than Cl2. / Physics

No / Originally developed as a heat exchange fluid, Volasil 245 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) has been found to dissolve 10 times more ozone than water does. This article proposes and investigates the extraction of wastewater contaminants to ozone-loaded Volasil 245 as a means of providing rapid treatment. In a series of bench-scale tests, the effectiveness of ozone-loaded Volasil 245 contact was compared with that of conventional gas contact. Tests were conducted with respect to a range of organic compounds: namely, phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,3-dichlorophenol, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, and nitrobenzene. Contact with the ozone-loaded solvent was suggested to be the more rapid technique, reducing aqueous concentrations by at least 85% within 30 s. In the case of 2-chlorophenol, Volasil 245 contact was shown to require just ~0.5 min to achieve a residual aqueous fraction of 5%, as opposed to ~4.5 min of gas contact. However, water/solvent interfacial mass transfer resistance was suggested to limit the degree of aqueous decontamination ultimately achieved.

The objective of this project was the study of basic interaction processes in the systems actinide - clay organics - aquifer and actinide - natural clay - clay organics - aquifer. Thus, complexation, redox, sorption and diffusion studies were performed. To evaluate the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur containing functional groups of humic acid (HA) on the complexation of actinides in comparison to carboxylic groups, the Am(III) and U(VI) complexation by model ligands was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TRLFS. The results show that Am(III) is mainly coordinated via carboxylic groups, however, probably stabilized by nitrogen groups. The U(VI) complexation is dominated by carboxylic groups, whereas nitrogen and sulfur containing groups play a minor role. Phosphorus containing groups may contribute to the U(VI) complexation by HA, however, due to their low concentration in HA they play only a subordinate role compared to carboxylic groups. Applying synthetic HA with varying sulfur contents (0 to 6.9 wt.%), the role of sulfur functionalities of HA for the U(VI) complexation and Np(V) reduction was studied. The results have shown that sulfur functionalities can be involved in U(VI) humate complexation and act as redox-active sites in HA for the Np(V) reduction. However, due to the low content of sulfur in natural HA, its influence is less pronounced. In the presence of carbonate, the U(VI) complexation by HA was studied in the alkaline pH range by means of cryo-TRLFS (-120°C) and ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. The formation of the ternary UO2(CO3)2HA(II)4− complex was detected. The complex formation constant was determined with log β0.1 M = 24.57 ± 0.17. For aqueous U(VI) citrate and oxalate species, luminescence emission properties were determined by cryo-TRLFS and used to determine stability constants. The existing data base could be validated. The U(VI) complexation by lactate, studied in the temperature range 7 to 65°C, was found to be endothermic and entropy-driven. In contrast, the complex stability constants determined for U(VI) humate complexation at 20 and 40°C are comparable, however, decrease at 60°C. For aqueous U(IV) citrate, succinate, mandelate and glycolate species stability constants were determined. These ligands, especially citrate, increase solubility and mobility of U(IV) in solution due to complexation. The U(VI) sorption onto crushed Opalinus Clay (OPA, Mont Terri, Switzerland) was studied in the absence and presence of HA or low molecular weight organic acids, in dependence on temperature and CO2 presence using OPA pore water as background electrolyte. Distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for the sorption of U(VI) and HA onto OPA with (0.0222 ± 0.0004) m3/kg and (0.129 ± 0.006) m3/kg, respectively. The U(VI) sorption is not influenced by HA (50 mg/L), however, decreased by low molecular weight organic acids (> 1×10-5 M), especially by citrate and tartrate. With increasing temperature, the U(VI) sorption increases both in the absence and in the presence of clay organics. The U(VI) diffusion in compacted OPA is not influenced by HA at 25 and 60°C. Predictions of the U(VI) diffusion show that an increase of the temperature to 60°C does not accelerate the migration of U(VI). With regard to uranium-containing waste, it is concluded that OPA is suitable as host rock for a future nuclear waste repository since OPA has a good retardation potential for U(VI).

We improved the assimilated daily inversion method by conducting model simulation, satellite retrieval, and inverse modeling sequentially on a daily basis. The improved procedure was applied to GOME-2 and OMI NO₂ measurements over China in 2011, respectively. The new daily retrieval-inversion method significantly reduced the systematic bias in inverse modeling of NOₓ emission between using GOME-2 and OMI measurements, and detected more clear seasonal and weekly variations. OMI instrument observed NO₂ columns over China from 2005 to 2010 were analyzed in order to estimate the top-down anthropogenic NOₓ emission trends. The estimated average emission trend is slower than the trend reported for previous years. We find large regional, seasonal, and urban-rural variations in emission trends. These results appear to suggest that a number of factors have significantly reduced or even reversed the increasing trend of NOₓ emissions in more economically developed megacities and southern coastal regions, but their effects are not as significant in other major cities or less economically developed regions. A 1-D chemical transport model was applied to analyze OH and HO₂ radical observations during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE) near Christmas Island (Kiritimati, 1.52°N 157.24°W) from Aug. 2 through Sep. 10, 2007. In two of fourteen research flights, significantly higher HO₂/OH ratios in the buffer layer than the other flights were found. Model simulations indicated that fast-reacting oxygenated volatile organic compounds, which can react rapidly with OH and provide additional primary radical sources through photolysis, were necessary to explain the observations. During or right before these two flights, the WRF model simulated two strongest shallow convective events during this experiment, suggesting a transport pathway of ocean organics into the buffer layer. Ocean upwelling driven by atmospheric pressure depression during convection may expedite the release of ocean organics.

Ce projet de thèse s'inscrit dans la recherche et le développement de dispositifs de lutte contre les émissions de composés organiques volatils (Programme principal n°7). En effet, l'objet de ce projet est d'étudier et de développer une nouvelle génération de microréacteurs catalytiques structurés pour la dépollution d'effluents gazeux contenant des composés organiques volatils (COV) issus de sources dispersées et/ou confinées. La difficulté principale du traitement des effluents gazeux est souvent liée à la multiplicité des sources de pollution et donc à la nécessité de collecter tous les effluents pollués vers une unité de traitement de grande échelle. Tout procédé qui pourrait facilement s'adapter et répondre à des pollutions diverses et localisées quels que soient les polluants, le débit et l'application, constituerait une grande avancée technologique dans le traitement de la pollution de l'air. Ainsi, des microsystèmes catalytiques pourraient être mis en oeuvre pour le traitement de composés organiques volatils dans des environnements industriels divers comme des ateliers d'imprimerie, de séchage, de peinture, de vernissage et des ateliers de nettoyage à sec. Toutes ces applications présentent un intérêt majeur d'un point de vue environnemental et de santé publique et constituent des cas idéaux pour mettre en oeuvre ces nouveaux microsystèmes et démontrer leur efficacité. Les microréacteurs présentent un avantage certain en terme de conception de procédés. La possibilité d'associer des éléments microstructurés ou des petites unités permet d'adapter et d'intégrer le procédé catalytique de façon appropriée, indépendamment de l'échelle et l'effluent. De plus, le concept modulaire est évidemment plus sûr. Ainsi, les microréacteurs construits à partir de plaques microstructurées permettent une distribution du flux gazeux dans l'ensemble des microcanaux. En outre, en raison des dimensions caractéristiques des microcanaux, les dispositifs microstructurés permettent une grande diminution de la distance entre la zone catalytique et le fluide conduisant à de meilleures propriétés de transferts que les réacteurs à lit fixe. Enfin et surtout, les microréacteurs catalytiques permettent une manipulation plus sûre des produits dangereux, inflammables et même explosifs que dans les réacteurs conventionnels. En partenariat avec le Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes (LAAS-Toulouse), ce projet vise donc à concevoir et à développer des réacteurs catalytiques microstructurés suivant les objectifs définis précédemment. Ces microréacteurs sont constitués d'un empilement de plaques de silicium recouvertes d'une couche fine de platine utilisant des technologies de la microélectronique. Les technologies utilisées par le LAAS constituent une alternative aux dépôts catalytiques sur des microstructures existantes. De plus, un des avantages majeurs de l'utilisation des microtechnologies est la possibilité d'intégrer les sources chauffantes sur une plaque de silicium (résistances thermiques métalliques). Ainsi, l'intégration de sources chauffantes au coeur du microréacteur est une solution intéressante à la question des besoins énergétiques. Les travaux associés à ce projet de thèse visent à optimiser les performances et les conditions de fonctionnement de microréacteurs catalytiques et à mieux comprendre et appréhender les phénomènes impliqués. Les performances des microréacteurs conçus sont évaluées vis-à-vis de diverses molécules représentatives des émissions industrielles aux mélanges de COV avec pour objectif final une étude sur des effluents réels. / This thesis project is part of the research and development of devices to fight against the emission of volatile organics compounds.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-18T10:57:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adegmar José Ferreira.pdf: 1190851 bytes, checksum: 7041a4311242027554e7092d05d3b124 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T10:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adegmar José Ferreira.pdf: 1190851 bytes, checksum: 7041a4311242027554e7092d05d3b124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-27 / This thesis examines, from a Gramscian perspective, the role of the intellectuals formed by the Law Faculty at the Catholic and Federal Universities from 1950 to 1975, and the professional acts to the organization of the social, political and educational life of Goiás. In order to build an interpretation of the object of this study, it examines: the university and the judicial institutes from which they originated; the effects of the Military Dictatorship and other events on the formation and role of the said intellectuals; the ways in which Gramsci proceeds in designing his categories of extended state (political society and civil society), which include “political society”, “civil society”, “hegemony”, “intellectuals”, “cultural organization”, “structure” and “superstructure”. It also examines when an intellectual comes into being and how a political-social subject becomes part of this process. I infer from the reports of the interviews conducted with the subjects of the research that the Law intellectuals selected for the interviews are part of a wider group of intellectuals in the field (graduates of the same Catholic and Federal Universities) who come close as a professional class (lawyer and lawyer-professor) to Gramsci’s “organic” intellectual, and, as such, fits into the category of “functioning organic intellectual”. I also infer that the different political-professional practices lived out by the law intellectuals, subjects of this research, were highly significant in the organization of the social, political and educational life of the state of Goiás, to such an extent that, when associated with other similar practices, they contributed towards constituting the structures and superstructures of civil society which, as a rule, hegemonically ends up endorsing the “political society”, which for Gramsci is the same as the State. / Esta tese analisa, na perspectiva gramsciana, a atuação dos intelectuais do Direito formados pela UG/UCG/PUC Goiás e pela UFG de 1950 a 1975, bem como o significado de suas contribuições na organização da vida social, política e educacional de Goiás. Buscando construir a interpretação desse objeto de estudo, analisa a universidade e os institutos jurídicos que lhe deram origem no Estado; os efeitos da Ditadura Militar e de outros acontecimentos na formação e atuação dos intelectuais referidos; o modo como Gramsci procede para conceber suas categorias de Estado ampliado (sociedade política + sociedade civil), “sociedade política“, “sociedade civil”, “hegemonia”, “intelectuais”, “organização da cultura”, “estrutura”, “superestrutura”, entre outras, e o momento em que o intelectual passa a existir e, como sujeito político-social, integra esse processo. Infiro dos relatos decorrentes das entrevistas realizadas com os sujeitos da pesquisa que os intelectuais do Direito selecionados para as entrevistas fazem parte de um grupo maior de intelectuais da área, formados nas mesmas universidades, UG/UCG e UFG, que se aproxima como categoria profissional (jurista e jurista-professor), do intelectual “orgânico” gramsciano, e que, nessa condição, insere-se no grupo “intelectual orgânico funcional”. Depreendo ainda que as diversas práticas político-profissionais vivenciadas pelo intelectual do Direito, sujeito desta pesquisa, tiveram grande importância na organização da vida social, política e educacional do estado de Goiás, na medida em que, associadas a outras práticas da mesma natureza, contribuíram para compor as estruturas e superestruturas da sociedade civil, que ideologicamente acaba, em regra, por respaldar a “sociedade política” que, para Gramsci, é o mesmo que Estado.

The thesis examines how resource-poor smallholder farmers in Mexico are integrated into a Global Value Chain. Most Global Value Chains depend on production located in developing countries. In agriculture, Global Value Chain tend to concentrate production in large enterprises and exclude smallholder farmers. The logic of Global Value Chains is to reduce the cost of production by allocating low value activities, such as production of commodities to developing countries to take advantage of cheap labour cost. High value activities such as branding, marketing and product development remain in high income countries. The thesis consists of the in-depth case study of San Francisco Produce/Peninsula Organics (SFP/PO) Global Value Chain. It is located throughout Southern Baja Peninsula in Mexico and San Francisco California, U.S.A. It sells organic certified produce to the American market, particularly California and east coast. SFP/PO was founded by a social entrepreneur and has been functioning for over 30 years. This Global Value Chain has an explicit social purpose. It focuses on integrating smallholder farmers into agricultural production. This value chain requires farmers to adopt organic production. The methods consisted of semi-structured interviews. In total, 50 interviews were conducted in Mexico to farmers that belong to the value chain in 9 co-operatives and 3 single farmers. The interviews focused on how farmers learned organic production to meet quality requirements of global buyers. The analysis uses three perspectives to explain the integration of smallholder farmers into SFP/PO and the development of organic production capabilities. First Global Value Chains are used to describe the network, connections and production activities smallholder farmers and global buyer carry out. The study sheds light on how the value chain achieves its social aims by using global markets and providing external inputs to improve farmers' livelihoods. Second, using Technological Capabilities the study explains the skills farmers need to develop to participate in the value chain. Third, a Communities of Practice perspective is used to explain how social learning is involved in developing production capabilities. The research explains how farmers collectively define competence and how they display three different levels of participation in the value chain, periphery, medium and full participation. And fourth, using the theory of Knowing in Action, the research explores co-learning between novice and expert farmers and the interactions among farmers that results in co-innovation to develop new technical solutions and crop varieties. The thesis presents a case of a value chain which is motivated by social purpose to improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The study demonstrates that there is a change of ethos, where global value chain integrates farmers into agricultural production. These data highlight the importance of social structures which allow farmer-to-farmer connections which enhance novice farmer skills enabling interactions where there is respect, and negotiation of knowledge. These interactions take indigenous farmers' knowledge into account in ways that can be acknowledged and harnessed in the form of practices and techniques to produce globally marketable products.

Organics recycling is increasing in New England as multiple states have enacted laws to divert organic materials, including food scraps and food processing residuals, away from landfills. Anaerobic digesters on dairy farms represent an attractive approach to food waste recycling because existing infrastructure is in place and co-digestion of dairy manure with food waste can increase renewable biogas production. In addition, anaerobic digestion results in effluents that can be separated into solid and liquid residual materials, or 'digestates'. Screw-press separated solids consist of lignocellulosic biomass resistant to microbial degradation during anaerobic digestion. These separated solids are typically recycled on farms as animal bedding before returning to the digester, whereas remaining liquid digestates are typically spread as fertilizer for nearby feed crops or pasture fields. Within this model, anaerobic digestion is not a nutrient management solution and repeated land application of digestate nutrients can create eutrophication risk over time. Alternative models are needed where digestate materials are converted into valuable products to be sold off-farm, enabling the removal of nutrients to help meet nutrient management goals. In this thesis, I address two research questions related to the pursuit of such alternative models. First, how do physicochemical characteristics of digestate materials vary across full-scale systems in the region, including systems with and without food waste as a substantial proportion of feedstock, and how do these variations affect the potential for conversion of digestates into valuable products (e.g., soil amendments)? Second, can separated digestate solids be used for commercial cultivation of gourmet oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to produce food for human consumption, providing synchronous nutrient recovery and food production? Results from my first research chapter indicate that increasing food waste inputs (and thus diversification of feedstock recipes) will likely increase the variability of some solid and liquid digestate characteristics and can result in greater contamination with synthetic particles, with implications for nutrient recovery efforts and associated products. My second research chapter shows that screw-press separated digestate solids can offset non-local substrate ingredients to a degree while achieving oyster mushroom yields comparable to commercial recipes. Furthermore, this strategy could divert nutrients away from land adjacent to digesters and directly into safe, nutritious, protein-rich food for humans, while also producing a useful spent mushroom substrate product.