Genome maps provide information used to identify economic trait loci and loci proximal to genes affecting economically important traits. This research contributes to the development of the ovine genome map by establishing ovine tissue culture techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques in this laboratory. In addition, a karyotype for sheep affected with spider lamb syndrome was developed. Ovine tissue culture techniques were established using fibroblasts grown from primary explants of sheep and modified cytogenetic procedures. Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from the fibroblast cultures and used for fluorescent in situ hybridization and for banding procedures to develop the spider lamb karyotype. Fluorescent in situ hybridization procedures were established by hybridizing a fluorescent-labeled probe to fixed ovine chromosome spreads. The probe was a bacterial artificial chromosome clone containing the bovine 3-β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase gene. In this study, the probe hybridized to ovine chromosome 1. This chromosomal location was supported by the previous hybridization of the probe to bovine chromosome 3, which has a high level of homology with ovine chromosome 1. The final objective of this study was to determine whether a chromosomal abnormality is the cause of spider lamb syndrome, a fatal autosomal recessive genetic disease in North American black-faced breeds of sheep. A fibroblast cell line was produced from a four-week-old male homozygous spider lamb. Chromosomes were banded with trypsin using standard structural banding techniques. The lamb had a normal diploid chromosomes, 23 pairs of autosomal acrocentrics, and a large acrocentric X and a minute biarmed Y chromosome. G-band analysis of all chromosomes within the karyotype did not reveal any abnormality that was attributable to spider lamb syndrome.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T15:48:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_RespostasTermoliticasQualidade.PDF: 2911339 bytes, checksum: 16606563db514b622fa794e8578b8b32 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-10T15:44:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_RespostasTermoliticasQualidade.PDF: 2911339 bytes, checksum: 16606563db514b622fa794e8578b8b32 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T15:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_RespostasTermoliticasQualidade.PDF: 2911339 bytes, checksum: 16606563db514b622fa794e8578b8b32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo visou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as características anátomo-fisiológicas relacionadas à capacidade de perda de calor corpóreo e sua relação com a qualidade seminal de machos ovinos naturalizados ao ambiente tropical. Nove machos da raça Santa Inês (SIN) e sete da raça Morada Nova (MN) foram submetidos a dois experimentos. O primeiro ensaio compreendeu o monitoramento das características de pelame (quantidade de melanina, espessura de capa, comprimento e diâmetro dos pelos), da taxa de sudação, dos indicadores fisiológicos de conforto térmico (frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal, temperatura de superfície de pelame, temperatura de epiderme e temperaturas superficiais escrotais) da qualidade seminal (concentração espermática, motilidade progressiva, integridade de membrana plasmática, defeitos maiores, defeitos menores e defeitos totais) e integridade do parênquima testicular aliados às variáveis metereológicas, aferidas ao longo do ano. A análise estatística foi realizada com uso dos procedimentos GLM e LSMEANS do programa SAS, versão 9.1.3. Diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas entre o verão e as estações mais amenas do ano (outono e inverno), havendo incremento dos parâmetros termolíticos durante a estação quente. Já a qualidade seminal não variou ao longo do ano. No segundo experimento, foi avaliada a capacidade de manutenção da homeotermia corpórea e testicular de ovinos naturalizados sob desafio térmico. Os animais foram submetidos ao teste de tolerância ao calor que consiste na manutenção do animal à sombra (período 1), seguida de exposição ao sol (período 2) e retorno à sombra (período 3). Nos três períodos foram aferidos: frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura de superficiais de tronco, dorso, globo ocular e bolsa escrotal, por termografia infravermelha. O nível de adaptabilidade dos animais foi medido pelo índice de tolerância ao calor. A qualidade seminal e integridade de parênquima testicular foram avaliadas antes e após o desafio térmico. No Período 1, as variáveis apresentaram valores basais, em ambos os genótipos. No Período 2 observou-se incremento significativo das variáveis envolvidas na termólise (P<0,05), condizente com situação de desconforto térmico. No Período 3, as variáveis retomaram os valores basais, e algumas apresentaram valores mais baixos que os observados no Período 1. As variáveis seminais e ultrassonográficas não sofreram ação do insulto térmico. Conclui-se que ovinos MN e SIN apresentam eficientes mecanismos termolíticos que favorecem a preservação da funcionalidade gonadal, sendo considerados resilientes ao desafio térmico imposto em sistemas de produção em clima tropical. / The study aimed to deepen knowledge about anatomical and physiological features related to body heat loss ability and relation to semen quality of naturalized sheep Morada Nova and Santa Ines on tropical environment. Nine male Santa Inês and seven Morada Nova breed were subjected to two experiments. The first test included monitoring of coat features (amount of melanin, thick, length and diameter of the fibers), sweat rate, physiological indicators of thermal comfort (respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, surface temperature, skin temperature and scrotal surface temperature), sperm quality (sperm concentration, progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, major defects, minor defects and total defects) and testicular parenchyma integrity coupled with the meteorological variables measured throughout the year. Statistical analysis was performed using the GLM and LSMEANS procedures of SAS software, version 9.1.3. Significant differences (P <0.05) were observed between the summer and fall and winter, with increase in termolitics parameters during the hot season. Already sperm quality did not vary throughout the year. The second experiment evaluated the capacity of rams to maintain body and testicular homeothermy under thermal challenge. Animals were subjected to heat tolerance test, which consists maintenance in the shade (period 1), followed by exposure to the sun (period 2) and return to the shadow (period 3). In the three periods were measured: respiratory rate, heart rate, body surface temperature, back, eyeball and scrotum, by infrared thermography. Adaptability of the animals was measured by heat tolerance index calculation. Sperm quality and testicular parenchyma integrity were evaluated before and after the heat challenge. In Period 1, the variables had baseline values for both genotypes. In Period 2, the variables involved in thermolysis significantly increased (P<0.05), which matches a thermal discomfort situation. In Period 3, the variables returned to baseline values and some values were lower than those in Period 1. Seminal and ultrasonographic variables did not share with thermal insult. It is concluded that MN and SIN rams had efficient thermolytic mechanisms that favor preserving gonadal functionality. The animals were considered resilient to a thermal challenge.

Får- och byggnadskroppsdelar - Handlingar och spatiala relationer kring byggnadsdeponeringar av får på Öland. Sheep and building body parts - Actions and spatial relations regarding buildingdeposits of sheep on Öland. Abstract This essay studies ten Ölandic examples of sheep bodies or sheep body parts deposited in Iron Agebuildings. In addition to literary works, the source material examined in the essay also consists ofunpublished sources and two osteological examinations, which were carried out as a part of thework on the essay (appendix 1 &amp; 2).The purpose of the essay is to study both the actions that become visible through the skeletalmaterial, and the possible presence of spatial patterns regarding the bone deposits. The work iscarried out using an action-theoretical approach. Furthermore, a comparative method is used toexamine the ten sites in relation to each other. The results from this are ambiguous. The thesis' mainconclusion is; 1) that the bodies of sheep was sometimes disintegrated on Öland during the IronAge, to be; 2) placed in a certain spatial proximity of the foundation of roof-supporting posts. Keywords: Öland, Iron Age, Ritual Deposits, Sheep, bodies, body parts, foundation, sacrifice, action-theory

The cost of lamb mortality caused by cold exposure has been estimated at approximately 40 million dollars per year. This value is probably conservative as it does not include the cost due to the reduction in productivity in hypothermic lambs that manage to survive or the cost of reduced selection potential incurred by fewer lambs surviving until selection. The objectives of this research was to investigate whether sire-line variation exists in neonatal lamb cold tolerance and whether polymorphism in the β₃ adrenergic receptor gene can be used as a genetic marker for lamb cold tolerance and lean muscle growth. The influence of the climate, birthweight, age of dam at lambing, gender and birth rank on neonatal lamb cold tolerance was also analysed. Neonatal lamb mortality due to cold exposure was analysed in four field trials that used neonatal lamb morality from cold exposure as a predictor of neonatal lamb cold tolerance. Sire-line variation in neonatal lamb morality was observed in all trials, though it appeared that this effect was largely mediated through sire-line variation in lamb birth weight. Variation in lamb birth weight between birth rank classed was also found to be responsible for the influence of birth rank on neonatal lamb mortality due to cold exposure. The age of dam at lambing and the lamb gender was not observed to influence neonatal lamb mortality due to cold exposure. The sires from the cold tolerance study and the progeny of the lean muscle growth study were genotyped for the β₃ adrenergic receptor locus. Other studies have found evidence that a major gene exists in the catecholamine stimulation of brown adipose thermogenesis and evidence that the β₃-AR gene is a likely candidate. However, this hypothesis and the hypothesis that polymorphism in the β₃-AR gene is also linked to lean muscle growth in lambs was not confirmed in this study. So while it appears that the results were confounded by experimental design, there is evidence that influence of polymorphism in the ovine β₃ AR gene on neonatal lamb mortality and/or lean muscle growth is not sufficient to be considered a major gene effect. The implications of this experiment on the sheep industry and sheep farmers in general are huge. While completely eliminating lamb deaths due to inadequate cold tolerance is impossible, this study shows that large gains in lamb survival could be possible through selective breeding.

The cost of lamb mortality caused by cold exposure has been estimated at approximately 40 million dollars per year. This value is probably conservative as it does not include the cost due to the reduction in productivity in hypothermic lambs that manage to survive or the cost of reduced selection potential incurred by fewer lambs surviving until selection. The objectives of this research was to investigate whether sire-line variation exists in neonatal lamb cold tolerance and whether polymorphism in the β₃ adrenergic receptor gene can be used as a genetic marker for lamb cold tolerance and lean muscle growth. The influence of the climate, birthweight, age of dam at lambing, gender and birth rank on neonatal lamb cold tolerance was also analysed. Neonatal lamb mortality due to cold exposure was analysed in four field trials that used neonatal lamb morality from cold exposure as a predictor of neonatal lamb cold tolerance. Sire-line variation in neonatal lamb morality was observed in all trials, though it appeared that this effect was largely mediated through sire-line variation in lamb birth weight. Variation in lamb birth weight between birth rank classed was also found to be responsible for the influence of birth rank on neonatal lamb mortality due to cold exposure. The age of dam at lambing and the lamb gender was not observed to influence neonatal lamb mortality due to cold exposure. The sires from the cold tolerance study and the progeny of the lean muscle growth study were genotyped for the β₃ adrenergic receptor locus. Other studies have found evidence that a major gene exists in the catecholamine stimulation of brown adipose thermogenesis and evidence that the β₃-AR gene is a likely candidate. However, this hypothesis and the hypothesis that polymorphism in the β₃-AR gene is also linked to lean muscle growth in lambs was not confirmed in this study. So while it appears that the results were confounded by experimental design, there is evidence that influence of polymorphism in the ovine β₃ AR gene on neonatal lamb mortality and/or lean muscle growth is not sufficient to be considered a major gene effect. The implications of this experiment on the sheep industry and sheep farmers in general are huge. While completely eliminating lamb deaths due to inadequate cold tolerance is impossible, this study shows that large gains in lamb survival could be possible through selective breeding.