Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The organisations of the 21st century are confronted with continuous changes. It is necessary that organisations respond to these changes to improve the level of their performance. Although the number of change initiatives within organisations is the norm of the day, there are very few successes. One reason for this, the author maintains, is the tendency to usually overemphasise hard elements, and not attend adequately to the soft elements, although the latter often contribute to the success of the organisation. These soft elements are: staff, skills, style of leadership, and shared values. The aim of the study is to enhance organisational performance of the proposal engineering pillar (PEP) of Sizophumelela organisation. This department was chosen because most of the corrective actions requests (CAR) due to non performance at Sizophumelela are from PEP. The main objective of this study is to identify the areas of concern in PEP, to develop an understanding of organisational change and to propose interventions to address and solve problem areas and improve performance. The McKinsey 7S Model was used to analyse the effectiveness of this department at Sizophumelela, an electrical transformer manufacturer and refurbishment business. After the identification of problem areas, interventions are proposed to address these issues. In the literature review an overview of some organisational change models is provided and the limitations of these models are also indicated. Out of these models, the business process re-engineering (BPR) model was viewed as important for this study; hence some aspects of that model form part of proposed interventions to address the identified issues. The McKinsey 7S Model is preferred for the performance analysis of the PEP with its focus on: Strategy, structure, systems, staff, and style of leadership, skills, and shared values. The 7S model is viewed by the author as the model that has the greatest benefit, because both hard and soft elements are focused on. A comprehensive set of material available within the company was used and structured interviews were conducted with all members of the PEP team. With the help of this methodology the strengths and weaknesses were established and some recommendations were made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die organisasies van die 21ste eeu kom voortdurend te staan voor veranderinge. Dit is nodig dat organisasies op hierdie veranderinge reageer om hul vlak van prestasie te verbeter. Hoewel die aantal veranderingsinisiatiewe binne organisasies vandag die norm is, is daar baie min suksesse. Een rede hiervoor, volgens hierdie outeur, is die neiging om gewoonlik harde elemente te oorbeklemtoon en nie genoeg aandag te gee aan die sagte elemente nie, hoewel laasgenoemde dikwels bydra tot die sukses van die organisasie. Hierdie sagte elemente is: personeel, vaardighede, leierskapstyl, en gedeelde waardes. Die doel van die studie is die verbetering van organisasieprestasie in die voorleggingsingenieurspilaar (PEP) van die Sizophumelela organisasie. Hierdie afdeling is gekies omdat die meeste van die versoeke om korrektiewe optrede (CAR) weens nieprestasie by Sizophumelela uit PEP afkomstig is. Die hoofdoelwit van hierdie studie is om die areas in PEP waaroor daar kommer bestaan, te identifiseer, begrip te ontwikkel van organisasieverandering en intervensies voor te stel om probleemareas op te los en prestasie te verbeter. Die McKinsey 7S Model is gebruik om die doeltreffendheid van hierdie afdeling by Sizophumelela te ontleed. Laasgenoemde is 'n besigheid wat elektriese transformators vervaardig en opknap. Na die identifisering van probleemareas word intervensies voorgestel om aan hierdie kwessies aandag te gee. In die literatuuroorsig word sommige modelle van organisasieverandering bekyk en die beperkinge van hierdie modelle word ook aangedui. Uit hierdie modelle word die model vir besigheidsprosesherontwerp (BPR) beskou as belangrik vir hierdie studie, dus vorm sommige aspekte van daardie model deel van voorgestelde intervensies ten opsigte van die geidentifiseerde kwessies. Die McKinsey 7S Model word verkies vir die prestasieontleding van die PEP met sy fokus op strategie, struktuur, stelsels, personeel, leierskapstyl, vaardighede en gedeelde waardes. Die 7S Model word deur die outeur beskou as die model met die grootste voordeel, aangesien dit fokus op beide harde en sagte elemente. 'n Omvattende stel materiaal wat binne die maatskappy beskikbaar is, is gebruik, en gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met al die lede van die PEP span. Met behulp van hierdie metodologie is die sterk en swak eienskappe bepaal en sekere aanbevelings gedoen.

La gestion des connaissances, fortement facilitée par l’introduction des TIC, est perçue au niveau de l’organisation comme un moyen de gérer au mieux son capital intellectuel. La connaissance étant devenue à la fois un support et un facteur important du changement organisationnel, l’intérêt des TIC se situe dans la possibilité de générer une importante base de connaissances interactive et facilement accessible et exploitable par les utilisateurs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’étudier l’adoption de la gestion des connaissances comme une nouvelle approche pour la gestion des organisations en Algérie. Nous orientons notre problématique vers la création de valeur organisationnelle, qui a pour conséquence l’amélioration de la performance. La spécificité de notre objet de recherche est abordée à travers une méthodologie qualitative. L’originalité de ce travail se trouve dans la prise en compte de deux niveaux d’analyse : le niveau global et le niveau des organisations. Pour étudier le niveau global, nous nous inscrivons dans une démarche de compréhension de l’application d’une stratégie de gestion des connaissances à un projet de gouvernance électronique en Algérie. Le niveau des organisations est étudié à travers une étude de cas multiple destinée à rechercher des régularités, des divergences et des convergences entre les éléments des différents cas étudiés. L’objectif de cette recherche, qui s’inscrit dans un cadre d’analyse multidimensionnel et reste essentiellement exploratoire, est de comprendre etd’expliquer les relations qualitatives qui régissent le phénomène que nous étudions. / Knowledge management, which is very simplified by the IT introduction, is seen in the organisation as a means for the best management of the intellectual capital. As knowledge has become both a support and an important factor of the organisational change, the IT’s interest lies in the capacity of generating an important interactive base of knowledge which is easy to access and to exploit. In this thesis, we study the adoption of knowledge management as a new approach for the management of organisations in Algeria. Our problematic is turned towards the organisational value creation, which results in performance improvement. The specificity of our research’s object is dealt through a qualitative methodology. The originality of this work is to take into account two analysis levels: the global level and the organisations level. To study the global level, we lead an approach to understanding the application of a strategy of knowledge management in an electronic governance project in Algeria. We study the organisations level through a multi-case study, to look for regularities, divergences and convergences between the elements of the different studied cases. The objective of this research, which is essentially exploratory, lies within the framework multidimensional analysis to understand and explain the qualitative relations which characterize the phenomenon we are studying.

Organisations can create a competitive advantage through the way they design their human resource systems. High involvement work systems are considered to be a way to increase organisational performance and decrease employee turnover. However, the components involved are difficult and complex to define, and the synergy amongst the different components hard to evaluate. The literature suggests that the research is not uniform in its approach, and most research does not clearly define the variables involved or agree on the expected results of such systems. This research looks at high involvement work systems in the New Zealand organisational context, and relating these systems to employee turnover and organisational performance. The results of the study suggest that there does not appears to be a relationship between high involvement work systems, and employee turnover and organisational performance; but high involvement systems may contribute to increased labour productivity in New Zealand organisations.

This thesis reports on the association between particular psychological attributes of owner/operators and organisational financial performance in New Zealand small to medium sized enterprises (SME's). The specific psychological attributes of interest are ambiguity tolerance, self efficacy, resilience and planning orientation. A direct response mail survey was sent to 4,500 New Zealand organisations fitting the criteria for this study. Ambiguity tolerance, self efficacy and resilience were assessed using established item scales from the literature. Planning orientation was assessed using planning scenario analysis. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. Results show that the planning orientation of owner/operators has a significant direct association with organisational financial performance. Ambiguity tolerance, self efficacy and resilience were found to have a significant indirect association with financial performance. The findings of this research have implications for both theory and practice. Theoretically there are implications for cognitive and personality psychology, organisational theory and behaviour, entrepreneurship and research related to the psychological attributes of interest in this thesis. Practically, the results provide managers with a meaningful tool to aid in the selection, training and management of individuals responsible for strategic decision making in SME and other organisational settings.

Research studies on innovation tend to focus more on Process and Product Innovations (PPIs), while both Organisational and Marketing Innovations (OMIs) have been under-researched. The lack of prior research on these non-technological innovations has been attributed to poor data availability. Theoretical opinions show that OMIs could be necessary prerequisites needed to optimally utilise and deploy these PPIs. Organisational Ambidexterity (OA) has emerged to be crucial in achieving long-term organisational success. Ambidexterity in an organisational context refers to the ability to concurrently exploit current competitive advantage and explore new opportunities with equal dexterity. For firms to remain competitive and adaptive to continuous change in the business environment, OA has been noted as a necessary attribute, but research on ambidexterity at the individual level of analysis is limited. There is a lack of understanding of how individual ambidexterity at the lower-levels of the organisation affects the overall ambidexterity of the organisation. This research explores organisational context antecedents of OMIs capabilities; Organisational and Employee Ambidexterity, and identifies how individual employees in Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing and Service Organisations could contribute to the capability of their organisation to concurrently exploit present market opportunities and explore new opportunities, towards sustaining their competitive advantage. This study involves a two-phase sequential mixed methods design beginning with a qualitative exploratory research involving 15 in-depth Nigerian-based interviews. The first phase facilitated preliminary assessment of organisational context, measured by the Cameron and Quinn's Organisational Culture Assessment Instrument. This phase also aided the understanding of factors that promote OMIs capabilities and the development of themes used to design the survey instrument for the second phase. The second phase involved a quantitative study of 398 shop-floor and 202 managerial staff from Small and Medium-sized Nigerian Manufacturing and Service Organisations. This phase was characterised by descriptive and inferential statistics through Structural Equation Modelling. This aided identifying the organisational context that promotes Employee Ambidexterity (EA) and the relationships between EA; OA; and OMIs' capabilities. vi Drawing upon information-rich evidence, this study identified enablers that could promote EA; OA; OMIs; effective innovations; and sustainable organisational growth. Statistical evidence from the research findings shows that Organic Structure and Knowledge Sharing, plus a Flexible and Family-like Organisational Culture: 1. enhances Employee Ambidexterity and Level of Engagement; 2. improves employees' contributions to OA, OMIs and SMEs' growth; 3. optimises the internal capabilities of SMEs in order to promote their sustainable growth; 4. enables SMEs to search for new market opportunities and strengthen current market positions concurrently; and 5. promotes viable Manufacturing and Service SMEs that are needed to offset the prevalent public sector job losses. A framework that relates: Individual and Organisational Ambidexterity; Organisational and Marketing Innovations capabilities; and Organisational Performance, has been identified in this study. While Marketing Innovation capability and Exploitative Orientation of Ambidexterity target the short term organisational benefits, Organisational Innovation capability and Explorative Orientation of Ambidexterity address the long term competitive advantage of the organisations. Besides advancing literature on the study of Organisational Ambidexterity by combining the individual level of analysis with the organisational level of analysis, this study identifies frameworks that promote effective innovation and sustainable organisational performance through shop floor employees' contributions to Organisational Ambidexterity and OMIs in SMEs. Outcomes of this research have been eye-openers for the case organisations on how to optimally utilise their resources (people, materials, knowledge, technology and other assets) to achieve sustainable growth and long term success.

Background: At present, the level of globalisation in technological companies requires them to incorporate innovation to retain their position and move forward and grow. In this direction, a successful leader can prove beneficial in order to help the company evolve and flourish. A leader capable of boosting an innovative spirit among the employees and motivate them to strive for the welfare of the organisation can result in increased organisational performance. This terms are not separate from each other. Leadership, employee motivation, innovative spirit and organisational performance are interconnected and they constitute key elements for ensuring the positive future of every company.Objectives: The present study aims at investigating whether and how participative leadership and transactional leadership can affect the innovation and motivation of employees and by extension whether they can affect the organisational performance. Methodology: This thesis utilises a quantitative approach for data collection and data analysis. A structural equation model (SEM) has been created for the investigation. Employees of tech companies in Sweden and Belgium have been requested to answer an online questionnaire using Google forms. The employees of the companies hold different positions, educational backgrounds and professional experience. A total of 200 answers has been collected and analysed using STATA software both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The results of the present study showed that there is a strong relationship with transactional leader with regards to stimulating the motivation of employees along with their innovative spirit. This can by extension result in improving organisational performance. Conclusions: The thesis showed that a common leadership style in tech companies, transactional leadership, can contribute in engaging employees to demonstrate a rather innovative attitude, be motivated and improve significantly organisational performance. The effect of transactional leadership needs to be directed through goals and rewards that increase motivation and innovation to have a positive impact on organisational performance, wrong goals and rewards can instead be seen as having a negative impact. Recommendations for future research: Future work could be focused on applying the present model in different sectors and industries. In addition, different leadership styles could be examined that are more fitting to the industry under investigation. Finally, applying the current model in different or broader sample or adding different constructs could be a rather interesting starting point for future research.

Motivated by the increasing significance of information technology (IT) in today's open system organisations, the objective of this research is to uncover the relationships between business executives and their IT counterparts, which are essential toward improving organisational performance. In the process, a structural equation modelling is utilised to analyse the responses of a sample of 141 Portuguese executives. The results of testing the nine research hypotheses tend to underscore the significance of the trust between business and IT executives. Such trust is capable of fostering an organisational culture, which is conducive to the enhancement of the organisational performance. The ability of these business and IT executives to work together cultivates a knowledge domain, which generates effective solutions and applications to organisational problems. In turn, this contributes to improving the competitive performance of the organisation.

The purpose of this research is to provide a better understanding of the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and innovation. This research responds to calls in the literature on HRM and innovation to consider a wider number of HRM practices that have previously been neglected and are likely to produce a positive impact on innovation awareness and commitment (Shipton et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2012). Therefore, the research is concerned with a wide number of HRM practices and their impact on innovation awareness and commitment. The underpinning rationale is that while previous studies have revealed that HRM practices can be significant for innovation, these studies are not inclusive, and the research is still scant and in its early stages as there has been a lack of consideration of a comprehensive range of HRM practices (Shipton et al., 2006). In simple terms, previous studies have looked at the relationship between HRM practices and innovation based on a limited number of practices and at the macro or inter-organisational level. Therefore, the fundamental contribution of this thesis is the shift in perspective. While previous research has looked at a limited number of HRM practices that largely appear to be borrowed from high-performance work systems (HPWs), this thesis considers a wider range of practices that can impact on innovation at the intra-organisational level – more specifically, to study employees’ perceptions of HRM practices that may promote innovation awareness and commitment. Innovation awareness and commitment refers to the extent to which the organisation is engaged in innovation. Degree of innovativeness and the open innovation approach are studied in this research, to determine whether HRM practices can impact on radical or incremental open innovation. Additionally, departmental differences are considered in this thesis: that is whether employees in different departments have different perceptions of the extent to which HRM practices promote innovation’. To this end, the data set was obtained from two research phases. A quantitative survey was distributed to 280 employees in a Jordanian telecommunications company. Findings from the first phase of the research indicated a number of new HRM practices that were not recognised by previous studies. This research found a positive impact of HRM practices in promoting innovation, as perceived by employees. HPWs, HRM hygiene factors, motivation and communication were perceived by employees to promote innovation in their organisation. The results show that the relationship between HRM practices and innovation is perceived by employees to promote the origins of innovation, specifically open innovation and radical innovation. No support was found for expectations and sharing information to promote innovation. Phase two of the research consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted with senior managers and employees in the same company that participated in phase one. In phase two of the research, the interviews provided better insights and explanations of the results and findings from the survey questionnaire. The results from phase two confirmed the findings from the statistical analysis, and a distinctive finding was the differences between managers’ and employees’ perceptions of HRM practices. Employees identified or perceived practices that are related to their performance and that enable them to develop their levels of motivation and commitment. Managers identified practices that work in the favour of the organisation, with less focus on employee needs. This was clear when comparing which practices and indications were mentioned by managers and employees. It is worth mentioning here that, given the relatively close conceptualisation in the literature that innovation is a form of organisational performance, this thesis does not intend to rebrand ‘performance’ as ‘innovation’ per se. This is especially in this research as it seeks to understand the relationship between HRM practices and innovation by looking at employees’ perceptions of HRM practices that may promote innovation and cause their company to be perceived as an innovative workplace. This research is probably the first attempt to study the role of a comprehensive list of HRM practices in influencing innovation by considering employees’ perceptions of HRM practices that may promote innovation. Moreover, the intra-organisational level was considered, along with departments, degree of innovativeness (radical-incremental innovation) and types of innovation approach (open vs closed).

Background: Automation deployment is an innovative solution for organisations andbusinesses to improve efficiency and increase value. This study examines the impact ofleadership, learning culture and willingness to automation deployment and, therefore,organisational performance. Two types of leadership styles, participative and autocratic, havebeen selected to analyse their impact on the promotion and deployment of innovative solutionslike automation. The method to measure the success of the organisational performance wasbased on internal improvements of the team's efficiency and productivity using automated tools.An explanatory study was conducted using a questionnaire shared with 242 professionals in theICT industry in Europe to verify our hypotheses. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether leadership, learning cultureand employees’ willingness to change affect the automation deployment and how the latterimpacts the organisational performance. Methodology: A quantitative case study based on an online questionnaire using Google formshas been formed to collect data for analysis. Two multivariate regression models have beendeveloped to evaluate the 77 responses collected from the participants with familiarity andexposure to the automation technology. Results & Conclusions: The results align with the existing literature in the fields of innovation,organisational culture, and performance. More specifically, we discovered that the autocraticstyle negatively affects the automation deployment (B=-2.89, p=0.008), while learning culture(B=0.38, p=0.001,) and willingness to change (B=0.8, p=0,) could be considered as enablerssince both found with positive coefficients. Moreover, the automation deployment has beenidentified as a significant variable that affects organisational performance (B=1, p=0).Additionally, the findings from both models are underpinned by the existing literature provingtheir validity. Recommendations for future research: Future work could be focused on including otherleadership styles, such as transformational or entrepreneurial, to examine the impact onautomation deployment and organisational performance. Additionally, the performance couldbe evaluated based on the final service or product of the company, considering customers'feedback or financial terms. Last but not least, expanding the research to other organisationsthat are considering or have already deployed automation would shed more light on the effectto the organisational performance.

Modern organisations are increasingly seen as knowledge-based business ventures in which proactive knowledge management is important for competitiveness. The interest in knowledge management seems to have surged across world. In the increasingly competitive and global marketplace, firms are especially keen to integrate and capitalise on the knowledge of their employees and make it available when and where it is needed. In addition, many firms realise the need to educate and indoctrinate new hirelings into the organisation quickly due to the scarcity of global resources and an aging workforce (Teicholz, 2004). As a result, many organisations implement knowledge management initiatives in an attempt to combine and exploit their knowledge assets. It is therefore necessary to critically evaluate Sasol on these terms. How the knowledge management strategy supports organisational processes is investigated along with collective learning and collaborative decision making within the organisation. An in depth literature study was conducted to gain insight into KM concepts and strategies. It also provided a reference to current best practices. Above all, the literature study helped to gain perspective on the complexities of measuring a phenomenon like KM in an organisation. Performance measurement techniques are discussed and reference made to the eras of knowledge management. A short section makes reference to another organisation considered to be a global leader in integration of knowledge management systems. The research design method that was chosen to authenticate the research objectives is qualitative. The interpretive methods employ an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about the phenomenon of interest from the observed data. Results were obtained from a combination of two methods. Published and available secondary data mainly obtained from Sasol resources. The second was structured interviews conducted from a criterion based sampling strategy conducted on employees to obtain primary data. Sasol employees are supportive of the Sasol KM systems and are (to some extent) using it. Many believe that Sasol is a learning organisation and therefore benefitting from the systems in place. However, the people of Sasol are generally not aware of the full functionality of the deployed systems. Therefore the current state of the Sasol KM system integration is the consequence. Organisational Knowledge, unlike personal knowledge, is only of value if it is shared with others who need it (KMI, 2010). In order to enhance collective learning, learning organisations establish specific learning processes that become embedded in work processes. This is the basis of the outcomes and the recommendations of this research. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014