The main aim of the study was to investigate how the Vhavenḓa royal kingdom’s communicative functions and positions of royalty and settlement pattern were disempowered by the British colonists, the apartheid government, the Homeland system and the new democratic government which came into power in 1994. The arrival of the British colonists disempowered the Vhavenḓa Kingdom by reducing the title of the King to that of a mere chief. This was, among others, a leading cause for the fall and the end of the Vhavenḓa Kingdom. The Apartheid regime (1949-1994) also had a negative impact on the Vhavenda royal kingdom as the regime put a large number of people who were not of the royal families into chieftainship. This resulted in chieftaincy becoming an appointment rather than a birth right. The Homeland system, a creation of Apartheid, also caused confusion and disagreements among the Vhavenḓa. Some of those who were born of royal descent were removed from chieftainship positions and more educated Vhavenḓa citizens who were just mere commoners were put in those positions. The new democratic government (1994) tried to bring back the chieftaincy titles that were taken by former governments but this was complicated by the appointment of ward representatives, councilors and civic organisations. The democratic government split areas into wards, and, as a result, the system failed to work in unison with the Vhavenḓa Kingdom. Chiefs were reduced to ceremonial monarchs, and decision-making powers were the preserve of the politicians, and not the chiefs. This study utilized the theory of Ethnopragmatics. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to collect data. Data were collected from the youth, royals, non-royal adults and chiefs by means of questionnaires and interviews. Data were then transcribed by the researcher and the coding system was used to analyse it. Coding methods used included open, axial and selective coding methods. Data were viii then presented, discussed and conclusions drawn. Results revealed that chiefs and their subjects have many concerns. Recommendations were also made to address the concerns raised by participants. / Anthropology and Archaeology

The main aim of the study was to investigate how the Vhavenḓa royal kingdom’s communicative functions and positions of royalty and settlement pattern were disempowered by the British colonists, the apartheid government, the Homeland system and the new democratic government which came into power in 1994. The arrival of the British colonists disempowered the Vhavenḓa Kingdom by reducing the title of the King to that of a mere chief. This was, among others, a leading cause for the fall and the end of the Vhavenḓa Kingdom. The Apartheid regime (1949-1994) also had a negative impact on the Vhavenda royal kingdom as the regime put a large number of people who were not of the royal families into chieftainship. This resulted in chieftaincy becoming an appointment rather than a birth right. The Homeland system, a creation of Apartheid, also caused confusion and disagreements among the Vhavenḓa. Some of those who were born of royal descent were removed from chieftainship positions and more educated Vhavenḓa citizens who were just mere commoners were put in those positions. The new democratic government (1994) tried to bring back the chieftaincy titles that were taken by former governments but this was complicated by the appointment of ward representatives, councilors and civic organisations. The democratic government split areas into wards, and, as a result, the system failed to work in unison with the Vhavenḓa Kingdom. Chiefs were reduced to ceremonial monarchs, and decision-making powers were the preserve of the politicians, and not the chiefs. This study utilized the theory of Ethnopragmatics. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to collect data. Data were collected from the youth, royals, non-royal adults and chiefs by means of questionnaires and interviews. Data were then transcribed by the researcher and the coding system was used to analyse it. Coding methods used included open, axial and selective coding methods. Data were viii then presented, discussed and conclusions drawn. Results revealed that chiefs and their subjects have many concerns. Recommendations were also made to address the concerns raised by participants. / Anthropology and Archaeology

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The target of this research is to help the thinking about contemporary art through a new approach from the Idea of play to gaming. We try to comprehend the overthrow and entertainment concepts in the games developed and in the art and gaming field. This observation doesn‟t lay down just on the games created in this research, but also include a few aspects of art and technology in contemporary art. Between practice and theory the methodology was built, and together they tangled the proposed thought. To elucidade the thought tha we came with in this study we start with the approach of the play concept, that raises on philosophy and is adopted by the visual arts. From philosophycal play to eletronic game, and when it is found on a artistic context, it can be called as art and gamimg. In trying to understand and define what exactly art and gaming are about I show my own artistic games. This master thesis ends with a view of the contemporary art scenery and how the overthrow and entertainment concepts can integrate the contemporary art today. / O objetivo desta pesquisa, em poéticas visuais, é de contribuir para pensar a arte contemporânea atual através de uma nova abordagem que parte da ideia de jogo na arte para chegar ao game. Verificam-se os conceitos de subversão e diversão na minha produção pessoal na área da gamearte. Esta reflexão não se restringe somente sobre minha produção, mas também abrange alguns aspectos da arte e tecnologia na arte contemporânea. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa desenvolve-se no ir e vir entre a prática artística e a teoria que, unidas, tecem o pensamento proposto. Para elucidar a proposição apresentada neste estudo, inicia-se com a abordagem do conceito de jogo, que se origina na filosofia e é adotado pela arte. Do jogo filosófico segue-se para o jogo eletrônico, chamado de game, e quando inserido em um contexto artístico assume-se como gamearte. Ao tentar compreender e delimitar, quando possível, o que seria esta produção em gamearte, exponho a minha experiência pessoal na produção de jogos artísticos. Para fechar esta dissertação apresentam-se outras produções contemporâneas em gamearte, a fim de evidenciar como a diversão e o entretenimento podem integrar a arte contemporânea recente.

The diploma thesis will analyse the activities of the Radical Party of Serbia (SRS) in the period following the fall of Slobodan Milosević on October 5, 2000 as a result of mass protests till the parliamentary elections in 2003, when the party won the most seats in the Serbian parliament. The victory of the SRS did not become an isolated incident, but, as it turned out later, represented the beginning of a new trend in Serbian politics: the consolidation, reformatting and return of nationalist forces, which later adopted pro-European rhetoric. The aim of the thesis is, first of all, to determine the reasons and premises of the return, secondly to describe the communication strategy of the SRS in the years 2000-2003, which allowed the party to elaborate an effective electoral message under severely unfavourable conditions. To achieve these aims, the following questions will be examined in particular: 1. Whether the renaissance of the Serbian Radical Party's influence does not reflect the fact that the fall of Milosević's administration did not mean a major turning point in Serbia's political development 2. How broad was the support of the nationalist program in Serbian society during the rule of Milosević and after his fall. 3. To what extent was the SRS ready to take on the role of leader of the...

L’action extérieure de l’Union européenne en matière de droits de l’homme est singulièrement conduite vers l’Afrique subsaharienne, qui bénéficie d’une position particulière. Il s’agit ici d’analyser les droits de l’homme dans les relations entre l’Union européenne et les États de l’Afrique subsaharienne sous l’angle de la recherche constante de l’équilibre. Il s’agit alors de déterminer si les droits de l’homme sont un facteur de progrès dans ces relations, d’un point de vue internationaliste. Par une méthode critique et pragmatique, la recherche a permis de dégager une définition instrumentale des droits de l’homme et d’examiner les différentes formes d’ingénierie juridique dans ces relations. Dans un premier temps, la thèse met en évidence la spécificité de l’intégration des droits de l’homme, c’est-à-dire le processus de création des droits de l’homme qui est dominé par les institutions européennes, et les instruments de promotion et de protection de ces droits qui s’inspirent du droit de l’Union. Le processus juridique de production et le produit des droits de l’homme dans ces relations pose la question de la cohérence des différentes politiques de l’Union en matière de coopération au développement. Dans un second temps, la recherche se penche sur le degré de réalisation des règles de droit dans les faits, par le seuil d’effectivité et d’ineffectivité. Cette appréciation permet de s’interroger sur les incidences et les causes de l’effectivité et de l’ineffectivité des droits de l’homme dans les relations entre l’Union européenne et les États de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Il en ressort une pratique mitigée du mécanisme de garantie de ces droits au regard d’une application à géométrie variable de ce régime juridique et de la permanence des enjeux extra-juridiques. Des interventions tierces dans ces relations d’organisations internationales (ONU, UA) ou d’États (Chine) tentent de compléter ou de réexaminer la conditionnalité de la coopération au développement au respect des droits de l’homme / The European Union’s external action as far as human rights are concerned is specially geared toward sub-Saharan Africa, which benefits of a particular position. The purpose here is to analyze human rights in relations between the European Union and the sub-Saharan African states in terms of a search of a constant equilibrium. It is actually a matter of determining whether human rights are a factor of progress in these relations from an internationalist point of view. Through a critical and pragmatic approach, the research allowed to deliver an instrumental definition of human rights and examine the different forms of legal work in these relations. First the thesis will highlight the specificity of the integration of human rights, the creative process of human rights that is dominated by the institutions of the European Union and the instruments of promotion and protection of these laws, which are inspired by the law of the Union. The legal process of production and the product of human rights in these relations raise the question of the consistency of the various policies of the European Union in matters of development cooperation. Second, the research looks at the degree of realization of the rules of law in effects through a threshold of effectiveness and ineffectiveness. This assessment will raise the question of the incidences and the causes of effectiveness and ineffectiveness of human rights in the relations between the European Union and the sub-Saharan African states. It appears a moderate practice from the guarnanteeing mechanism of these laws, albeit through an application that varies from country to country of this legal system and of the permanence of extra legal issues. Third-party interventions in these international organizations relations (UN, AU) or of States (China) try to complete or reconsider the conditionality of the development cooperation for human rights