La déformation plastique des minéraux des roches mantelliques joue un rôle-clé dans les phénomènes de convection globale à l’intérieur de la Terre. Cependant, les mécanismes de déformation des minéraux sont encore mal compris. Généralement, la déformation plastique est assurée par le mouvement des dislocations qui sont des défauts linéaires du cristal. La mobilité des dislocations est déterminée par la structure de coeur des défauts. Le modèle de Peierls-Nabarro auquel nous avons recours est un concept fondamental qui décrit la résistance qu’oppose le cristal au mouvement des dislocations au travers du calcul de la contrainte de Peierls et qui fournit également l’étalement du coeur de la dislocation dans le cristal. Développé il y a plus d'un demi-siècle, ce modèle connut un regain d’intérêts dans les années 70 avec l’introduction du concept de fautes d’empilement généralisées qui permet une description plus générale des coeurs de dislocations. La détermination de ces fautes consiste à calculer ab initio ou à l’aide de potentiels empiriques des barrières d’énergie associées au cisaillement d’un plan cristallographique donné dans une, deux ou toutes les directions. L’étude menée durant cette thèse s’est portée sur la détermination des structures de coeur des dislocations de la phase post-perovskite présente à la base du manteau mais également de la wadsleyite, de la forsterite et du diopside, trois minéraux majeurs entre la croûte et 520km de profondeur. L’utilisation du modèle de Peierls-Nabarro unidimensionnel dans un premier temps a été étendue aux trois dimensions de l’espace dans le but de modéliser des structures de coeur de dislocations de plus en plus complexes. / Plastic deformation of minerals in rocks plays an important role in the global convection of the Earth’s mantle. However, the deformation mechanisms of minerals are not well-known. In general, plastic deformation is due to the dislocation motion. The dislocations are linear defects of the crystal. The mobility of the dislocation is governed by the dislocation core structure.Here, we used the Peierls-Nabarro model that is a theoretical model to address the issue of dislocation core modelling. This model provides also the lattice friction of the crystal against the dislocation motion through the calculation of the Peierls stress. Developed more than 50 years, the model has a great interest since the 70’s with the introduction of the generalized stacking fault (GSF) concept that provides a general description of the dislocation core. The determination of the GSF consists in the calculations of energy barriers associated with the shearing of the crystal in a crystallographic plane in one or more directions. In this study, we have determined the dislocation core structures of the post-perovskite phase present at the core-mantle boundary and of the wadsleyite, diopside and forsterite, major minerals from the crust to 510Km deep. We used the one-dimension formulation of the Peierls-Nabarro model in a first time that has been extended to three dimensions in order to model much more complex dislocation cores.

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Les oxydes fonctionnels sont des matériaux qui manifestent des propriétés intéressantes. L'étude de l'environnement local par rapport à la structure moyenne idéale est essentiel et peut être fourni par l'utilisation de techniques modernes de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Le travail présenté dans cette thèse suit et développe ces approches combinées pour l'enquête de trois classes différentes d'oxydes fonctionnels qui trouvent des applications dans des domaines d'intérêt technologique pertinente, comme l'optique et de l'énergétique : système perovskite LaSrAlO4, mélilite LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 et la famille de orthosilicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4. / The functional oxides are performing materials showing interestant properties. The study of the local environment respect to the average struvture is essential for the deep understanding of the correlations between structure and properties ; this investigation of short and medium range can be performed with the use of solid state NMR techniques. In particular in this thesis three different classes of materials for applications in fields of optic and energy are considered : perovskite structure LaSrAlO4, the melilite system LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 and the family of orthosylicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4.

The functional oxides are performing materials showing interestant properties. The study of the local environment respect to the average struvture is essential for the deep understanding of the correlations between structure and properties ; this investigation of short and medium range can be performed with the use of solid state NMR techniques. In particular in this thesis three different classes of materials for applications in fields of optic and energy are considered : perovskite structure LaSrAlO4, the melilite system LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 and the family of orthosylicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4.

Growth strata analysis and detrital-zircon geochronology are useful applications of stratigraphy to tectonic problems. Whereas both tools can contribute to kinematic analyses of supracrustal rock bodies, growth strata are also useful for analyzing the influence of tectonics on stratigraphic architecture. This study reports: 1) a conceptual model for growth strata development; 2) stratigraphic and kinematic analyses of growth strata architectures from growth structures in southeastern Utah, the Gulf of Mexico, and northeastern Spain; and 3) the detrital-zircon geochronology of the Salinian block of central coastal California. Kinematic sequence stratigraphy subdivides growth strata into kinematic sequences that are separated by kinematic sequence boundaries. Kinematic sequences can be further partitioned into kinematic domains based on the termination patterns of strata within a kinematic sequence. Salt- related fluvial growth strata from the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Utah contain stratigraphic architectures that are unique to different kinematic domains. Offlap kinematic domains contain fluvial strata indicative of high slopes, low accommodation rates, and strong structural influence on paleocurrent direction. Onlap kinematic domains contain fluvial strata indicative of moderate slopes, high accommodation rates, and decreased structural influence on paleocurrent direction. The stratigraphic architecture of alluvial -fan thrust -belt growth strata in northeastern Spain does not display a marked correlation with kinematic domain, and is most easily interpreted using existing models for autocyclic alluvial -fan evolution. Detrital- zircon (U -Pb) geochronologic data from basement and cover rocks of Salinia suggest that Salinia originated along the southwestern margin of North America, likely in the vicinity of the Mojave Desert. The presence of Neoproterozoic and Late Archean detrital zircons in Salinian basement rocks also suggest that Salinian sediments were recycled from miogeoclinal sediments of the western margin of North America.