Data connectivity between cellular devices can be achieved in different ways. It is possible to enable full IPconnectivity in the cellular networks. However this connectivity is combined with a lot of issues such as security problems and the IPv4 address space being depleted. As a result of this many operators use Network Address Translation in their packet data networks, preventing users in different networks from being able to contact each other. Even if a transition to IPv6 takes place and the potential problem of address space is solved, it is not likely that operators will leave their packet data networks open to the Internet. An alternative to solving the problem on the IP level is to use overlay networks. In an overlay network applications on the cellular devices identify themselves at the application level rather than on the IP level. While full IP connectivity always gives the most efficient routing, an overlay network can offer services that are difficult to implement on the IP level. This can enable an application to span Network Address Translating entities without having to share the entire device. They can also provide private dynamic virtual networks and groups for users that trust each other. These private networks can use permissions and group casting functions, without the problems associated with traditional IP multicast. The relatively limited bandwidths of the GSM and UMTS networks allow for application level routing of continuous data streams if the overlay network is distributed enough and mapped to the physical network in an efficient way. One of the advantages of using overlay networks is that although standard IP networks may be able to offer similar services in the future, overlay networks can be implemented in the existing IPv4 networks today at comparatively low costs. This may create the incentive needed in order for future larger investments to be justified. A distributed overlay network not only allows for real-time services such as instant messaging, which is already possible with a centralized server solution, but it also allows for higher bandwidth services such as video conferencing, Voice over IP, etc. that are not possible on a large scale with a centralized relaying server. An overlay network could be implemented by any third party without the support of an operator. This suggests that free networks may be created for what could be called reversed file sharing, i.e. networks where users upload files to each other rather than download as in most existing file sharing networks. These could become direct competitors to SMS, MMS and other operator-owned services. The thesis investigates the mentioned possibilities and potential threats. Along with this an implementation of an overlay network for cellular devices is created that is totally independent of the operator’s network. / Datakonnektivitet mellan cellulära terminaler kan uppnås på olika sätt. Ett sätt är att utrusta de cellulära näten med full IP konnektivitet. Detta medför dock en del problem såsom säkerhetsfrågor och problem med att antalet IPv4 addresser kanske inte kan täcka framtidens behov. På grund av detta använder många operatörer såkallad nätverksadressöversättning i sina paketdatanät vilket hindrar användare i olika paketdatanät från att kunna kontakta varandra. Även om en framtida övergång till IPv6 löser problemen med för liten adressrymd så är det inte troligt att operatörerna kommer att lämna sina paketdatanät öppna mot resten av Internet. Ett alternativ till att lösa problemet på IP-nivån är att istället använda overlaynätverk. I ett sådant nätverk identifierar applikationer sig själva på applikationsnivån istället för på IP-nivån. Medans ren IP-konnektivitet innebär effektivast möjliga routing av data så erbjuder ett overlaynätverk möjlighet till tjänster som är svåra att implementera på IP-nivå. Bland annat kan applikationsnät som traverserar nätverksadressöversatta nätverk skapas utan att en mobil terminal behöver exponeras helt och hållet mot Internet. Dessa overlaynätverk kan också skapas dynamiskt och tillfälligt vilket ger användare möjlighet att skapa privata nätverk och grupper med med enheter de litar på, endast dessa får då tillgång till terminalen. Overlaynätverken kan också erbjuda multicast funktionalitet inom grupperna utan de problem som hör ihop med traditionell IP-multicast. De relativt begränsade bandbredderna i GSM och UMTS nätverken tillåter routing av data på applikationsnivån om overlaynätverket är tillräckligt väl distribuerat och effektivt mappat mot det underliggande nätverket. En av fördelarna med att använda overlaynätverk är att även om den eftersökta funktionaliteten kanske kan implementeras på IP-nivå i framtiden med hjälp av ny teknik så kan overlaynätverk implementeras i nuvarande IPv4-nätverk till relativt låga kostnader då de endast består av mjukvara som körs på existerande hårdvara. Ett distribuerat overlaynätverk erbjuder inte bara realtidstjänster såsom instant messaging vilket redan är möjligt och fungerar bra med en central serverlösning. Det distribuerade nätverket kan dessutom hantera routing av högre bandbredder mellan terminaler, såsom videokonferenser, Voice over IP etc. som inte är möjligt i stor skala med en centraliserad lösning. Overlaynätverk kan implementeras av en tredjepart utan operatörers samarbete. Detta kan innebära att gratisnätverk skapas för vad som skulle kunna kallas omvänd fildelning, dvs. nätverk där användare laddar upp information till varandra snarare än laddar ner vilket är fallet i de flesta existerande fildelningsnätverk. Dessa nätverk skulle kunna bli direkta konkurrenter till SMS, MMS och andra operatörsägda tjänster. Examensarbetet undersöker de nämnda möjligheterna och potentiella hoten i dessa nätverk. Utöver detta skapas även en implementation av ett overlaynätverk som är helt oberoende av operatörens nätverk.

Augmented Reality is a technology where the user sees the environment mixed with a virtual reality containing things such as text, animations, pictures, and videos. Remote guidance is a sub-field of Augmented Reality where guidance is given remotely to identify and solve problems without being there in person. Using hands overlay, the guide can use his or her hand to point and show gestures in real-time. To do this one needs to track the hands and create a video stream that represents them. The video stream of the hands is then overlaid on top of the video from the individual getting help. A solution currently used in the industry is to use image segmentation, which is done by segmenting an image to foreground and background to decide what to include. This requires distinct differences between the pixels that should be included and the ones that should be discarded to work correctly. This thesis instead investigates a model-based approach to hand tracking, where one tracks points of interest on the hands to build a 3D model of them. A model-based solution is based on sensor data, meaning that it would not have the limitations that image segmentation has. A prototype is developed and integrated into the existing solution. The hand modeling is done in a Unity application and then transferred into the existing application. The results show that there is a clear but not too significant overhead, so it can run on a normal computer. The prototype works as a proof of concept and shows the potential of a model-based approach.

The core motive of this research is to construct a new hierarchical non-DHT based architecture for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks that facilitate common interests clustering. DHT based network maintenance is on the high end and it churning management is a complex task here. Providing efficient data querying performance and ensuring minimal churn management effort has interested us to pursue non-DHT route of P2P networking. And at each level of the proposed architecture hierarchy, existing networks are all structured and each such network has the diameter of 1 overlay hop. Such low diameters have immense importance in designing very efficient data lookup algorithms. We shall use a mathematical model based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT), generally used in cryptography, to define the neighborhood relations among peers to obtain the above-mentioned diameters. To the best of our knowledge, use of CRT in P2P network design is a completely new idea; it does not exist in the literature so far. It is worth mentioning its most important advantage from the viewpoint of speed of communication, that is its diameter, which is only 3 overlay hops. The protocol is not restricted to a single data source, and it incorporates peer heterogeneity as well.

För att använda sig av tekniska produkter krävs en nätverksuppkoppling.Nätverksinfrastrukturen blir idag allt mer beroende av datacenter, en fysiskt eller virtuell platsdär datorer, servrar, lagringsenheter och nätverkskomponenter är samlade. I takt med attkraven på framtidens nätverk ökar blir virtuella nätverk och molnbaserade tjänster alltvanligare. Virtualisering av datacenter har medfört hinder för traditionella tekniker inomnätverkssegmentering och tunnling. Med hjälp av virtuella maskiner och containrar, fårdatacenter möjlighet att övergå till ett mer flexibelt användande av hårdvara och resursersom dessutom vid behov kan frångå den traditionella IP-strukturen. Lösningen äranvändandet av ett overlay-nätverk, ett virtuellt nätverk byggt ovanpå den fysiskainfrastrukturen. Overlay-protokollen Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN), NetworkVirtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE) och Generic NetworkVirtualization Encapsulation (GENEVE) kan tunnla trafiken över det underliggande fysiskanätverket. Det tillåter en större flexibilitet i form av segmentering i kommunikationen mellannätverksenheter. De olika overlay-protokollen kan framstå som väldigt lika och valet av ettspecifikt protokoll kan kompliceras. Rapporten använder befintlig litteratur för att analyseraoch jämföra tre aktuella overlay-protokoll i syfte att ge stöd till företag inför valet avoverlay-protokoll. För att möjliggöra detta krävs en underliggande kunskap om varproblemen med traditionella tekniker uppstår, varför overlay-protokoll är en fördel i dagensnätverk, vilka likheter och skillnader som finns samt hur dessa kan användas för attunderlätta valet av overlay-protokoll. Slutsatsen är att den tekniska specifikationen för varjeprotokoll stödjer ett generiskt användande. För att få en tillräcklig uppfattning om vilketoverlay-protokoll som är att föredra i en specifik situation måste både den tekniska designenav protokollen och syftet med användningen vara fastställd. Arbetet bidrar med endjupgående analys av hur varje protokoll är designat, hur dess metoder skiljer sig och vilkeninnebörd det har, både för dagens nätverk men också för framtidens. / To be able to use the technical products there has to be an internet connection. The networkinfrastructure is relying more and more on data centers, a physical or virtual place wherecomputers, servers, storage is gathered. In tune with the requirements of the future networksincreasing, virtual networks and cloud-based services are getting more common.Virtualization of data centers has brought complications for traditional technologies innetwork segmentation and tunneling. With the help of virtual machines and containers, thedata centers get an opportunity to pass over to a more flexible usage of hardware andresources that also, if needed, can leave the traditional IP-framework. The solution resides inthe usage of an overlay network, a virtual network built on top of the physical infrastructure.The overlay protocols Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN), Network Virtualizationusing Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE) and Generic Network VirtualizationEncapsulation (GENEVE) can tunnel the traffic over the underlying physical network. Thisallows for a bigger flexibility in the shape of segmentation in the communication betweennetworking units. The different overlay protocols can at first seem very similar and the choiceof a specific protocol can get complicated. This report uses available literature to analyzeand compare three active overlay protocols in the purpose of giving support to enterpriseswhen choosing an overlay protocol. To make this possible, a basic knowledge is needed ofwhere the problems with traditional technologies occur, why an overlay protocol is anadvantage in today's networking, what similarities and differences there are and also howthey can be used to support in the choice of an overlay protocol. The conclusion is that thetechnical specification of each protocol supports a generic usage. To get a reasonableperception of which protocol is preferred in a specific situation, both the technical design ofthe protocols and the purpose of the usage must be established. The work contributes with adeep analysis of how each protocol is designed, how its methods differ and what meaning ithas, both for today's network but also for the future.

Urban planning and architectural study of a new section between the current and future railway station in Brno. The aim is to create a spatial concept of the urban environment as an alternative to the view, based on land-use plan. Plays an important role in building urban roller coaster as the main connecting element of the old and the new station. The solutions are used by the principles of making compact buildings. Optimal use of the area is provided by stacking functions. The concept is focused on the quality of housing is closely linked with the central character of public spaces. The main objective of this work is to extend the core of the city, supplementing the missing values of the old town (parking, green areas, transport structure) The basic concept of this work is to create a new district with high quality, but especially attractive housing. Unalterable feature of urban roller coaster, play a very important role in shaping the urban environment. The territory is held by the exposed area with quiet residential neighborhoods. The creation of pedestrian zones in the entire passage supports pedestrian and bicycle transportation in the city. Cars are restricted blind residential streets and reducing speed in residential zónach.Na other hand, ensured the flow of network communications reception. Svratky the river promenade is the nature of urban-type facilities for the sport. Character and location point of the amphitheater will open as landartový facility for leisure and outdoor activities, possibly the layout of interesting events with the use of the water surface.

Resource management is an important component in many distributed clusters. A resource manager handles which server a task should run on and which user’s task that should be allocated. If a system has multiple users with similar demands, all users should have an equal share of the cluster, making the system fair. This is typically done today using a centralized server which has full knowledge of all servers in the cluster and the different users. Having a centralized server brings problems such as single point of failure, and vertical scaling on the resource manager. This thesis focuses on fairness for users during task allocation with a decentralized resource manager. A solution called, Parallel Distributed Gradient-based Dominant Resource Fairness, is proposed. It allows servers to handle a subset of users and to allocate tasks in parallel, while maintaining fairness results close to a centralized server. The solution utilizes a gradient network topology overlay to sort the servers based on their users’ current usage and allows a server to know if it has the user with the currently lowest resource usage. The solution is compared to pre-existing solutions, based on fairness and allocation time. The results show that the solution is more fair than the pre-existing solutions based on the gini-coefficient. The results also show that the allocation time scales based on the number of users in the cluster because it allows more parallel allocations by the servers. It does not scale as well though as existing distributed solutions. With 40 users and over 100 servers the solution has an equal time to a centralized solution and outperforms a centralized solution with more users. / Resurshantering är en viktig komponent i många distribuerade kluster. En resurshanterare bestämmer vilken server som skall exekvera en uppgift, och vilken användares uppgift som skall allokeras. Om ett system har flera användare med liknande krav, bör resurserna tilldelas jämnlikt mellan användarna. Idag implementeras resurshanterare oftast som en centraliserad server som har information om alla servrar i klustret och de olika användarna. En centraliserad server skapar dock problem som driftstopp vid avbrott på ett enda ställe, även enbart vertikal skalning för resurshanteraren. Denna uppsats fokuserar på jämnlikhet för användare med en decentraliserad resurshanterare. En lösning föreslås, Parallel Distributed Gradient-based Dominant Resource Fairness, som tillåter servrar att hantera en delmängd av användare i systemet, detta med en liknande jämnlikhet jämförande med en centraliserad server. Lösningen använder en så kallad gradient network topology overlay för att sortera servrarna baserat på deras användares resursanvändning och tillåter en server att veta om den har användaren med lägst resursanvändning i klustret. Lösningen jämförs med existerande lösningar baserat på jämnlikhet och allokeringstid. Resultaten visar att lösningen ger en mer jämnlik allokering än existerande lösningar utifrån gini-koefficienten. Resultaten visar även att systemets skallbarhet angående allokeringstid är beroende på antalet användare i klustret eftersom det tillåter fler parallella allokeringar. Lösningen skalar inte lika bra dock som existerande distribuerade lösningar. Med 40 användare och över 100 servrar har lösningen liknande tid som en centraliserad server, och är snabbare med fler användare.

Yes / A secondary cooperative overlay dynamic spectrum access protocol in cognitive radio networks is proposed, allowing secondary users to access the primary system using full power without causing harmful interference to primary users. Moreover, an enhancement in the primary system will be achieved as a result of secondary relaying of primary messages. A detailed description of the protocol is given and illustrated with network scenarios.

Reading is a skill that unlocks the doors of learning and success. It is commonly accepted that reading is a foundational skill that plays a major role in a child's academic success. The history of teaching reading includes many theories about the development of reading, the source of reading difficulties, and interventions for remediation. A large body of research has demonstrated that reading difficulties stem from a phonological basis and interventions that target this area are generally beneficial in helping improving reading skills (National Reading Panel, 2000; Shaywitz, 2003; Stanovich, 1986). However, there are some who even with extensive intervention continue to struggle to read. Helen Irlen (2005) proposed that these people may experience visual-perceptual distortions when reading high-contrast text (black on white background). Irlen claims that symptoms of this disorder, termed Scotopic Sensitivity or Irlen Syndrome, can be alleviated by the use of color overlays or filters (tinted glasses). Research into the existence of this syndrome and the effectiveness of the overlays and filters to remediate reading problems has been inconsistent and criticized for lacking scientific rigor and heavy reliance on subject report of improvement. The present study seeks to evaluate differences that may exist in eye movements and reading fluency when subjects diagnosed with IS read text with and without color overlays. Participants were screened with the Irlen Reading Perceptual Scale (IRPS) to determine whether or not they suffered from the syndrome. From this screening, participants chose an overlay reported to alleviate distortions or discomfort they experienced when reading. They were then asked to read 18 passages under three conditions--with a clear overlay, with their chosen overlay, and with a random overlay--while their eye movements were recorded. Results indicated that participants showed no improvement in eye movement or reading fluency when they read passages with an optimum (chosen) overlay verses a clear overlay or a random overlay.

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No description available.