This paper starts from the single tube condensation theory of shell side inferred by Nusselt , and then analyzes the coefficient of heat transfer of the shell side and the overall heat transfer coefficient of the tube bundle. Referring to the overall heat coefficient of surface condensers and the calculation means of pressure decrease, the HEI, the most exploited one in the commerce is used by combining the basic theory of condenser heat transfer based on the Delphi function language to develop a set of assistant designing software. The software can be used to evaluate the performance of condensers, calculate the sizes of tube materials, and predict the pressure of condensers when the different tube materials are used. When the units are in using, this software also can calculate the cleanliness factor and determine the suitable time to clean the condenser tubes. There are four common used tube materials to compare their performance. They are Al- Brass tubes, 70-30 Cu-Ni tubes, Sea-Cure tubes and Ti tubes. This paper use the software to analyze the performance of the heat transfer of these four different kinds of tube materials and also to calculate the sizes of tubes .And use research papers to analyze the reason of anti-corrosion of these four. In addition, the HEI method can analyze the anti-vibration ability of these four. After comparing with all the performance of the tube materials, and then choosing the best tube material to provide an example for condenser design of new electricity plants or for old electricity plants to change the tube materials.

Utilizing an experimental facility which was prepared to conduct performance tests on heat exchangers; experiments were completed in an attempt to see verifiable improvements in overall heat transfer coefficient in engine coolant with nanoparticles suspended at different weight percentages. The different fluids tested were: base ELC (Extended Life Coolant), ELC with 0.002 wt% CNT (Carbon Nanotubes), ELC with 0.02 wt% CNT, ELC with 0.02 wt% MWNT's (Multiwalled Nanotubes) and water. The volume percents range from 0.00164 volume% to 0.0164 volume% which seemed quite small, but according to Caterpillar representatives, were the best concentration. These fluids were tested at standard flowrates which this type of heat exchanger would be used in as well as a higher air flowrate and lower coolant flowrates in an attempt to gather more verifiable data. Results were obtained regarding the change in heat transfer ability of engine coolant with suspended nanoparticles. For this system under these specific conditions, there was verifiably no increase in UA as nanoparticles were added to the coolant. The benefits of adding nanoparticles to engine coolant have potential to be great, but the cost of nanoparticles and difficulty keeping them suspended may outweigh any benefits obtainable in this type of set up.

Continuous processing in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries, particularly in micro/milli-scale reactors, has been a topic of interest in literature in recent years due to the advantages offered over batch reactions. One such advantage is the enhanced transport properties of operating at smaller scales, although the quantification of the transport phenomena is not straightforward when wall and entrance effects cannot be neglected. In the first study presented, various micro-mixer geometries and scales were considered to increase the mixing efficiency in liquid-liquid systems of diverse interfacial tensions for fast reactions. The conditions were varied over different flow regimes; including slug flow, parallel flow, and drop flow. A mass-transfer-limited test reaction was used to evaluate the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients (Korga) as a function of the average rate of energy dissipation (ε) for each mixer design. The onset of drop flow occurred at a lower ε for the LL-Triangle mixer when compared with the Sickle or LL-Rhombus mixers for low interfacial-tension systems (i.e., n-butanol-water). In the drop flow regime for energy dissipation rates of around 20 to 500 W/kg, Korga values ranged from approximatively 0.14 to 0.35 s-1 and 0.004 to 0.015 s-1 for the relatively low and high interfacial-tension (i.e., toluene-water) systems, respectively. The second investigation explored the heat transfer properties of a FlowPlate® system by Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik BTS. First, in a non-reactive system with rectangular serpentine channels (d_h<1mm, 400<Re<2000), a Gnielinski-type model was fit to the internal Nusselt number. Using a silver-based thermal paste between the reactor and heat transfer fluid plates proved to reduce the external resistance to heat transfer by ~70%, yielding overall heat transfer coefficients of ~2200 [W/(m^2 K)]. Secondly, a Grignard reaction was highlighted as a test reaction to compare different reactors’ localized heat transfer characteristics (i.e., hotspot formation) with various micro-mixer geometries, materials, injection ports, and channel scales. Lastly, a case study of four reactions utilized the fourth Damköhler number to determine a maximum channel diameter that would remove sufficient heat to avoid hotspot formation. Each of these studies provides insight to aid in the proper selection of a reactor for a given set of physical properties and reaction kinetics/enthalpies.

[pt] Esta dissertação teve como objetivo desenvolver uma sistemática de monitoramento para avaliar, em tempo real, a efetividade térmica de trocadores de calor (água-ar) do sistema de arrefecimento de hidrogeradores. A motivação resultou da possibilidade de se estabelecer ganhos de efetividade pela racionalização do procedimento de limpeza. Como metodologia de desenvolvimento do trabalho, duas estratégias foram perseguidas: (i) proposição de alternativas de cálculo da efetividade sem a necessidade de medir a temperatura de saída do ar (fluido quente do trocador) em um complexo escoamento perturbado por sucessivos descolamentos da camada limite em torno de cada tubo do trocador e (ii) validação da alternativa de cálculo da efetividade com base em dados reais de monitoramento de um trocador de calor de hidrogerador, em operação contínua, mesmo durante a sua limpeza on-line, portanto sem requerer a parada técnica das turbinas. Dentre os resultados, duas alternativas de cálculo da efetividade do trocador foram desenvolvidas: (i) via solução numérica do sistema de equações que governam os mecanismos de transferência de calor e (ii) via uma versão adaptada do método Épsilon-NTU, que avalia a efetividade de um trocador de calor de seis passes modelando-o como um arranjo em série de seis trocadores de um único passe. As alternativas de cálculo da efetividade apresentam concordância de cerca de 1 por cento e com baixo nível de incerteza (0,012), podendo diferir em até 30 por cento quando confrontadas com o método usual fundamentado na medição da temperatura de saída do ar. Como conclusão, as alternativas propostas mostraram-se adequadas para calcular a efetividade do trocador de calor do sistema de arrefecimento dos hidrogeradores da usina Fontes Nova (Piraí/RJ), monitorado ao longo de um período de 11 meses e sem requerer a interrupção da geração. / [en] This dissertation aimed to develop a monitoring system to evaluate, in real time, the thermal effectiveness of heat exchangers (water-air) of the cooling system of hydrogenerators. The motivation resulted from the possibility of establishing gains in effectiveness by rationalizing the cleaning procedure. As a methodology for the development of the work, two strategies were pursued: (i) proposition of alternatives for calculating effectiveness without the need to measure the outlet temperature of the air (hot fluid of the exchanger) in a complex flow disturbed by successive detachments of the boundary layer around each tube of the exchanger and (ii) validation of the alternative of calculating the exchanger effectiveness based on real data acquired during the continuous operation of the hydrogenerator unit, including the online cleaning process of the exchanger without the technical stop of the turbines. Among the results, two alternatives for calculating the effectiveness of the exchanger were developed: (i) via a numerical solution of the system of equations that govern the heat transfer mechanisms involved and (ii) via an adapted version of the Epsilon-NTU method, which evaluates the effectiveness of a six-pass heat exchanger modeling it as a series arrangement of six single pass heat exchangers. The alternatives for calculating the exchanger effectiveness have an agreement of about 1 percent and with low level of uncertainty (0.012), which may differ by up to 30 percent when compared with the usual method based on the measurement of the outlet air temperature. In conclusion, the proposed alternatives proved to be adequate to calculate the effectiveness of the heat exchanger of the cooling system of the hydrogenerators at the Fontes Nova plant (Piraí / RJ), monitored over a period of 11 months and without requiring interruption of the generation.

Modeling of heat transfer using Dymola. In this report a evaporator, economizer and superheater where modeled. The report describes how the models where modeled and what input was most suitable for a accurate model.

Um painel sanduíche consiste essencialmente em duas faces, podendo inclusive possuir reforços metálicos e um núcleo formado normalmente por um polímero celular. As faces deste tipo de painel podem estar unidas por um adesivo estrutural, ou por espuma rígida de poliuretano (PU) injetado diretamente sobre os substratos, quando a união ocorrerá naturalmente. A propriedade de maior relevância que o painel sanduíche deve ter para o transporte de cargas congeladas (0ºC a -30ºC) ou refrigeradas (7ºC a 1ºC) é a condutividade térmica (k). Dentro deste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e caracterizar painéis sanduíches que possam ser utilizados em câmaras frigoríficas. Este trabalho apresenta as seguintes alternativas para compósito sanduíche: amostra 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV); amostra 2 (AG/PU/AG); amostra 3 (Frisado/PU/PRFV); e amostra 4 (Al/PU/Al), onde PRFV é poliéster reforçado com fibra de vidro, PU é espuma rígida de poliuretano, AG é aço galvanizado, Frisado é alumínio frisado, e Al é alumínio. Estes painéis foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades físico-mecânicas, térmicas, morfológicas e custo. Foi possível concluir que o sistema (AG/PU/AG) mostrou o melhor custo versus desempenho dentre os compósitos propostos. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T19:30:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Paola Sartori.pdf: 3882091 bytes, checksum: c7530ac27f11dffba880ed97ee828f31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-29T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Paola Sartori.pdf: 3882091 bytes, checksum: c7530ac27f11dffba880ed97ee828f31 (MD5) / A sandwich panel consists essentially of two face sheets and may even have metal reinforcements and a core formed, usually by a cellular polymer. The faces of this type of panel may be joined by a structural adhesive or in cases where the core is a rigid polyurethane foam injected directly on the substrates the union will occur naturally. The most relevant property of the sandwich panels for the transport of frozen (0ºC a -30ºC) or chilled (7ºC a 1ºC) cargo is thermal conductivity (k). Within this context the objective of this work is to obtain and characterize sandwich panels which can be used in refrigerated chambers. This work presents four alternatives for composite sandwich, sample 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV), sample 2 (AG/PU/AG), sample 3 (Al Crimpy/PU/PRFV) and sample 4 (Al /PU/Al), were PRFV is a glass fibre reinforced plastics, PU is a rigid polyurethane, AG is galvanized steel, Al Crimpy is crimpy aluminum and Al is aluminum. These composites were characterized by physicalmechanical, thermal, morphologic and cost. It could be concluded that the AG/PU/AG showed the best cost versus performance.

Um painel sanduíche consiste essencialmente em duas faces, podendo inclusive possuir reforços metálicos e um núcleo formado normalmente por um polímero celular. As faces deste tipo de painel podem estar unidas por um adesivo estrutural, ou por espuma rígida de poliuretano (PU) injetado diretamente sobre os substratos, quando a união ocorrerá naturalmente. A propriedade de maior relevância que o painel sanduíche deve ter para o transporte de cargas congeladas (0ºC a -30ºC) ou refrigeradas (7ºC a 1ºC) é a condutividade térmica (k). Dentro deste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e caracterizar painéis sanduíches que possam ser utilizados em câmaras frigoríficas. Este trabalho apresenta as seguintes alternativas para compósito sanduíche: amostra 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV); amostra 2 (AG/PU/AG); amostra 3 (Frisado/PU/PRFV); e amostra 4 (Al/PU/Al), onde PRFV é poliéster reforçado com fibra de vidro, PU é espuma rígida de poliuretano, AG é aço galvanizado, Frisado é alumínio frisado, e Al é alumínio. Estes painéis foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades físico-mecânicas, térmicas, morfológicas e custo. Foi possível concluir que o sistema (AG/PU/AG) mostrou o melhor custo versus desempenho dentre os compósitos propostos. / A sandwich panel consists essentially of two face sheets and may even have metal reinforcements and a core formed, usually by a cellular polymer. The faces of this type of panel may be joined by a structural adhesive or in cases where the core is a rigid polyurethane foam injected directly on the substrates the union will occur naturally. The most relevant property of the sandwich panels for the transport of frozen (0ºC a -30ºC) or chilled (7ºC a 1ºC) cargo is thermal conductivity (k). Within this context the objective of this work is to obtain and characterize sandwich panels which can be used in refrigerated chambers. This work presents four alternatives for composite sandwich, sample 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV), sample 2 (AG/PU/AG), sample 3 (Al Crimpy/PU/PRFV) and sample 4 (Al /PU/Al), were PRFV is a glass fibre reinforced plastics, PU is a rigid polyurethane, AG is galvanized steel, Al Crimpy is crimpy aluminum and Al is aluminum. These composites were characterized by physicalmechanical, thermal, morphologic and cost. It could be concluded that the AG/PU/AG showed the best cost versus performance.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to get acquainted with modern technological elements currently used in shell-and-tube heat exchanger in the shell-side and tube-side, thermal-hydraulic calculation of selected elements and comparison of thermal-hydraulic properties with classically used competing technological elements. The work deals mainly with EM baffle in the tube-side and tube inserts like the twisted tape type (and its modifications) and coiled wire in the tube-side. The theoretical part is focused on acquaintance with classical technological elements in shell-and-tube heat exchanger and with basic thermal-hydraulic calculations, practical part then on acquaintance with modern elements and thermal-hydraulic calculation of selected elements. These calculations are then compared with the results of the thermo-hydraulic calculation of similar elements.