Yes / Research ethics review by ethics committees has grown in importance since the end of the Nuremberg trials in 1949. However, ethics committees have come under increasing criticisms either for been ‘toothless or too fierce’ (Fistein & Quilligan, 2012:224). This paper presents a personal account of my experience in obtaining ethical approval for my PhD study from a UK university and the ethical dilemmas encountered in the fieldwork in Ghana. In this paper I question whether strict adherence to ethical guidelines developed from western perspectives is useful in conducting research in non-western societies. As more academics are increasingly been mandated to undertake international research, the paper argues for more flexibility in the ethical approval process to accommodate cultural differences.

在中華民國創建迄今的各個階段以及兩岸關係所導致的外交困境下，僑務工作成為政府整體涉外事務不可或缺的一環，透過華僑在居住國的政治及經濟影響力，可發揮「二軌外交」的功能，輔助外交工作之推動。因此僑務駐外工作人員應具備何種能力以成功地扮演好各種角色，確實發揮凝聚海外華僑的向心及爭取支持的功能，確值關注。 針對僑務駐外人員兼具管理者及執行者身分、工作地點位於海外及其業務之特殊性，本研究首先由一般角色理論及管理者角色理論進行探討，其次由一般職能理論及派外人員職能之研究成果進行探討。透過深度訪談、內容分析及參與觀察三種研究方法來分析歸納出僑務駐外人員所扮演之角色功能及應具備之能力。研究發現僑務駐外人員執行任務時需與僑務委員會、駐外館處、華僑文教服務中心、國外組織人民、中國使領館及僑團等對象接觸互動，針對不同的對象及情境分別扮演政府代表、國家主權維護、關係經營、溝通橋樑、訊息傳遞、業務執行、資源整合及管理等8種角色。並需具備社交、語文、溝通、口語表達、管理、領導統御、設計規劃及行銷及適應等8種能力，以成功的扮演各種角色。 此外，本研究亦將如何增進對各種角色之認知及取得或強化各種能力，分別向僑務委會、僑務駐外人員及未來有意成為僑務駐外人員之同仁提出建議，同時也為未來研究提出可行的方向。 / Overseas Chinese affairs has become indispensable to government foreign relating issues in every stage of Republic of China ever since it was established as well as in diplomatic dilemma caused by cross-Strait relation. “Track-Ⅱ Diplomacy” can be done through overseas Chinese’ influence in politic and in economic in the country of residence, also can assist to promote foreign affairs. Therefore, “what kind of capability the overseas affairs working abroad staff need to have and how they play all roles well, attract and win overseas Chinese’ support indeed?” is a good subject worth to pay close attention to. Overseas affairs working abroad staff are manager & executor, who are working abroad with particular mission. This research firstly made from general role theory and managing role theory, then from general function theory and expatriate function theory. Through three research methods – deep interview, information analysis and participant observation – generalize overseas affairs working abroad staff’s roles, functions & capabilities. This research discovered overseas affairs working abroad staff when executing missions need to contact with Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. (Taiwan), overseas missionary offices, overseas Chinese cultural service centers, abroad organizations & people, Chinese embassy, overseas compatriot groups, act 8 roles as government representative, national sovereignty safeguard, relationship management, communication bridge, information transmission, business operation, resources integration & management to different subject & circumstance. So they need to have social skill, language, communication, oral expression, management, leadership, plan & design, marketing and accommodation 8 capabilities to play different role successfully. Besides, this research also suggests Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. (Taiwan), staff working abroad and colleagues who intend to work abroad in future respectively that they need to find out how to improve recognition of each role and how to strengthen each capability. Bring out workable direction for future further research.

In hierdie studie word die invloed van Unisa se Oorsese Musiekstudiebeurs vir Voordraers op musiekontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika ondersoek. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik, is twee navorsingsmetodes gevolg. Eerstens is ’n literatuurstudie gedoen. Daardeur is die loopbane van gevestigde en aspirerende uitvoerende kunstenaars ondersoek, die term ‘professionele musikus’ omskryf, die invloed van formele en informele musiekonderrig op jong musiekstudente bestudeer en ook die verhouding tussen ’n onderwys- en uitvoerende loopbaan bloot gelê. Tweedens is ’n vraelys aan al die beskikbare Unisa Oorsese Musiekstudiebeurswenners tussen 1970 en 2000 gestuur. Die doel van die vraelys was hoofsaaklik om inligting oor die persoonlike ervaring wat die persone in die steekproefgroep gedurende hul opleiding in die buiteland en daaropvolgende loopbane opgedoen het, in te win. Beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data is deur die navorsingsmetodes bekom. Hoewel die responskoers redelik laag was, is waardevolle inligting ingewin oor die invloed wat Unisa se Oorsese Musiekstudiebeurs op die beurswenners gehad het. Die data het die hoedanighede van die beurswenners se loopbane asook die bydraes wat hulle in uitvoerende en onderwys kapasiteit lewer, aangedui. Die resultate het getoon dat die meerderheid beurswenners wel in Suid-Afrika gevestig is, terwyl die meeste van dié wat oorsee is, Suid-Afrika steeds besoek op ’n professionele basis. Die feit dat die meeste beurswenners suksesvolle musiekloopbane volg en ook meestal hoogs gekwalifiseer is, dui daarop dat Unisa se Oorsese Musiekstudiebeurs ’n integrale deel vorm van die ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika se musiekbedryf. ENGLISH : This study examines the influence of Unisa’s Overseas Music Scholarship for Performers on the music development of South Africa. Two research methods were used to achieve this. Firstly, a literature study was conducted. This was done to obtain existing information regarding the careers of performing artists, define the term ‘professional musician’, study the influence of formal and informal music education on young music students as well as to uncover the relationship between teaching and performing careers. Secondly, a quesionnaire was sent to all available Unisa Overseas Music Scholarship winners between 1970 and 2000. The aim of the quesionnaire was to gain information regarding the winners’ personal experience of their education and careers. Quantitative and qualitative data was gained through this research method. Although the respons rate was low, valuable information was gathered regarding the influence that the Unisa Overseas Music Scholarship had on the scholarship winners. The data showed the capacity of the scholarship winners’ careers as well as the contribution they make in the performing and teaching environment. The results showed that more scholarship winners settled in South Africa, while many of those who settled overseas, still visit South Africa on a professional basis. The fact that most of the scholarship winners lead sucsessful music careers and are mostly highly qualified, indicates that Unisa’s Overseas Music Scholarship forms an integral part in the development of South Africa’s music industry. / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Music / Unrestricted

My thesis The Benefits of Loss: Life Strategies and Negotiations of Identity amongst Indian Transmigrants in Melbourne, Australia is a study of a community of transmigrants of prevailingly Indian origin who immigrated to Melbourne Australia. The majority of these persons came to Australia on overseas student visas in order to pursue a university education; this later created an opportunity for them to obtain permanent residency in Australia through The General Skilled Migration program. This specific migration flow of persons with high skill and education has been supported by the Australian government in the last decade as a reaction to the increased mobility of population in the globalized world. The study focuses on the life strategies and negotiations of particular individuals attempting to show how these global trends are mediated in specific stages of their lives. At the centre of my interest lies a social network of 14 friends who constitute a transnational community in Melbourne, their motivations of migration, the stories capturing their experiences of the migration process, life strategies in the territory of a foreign nation-state and everyday negotiations of both individual and collective identity.

No description available.

台商1980年代對外投資的地點是主要集中於東南亞國家，惟1990年代後期，台商對東南亞的投資明顯減少，但對中國大陸的投資卻快速增加。近來因中國大陸實施新的勞工法、兩稅合一等招商選資政策，加以越南等國積極吸引台商前往投資，已有部份台商轉赴越南、印度、印尼等國家投資，出現新一波台商海外投資風潮。 企業從事海外投資首先面臨的重要課題即為選擇適當之「進入模式（entry mode）」，因進入模式之適當與否將對日後的經營管理與營運績效產生重大影響。企業進入國際市場的策略類型很多，每一類型都與其企業經營目標息息相關。而台商面對眾多影響進入模式的因素時，若無正確的衡量標準而逕赴海外投資，勢必增加其投資風險。 本研究以描述性統計分析、交叉分析及變異數分析等統計方法實證分析台商赴中國大陸及海外其他地區投資之進入模式之比較及影響因素。經實證結果指出，企業之投資動機、企業規模、對外投資國家地區及產業類別對台商赴中國大陸或其他海外地區投資之進入模式之選擇具顯著性影響；國際化經驗對台商赴中國大陸或海外其他地區投資之進入模式無顯著影響。 / In the 1980s, Taiwan’s outward investment mainly went to Southeast Asian countries. However, in the late 1990s, the island’s investment there declined significantly, while in mainland China it rapidly increased. Recently, mainland China has made its promotion of investment by domestic and foreign enterprises alike more selective by implementing a new labor law and a unified corporate income tax rate; and Vietnam and other developing countries have moved vigorously to attract investment from Taiwan. As a result, some Taiwan businesses have shifted their investment to Vietnam, India, Indonesia and other developing countries. This appears to constitute a new trend in Taiwanese overseas investment. The foremost issue for an enterprise investing overseas is choosing an appropriate “entry mode”, because the entry mode will affect the enterprise’s management and performance. There are many kinds of strategies that enterprises use to enter international markets, and every kind is closely related to the goals of the investor. When Taiwan enterprises investing overseas and face numerous factors that affect their entry mode, the lack of appropriate measurement standards will inevitably increase their investment risk. This study uses descriptive statistical analysis, cross-analysis, and ANOVA to analyze empirically the differenced of entry modes and the factors that influence Taiwanese investment in mainland China and other overseas areas. The statistics show that the investment motivation, scale of investing business, outward investment destination, and industry category significantly affect the entry mode that Taiwan enterprises adopt when investing in mainland China and other overseas areas; international experience, however, does not significantly affect the entry mode that Taiwanese enterprises adopt.

The meat producers of the western world needs to develop their export organizations and to streamline their physical distribution in order to take new market shares on the fast growing overseas markets. HKScan is one of those meat producing companies, the group has businesses in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Baltic countries. A part of their sales goes frozen on overseas export by container sea freight. Lately the logistics management of HKScan has been interested in investigating the effects of centralizing the physical distribution for the overseas export from Sweden and Denmark. This leads to the purpose of this study, which is:  “For HKScan, develop and apply a model that evaluates distribution structures for overseas export of frozen food regarding total cost, delivery service, environmental impact and regulations.” The case study included comparison between the current distribution structure for HKScan and three pre-determined scenarios. The current setup consists of multiple warehouses in both countries. In the first scenario the distribution structure is centralized to include one warehouse per country. In the second scenario, the total export flow of products from both Sweden and Denmark is redirected and centralized to one warehouse in Denmark. In the third scenario, the total export flow of products from both Sweden and Denmark is instead redirected and centralized to one warehouse in Sweden. To evaluate and compare the different distribution structures a general model was first created by combining different theoretical models and adapting them to the context of overseas distribution for frozen food. The study then included the three phases of developing the model to fit the case company, applying the model on the case company and then to finally evaluating the model. The resulting model, which was the outcome of the development process, can be seen below. The model illustrates the different included elements. By then applying the model onto the case company, HKScan, it was found that a centralization to a joint warehouse in Denmark would make total cost savings of several percents. In addition, this scenario would increase the total service level. However, the environmental impact would be increased due to long cross-border road transport distances and longer land and sea transports from the warehouse. In addition, it was not possible to fully investigate whether such a distribution would be possible from a regulatory point of view.  A centralization in each country would have minor regulatory issues, it would lead to the smallest environmental impact and have a slight increase in service levels as well as a reduction for the total cost of one percent. The evaluation of the model showed that it produces reasonable results with the regulatory elements being the hardest to evaluate for the different scenarios. Regarding the detail level, the veterinary element could be accounted for by the warehousing element and the sea freight element split into transport from warehouse to domestic port and sea freight from domestic port to the destination port. The box-model, containing twelve elements, can be seen as generalizable for evaluating distribution structures in similar contexts, Overseas export of frozen food. However, the calculation performed within the model do probably only apply to the specific scenarios in the study.

South Africa's adherence to the Gold Standard while many other countries abandoned it, placed the country in a difficult position. This was exacerbated by the worldwide economic depression that resulted in the sharp decline of primary commodity prices, a decrease in demand and unemployment. The commercial banks in South Africa were obviously also affected by the prevailing circumstances and the position of one of them, Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas) will be the focus of this study. One of the most important questions that will receive attention is to what extent the bank was affected by the gold standard crisis. Linked closely to this is the question of the nature of the problems encountered by the bank and the measures, if any, it took to overcome these difficulties. In this regard it will be necessary to investigate the most important areas of the imperial banks' business and the type of customers they served. Another question or issue to be investigated is the relationship between the two British banks on the one hand and the South African Reserve Bank and the government on the other. The establishment of the Reserve Bank was not openly welcomed by the imperial banks as they feared competition from the Bank while, with their considerable balances overseas, they were not convinced that there existed a need for a central bank in South Africa. In this respect, the question of co-operation between the two banks will also receive attention. / Prof. G Verhoef

This dissertation examines the five battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force designated as the American Legion. Authorized in Canada between 1915 and 1917, these units were formed to recruit volunteers from the United States to serve in the Canadian Overseas Contingent during the First World War. This work reviews the organization of Canada’s militia and the history of Anglo-American relations before examining the Canadian war effort, the formation of the American Legion, the background of its men, and the diplomatic, political, and constitutional questions that it raised. Much of the research focuses on the internal documents of its individual battalions (the 97th, 211th, 212th, 213th and 237th) and the papers of Reverend Charles Bullock now housed at the Public Archives of Canada. Documentation for the diplomatic furor the American Legion caused comes largely through the published diplomatic documents, British Foreign Office records held at the Public Record Office at Kew, and United States Department of State files at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. The most useful sources for American Legion correspondence are the Beaverbrook papers held at the House of Lords Record Office, the papers of Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Laird Borden, and those of the Governor-General, the Duke of Connaught found in the Public Archives of Canada. During its brief existence the American Legion precipitated diplomatic and political problems in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Dominion of Canada. Among the issues raised by the controversy surrounding the American Legion were: the relationship between the dominion government in Canada and the British government; the structural problems of imperial communications; the rise of a Canadian national identity and the desire for greater autonomy; and, the nature of citizenship and expatriation. This dissertation is also a long overdue account of the thousands of United States citizens who left their homes and families to join the American Legion in order to fight another country’s war.

Several reserachers have identified the challenges faced by military adolescent dependents. However, scholarly literature provides little evidence regarding examples of the impact of military adolescents' transition and adjustment to residing in a multicultural community overseas. A qualitative case study was conducted of 6 former military adolescents between the ages of 18 and 25, regarding their perceptions of the experiences and challenges they encountered while residing in a multicultural overseas community as a military dependent between grades 8-12. Benet's polarities of democracy served as the theoretical framework. All data were inductively coded and subjected to a thematic analysis from which 5 themes emerged. Participants unanimously agreed that the lack of needed information while discussing transition with their parents led to negative experiences. Participants also agreed that they have not been included in policy development regarding military adolescent programs, which negatively impacted their integration into the overseas communities. Overall, the results of this study highlight the challenges this population encounters and indicates that the polarity pairs have not been leveraged well, thereby negatively impacting the participants' overall overseas experience. This study may encourage positive social change by informing Department of Defense policy makers and local installation leaders regarding the enactment of programs that better support military families with adolescent dependents living in an overseas environment. Such policy changes may enhance the experience of dependent military adolescents, encourage the military personnel's future commitment to military service, and support service member retention.