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Broadcasting and politics in Greece, 1936-1987Papatheodorou, Fotini January 1991 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and explain the organization of Greek broadcasting, and particularly its relationship to the state and politics. The study begins with the introduction of state-owned radio in 1936 and ends with the abolition of the state monopoly and the introduction of private local radio by a Socialist government in 1987. Through a mainly chronological structure the study examines the development of Greek radio and television set against major developments in the sphere of politics from the inter-war period until the late 1980s. These developments include the establishment of a quasi-fascist dictatorship in 1936, the Right-Left cleavage of the 1940s and the nature of parliamentary regime which was established as a result of the Communist defeat in the civil war (1946-1949). Subsequently, the study deals with the imposition of the dictatorial regime in 1967 and examines the contradictions which led to its eventual downfall in 1974. Finally, the thesis covers the transition of the country to democracy, the nature of the democratic regime, the party system and the major aspects of policy of both the Conservative governments (1974-1981) and the Socialists (1981-1987). Placed within the framework of the debate about the role of broadcasting in liberal democracies, the thesis examines the applicability of two antithetical models, the 'fourth estate' and the 'dominance' models to the Greek broadcasting system from 1936 to 1987. Neither is found to be satisfactory. Our study of government-broadcasting relations since the introduction of radio demonstrates that the broadcast media have always been subordinate to partisan political control and that neither the editorial autonomy nor the political independence of Greek broadcasters, on which the 'fourth estate' model is based, have ever been safeguarded by Greek politicians. The 'dominance' model, on the other hand, to the extent that it considers the mass media as an instrument of the dominant classes fails to describe accurately the role of Greek broadcasting institutions and of the state which controls them within Greek society. Due to the uneven and belated industrial development of the country, the state has acquired a dominant position in social and economic life by distributing resources and safeguarding the vital Interests of various social groups. Political parties have always relied on the mechanisms of the state to consolidate their power. Broadcasting institutions have therefore been used by those holding executive power as a legitimating mechanism of their policies. Preoccupied as they were with the political output of radio and television, Greek politicians never pursued the development of a public service ethos In Greek broadcasting.
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The Effect Of Social Media (Paid, Earned, Owned) On Consumer Green Purchase Behaviour In Chinese Market : A Quantitative ResearchChen, Zixiong, Mao, Yidi January 2023 (has links)
Background As people become more aware of environmental protection, green purchasing has gradually become a trend among consumers. Social media, as an emerging marketing approach, has also started to gain more and more companies' attention and application. Therefore, this study will explore the relationship between different types of social media and green purchasing behaviour. Purpose The aim of this paper is to explain how social media marketing (Owned Media, Earned Media and Paid Media) affects consumer' green purchasing behaviour in Chinese market. Methodology This study is based on positivism, and the researchers conducted the study through a quantitative research approach by developing a quantifiable online questionnaire and placing it on different social media platforms. The respondents of this study were in the age range of 18 to 39 years old, and they were highly followers of social media. Finally the researchers collected 264 effective questionnaires and entered them into SPSS and analyzed the data through descriptive and multiple regression analyses, KMO tests and Cronbach's Alphas. Findings The different types of social media marketing (Owned Media, Earned Media, and Paid Media) have a positive impact on Chinese consumers' green purchasing behaviour.
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The Syrian private media and discourse of the development of the Syrian national economyCaldwell, Leah Monical 26 October 2010 (has links)
In 2001, Syria opened its media outlets to private ownership for the first time in over forty years. This thesis conducts a critical discourse analysis of the economic coverage of the sole Syrian political daily newspaper al-Watan and asks how media liberalization in Syria is more so emblematic of pro-market economic reforms as opposed to media reform. In this sense, it is the economic content of al-Watan that signifies how a private media outlet – under the guiding force of “red lines” and other regulatory mechanisms, yet financially “liberated” via advertising revenue and wealthy regime-friendly backers – can demonstrate its utility to the regime by providing a reiteration of its social-market economic policies all the while existing as a public embodiment of the regime’s willingness to embrace a marketized Syrian society. Simply put, al-Watan is a perfect vehicle for propagating the regime’s gradualist pro-market reforms in the public sphere. / text
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自媒體時代下台灣年輕讀者眼中之城市意象-以Instagram照片中的上海為例 / Young Taiwanese's Image of a city in an owned media era - the Image of Shanghai on Instagram謝孟瑾, Hsieh, Meng Jin Unknown Date (has links)
在自媒體時代下,每個人都可簡單創立一個自媒體,使讀者在旅行的過程中得以參與照片的產製,共同塑造一地的城市意象。本研究將觀察場域設定為以照片為主的社群平台Instagram,研究標的為-上海。藉由Kevin Lynch的城市意象理論、Fakeye & Crompton的原始意象、誘發意象、複合意象理論,探討讀者抵達上海前後的差異與如何藉由照片形成複合意象,進而探討一座城市的意象如何經由照片被形塑以及讀者眼中的城市意象的構成元素與自媒體時代的關係。
研究發現,讀者的原始意象多來自朋友間主觀性的評論。抵達上海前的原始意象多指向繁華、中西合併的國際化都市,抵達後的意象較多元而衝突,特別對於人民的文化素養有所描述。在自媒體時代下,Kevin Lynch的五大要素除邊界外,其他皆仍存在自媒體上,新增人物、食物、建築空間等三大新要素。
從讀者所提供的照片歸納出以人物、標誌物兩種要素佔比最高,根據深度訪談分析讀者上傳照片的原因,如:特別、值得紀念、實現夢想、覺得自己美、心情美好、感到優越。進而從照片中發現,在自媒體時代下「我」的主體性被凸顯,使照片中充分展現自媒體時代的特色。 / In an owned media era, people can create owned media easily. They can always share photos during their travel time and shape urban images together with other readers. With the experiences of the author and consider the suitability of samples, this research will be based on Instagram, a social media platform focusing on photographs, and targeted on Shanghai. With “The Image of the City” of Kevin Lynch, “Original Image”, “Induced Image”, and “Complex Image” of Fakeye & Crompton, this research will be analyzing the difference between interviewees’ image towards Shanghai before and after visiting, and how they shape their urban image through their uploaded photographs. Through the research, the author wish to discuss the relationship between the constitute elements of urban image by different readers and the aspects of owned media era.
After the research, the author found out that readers’ original images come from subjective comments of their friends. Most original images include seeing Shanghai as a prosperous, diverse and an international city. Images after visiting start to diverse and conflict, especially on cultural literacy of the people in Shanghai. In own media era, four of the five elements, except for Edges, of Kevin Lynch are still applicable. In addition, the author established another important elements, people, foods, and spaces.
The photos provided by readers can be classified into people and landmarks. Through analyzing interviews, the reasons of uploading pictures are mostly things that are special, things or events that are memorable, dreams come true, photogenic, in a good mood and feeling superior. The author concludes that under owned media era, the subjectivity of “I” has been highlighted from the uploaded pictures and that also brings out the aspect of owned media era.
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A conceptual framework for digital political communication to promote party-political issue ownership via an urban electioneering platformDhawraj, Ronesh 07 1900 (has links)
Abstracts in English, Zulu and Afrikaans / This Grounded Theory study focused on understanding how South Africa’s two
numerically-dominant political parties, the African National Congress (ANC) and
Democratic Alliance (DA), used micro-blogging site, Twitter, as part of their
electioneering arsenal in the 2016 municipal elections to promote party-political
digital issue ownership within an urban context. Using each party’s 2016 election
manifesto and corpus of tweets, this three-phased study found that while both the
ANC and DA used Twitter as a digital political communication platform to
communicate their election campaigns, the DA notably leveraged the social
networking site for intense ‘focused’ messaging of its negative campaign against the
ANC while simultaneously promoting positive electoral messages around its own
‘core’ issues and metro mayoral candidates. ‘Battleground’ metros were identified by
the DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane and Nelson Mandela Bay, leading to
an emphasised urban campaign here to either activate the party’s own support base
and/ or to suppress the ANC’s turnout in these highly-contested areas. Additionally, it
was found that both the ANC and DA used Twitter for explicit and implicit partypolitical
issue ownership claiming in the 2016 municipal elections. Lastly, this study
also culminated in the proposal of three but interconnected different elements of a
conceptual framework for digital political communication that political parties could
use to promote digital party-political issue ownership within a pronounced urban
electioneering setting. These elements – ‘coordinating and managing how an
election is tweeted’, 'focus' messaging the election’ and ‘audience-segmenting as a
message-tailoring strategy’ – when used in unison can help political parties
communicate better and ultimately more effectively in a highly mediatised
technological media landscape / Hierdie Gegronde Teorie Studie fokus op die verduideliking hoe Suid-Afrika se twee
numeriese dominante politieke partye, die African National Congress (ANC) en
Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), van die mikro-blog platform, Twitter, gebruik gemaak
het tydens hulle verkiessingsstrategie in die 2016 munisipale verkiessings om die
party politieke digitale kwessie rondom eienaarskap binne ‘n stedelike verband te
bevorder. Deur elke party se 2016 verkiessings manifesto en arsenaal van twiets te
gebruik, het hierdie drie-fase studie bevind dat beide die ANC en DA, Twitter gebruik
het as ‘n digitale politieke kommunikasie platform. Die DA het egter die sosiale
media netwerk kenmerkend gebruik vir ‘n intense gefokusde negatiewe veldtog teen
die ANC terwyl hulle terselfdertyd ‘n positiewe verkiessings boodskap rondom die
party se eie kernkwessies en metro burgermeesters kandidate gesentreer het.
‘Oorlogsgebied’ metros is deur die DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane en
Nelson Mandela Bay geidentifiseer wat ‘n defnitiewe stedelike veldtog tot gevolg
gehad het om die party se eie ondersteuningsbasis te bevorder en/of die ANC se
ondersteuning in hierdie hoogs betwiste areas te onderdruk. Daar was ook bevind
dat beide die ANC en DA van Twitter gebruik gemaak het vir eksplisiete en implisiete
party politieke kwessies rondom eiernaarskap tydens die 2016 munisipale
verkiessings. Hierdie studie kan saamgevat word in drie onderskeie maar verwante
elemente om ‘n raamwerk te vorm van die digitale politieke kommunikasie wat
politieke partye kan gebruik om digitale party politieke kwessies binne ‘n stedelike
verkiessings omgewing te bevorder. Wanneer hierdie elemente – ‘koordinering en
bestuur van hoe twiets tydens ‘n verkiesing gebruik word’, ‘’die focus van die
boodksap tydens die verkiessing’ and ‘die gehoorsegmentasie can ‘n boodskap
strategie’ – in ‘n eenheid gebruik word kan dit politieke partye help om beter en meer
effektief te kommunikeer binne ‘n baie kompiterende en tegnologiese
medialandskap. / Inkcazo-bungcali yesisifundo ibigxile ekuqondeni ukuba uMzantsi Africa lo
unamaqela amakhulu amabini ezopolitiko, ukutsho, iAfrican National Congress
(ANC) kunye ne Democratic Alliance (DA), la maqela asebenzise iwebhusayithi
encinane uTwitter, njengenxalenye yezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunyulo loo masipala
ngo-2016. Bekwenza oku ngelikhuthaza amaqela ezopolitiko nebango lawo kwimiba
yezinto abathi bazithethe kwisithuba sedijithali,kumxholo wendawo zase dolophini.
Esi sifundo sisebenzisa imanifesto kunye nothotho lwe tweets zeqela ngalinye,
nesenziwe ngokwezigaba ezithathu, sifumanise ukuba nangona iANC kunye ne DA
zisebenzise uTwitter njenge qonga lonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali
(ngokolwimi lwasemzini) ukunxibelelana namaphulo onyulo, iDA izibonakalise
amandla kwindawo yokuncokola kwiqonga uTwitter,ngokuthi imiyalezo yayo igxile
kwaye itsole. Miyalezo leyo ithe yagxila ngokungafanelekanga kumkhankaso
weANC. Ngaxeshanye, imiyalezo yayo yona iDA ibeyeyakhayo, kwaye incedisana
nephulo layo kwimiba ephambili kunye nabagqatswa bosodolophu bo masipala
abambaxa. Oomasipala abambaxa abathi babenongquzulwano bachongwe yiDA
Ekurhuleni, eRhawutini, eTshwane nase Bhayi. Lonto ibangele ukuba bagxininise
ekukhokeleni iphulo ledolophu ukuze bavuselele inkxaso ye DA apho okanye
bacinezele ukuvela kwe-ANC kwezi ndawo kuphikiswana kakhulu ngazo. Ukongeza,
kufumaniseke ukuba iANC kunye neDA zisebenzise uTwitter ngokwendlela
ecacileyo nengathanga ngqo kwimeko yobunini bemicimbi yepolitiki ukuze bafumane
ibango kunyulo loomasipala lwango 2016. Okokugqibela, esisifundo sigqibele
kwisindululo sezinto ezintathu azahlukeneyo kodwa ezidityaniswe yinkqubosikhokelo
eqingqiweyo kunxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali. Ezi zinto zizinto
ezisenakho ukusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezopolitiko ukukhuthaza ubunini bemicimbi
yezopolitiko ngaphakathi kulungiselelo lonyulo lwedolophu olubhengeziweyo. Ezi
zinto- 'ukulungelelanisa nokulawula indlela unyulo luthunyelwe ngayo kusetyeziswa
uTwitter', 'kugxilwe' kwimiyalezo yonyulo kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwabaphulaphuli
okanye ababukeli njengecebo lokulungisa umyalezo '- xa zisetyenziswa ngazwinye
zinokuwanceda amaqela ezopolitiko anxibelelane ngcono kwaye ekugqibeleni
ngokuyimpumelelo kakhulu kuxhamlo olunamandla kakhulu kubume beendaba
kumhlaba wetekhnoloji (ngokolwimi lwesiNgesi). / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)
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A conceptual framework for digital political communication to promote party-political issue ownership via an urban electioneering platformDhawraj, Ronesh 07 1900 (has links)
Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / This Grounded Theory study focused on understanding how South Africa’s two
numerically-dominant political parties, the African National Congress (ANC) and
Democratic Alliance (DA), used micro-blogging site, Twitter, as part of their
electioneering arsenal in the 2016 municipal elections to promote party-political
digital issue ownership within an urban context. Using each party’s 2016 election
manifesto and corpus of tweets, this three-phased study found that while both the
ANC and DA used Twitter as a digital political communication platform to
communicate their election campaigns, the DA notably leveraged the social
networking site for intense ‘focused’ messaging of its negative campaign against the
ANC while simultaneously promoting positive electoral messages around its own
‘core’ issues and metro mayoral candidates. ‘Battleground’ metros were identified by
the DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane and Nelson Mandela Bay, leading to
an emphasised urban campaign here to either activate the party’s own support base
and/ or to suppress the ANC’s turnout in these highly-contested areas. Additionally, it
was found that both the ANC and DA used Twitter for explicit and implicit partypolitical
issue ownership claiming in the 2016 municipal elections. Lastly, this study
also culminated in the proposal of three but interconnected different elements of a
conceptual framework for digital political communication that political parties could
use to promote digital party-political issue ownership within a pronounced urban
electioneering setting. These elements – ‘coordinating and managing how an
election is tweeted’, 'focus' messaging the election’ and ‘audience-segmenting as a
message-tailoring strategy’ – when used in unison can help political parties
communicate better and ultimately more effectively in a highly mediatised
technological media landscape. / Hierdie Gegronde Teorie Studie fokus op die verduideliking hoe Suid-Afrika se twee
numeriese dominante politieke partye, die African National Congress (ANC) en
Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), van die mikro-blog platform, Twitter, gebruik gemaak
het tydens hulle verkiessingsstrategie in die 2016 munisipale verkiessings om die
party politieke digitale kwessie rondom eienaarskap binne ‘n stedelike verband te
bevorder. Deur elke party se 2016 verkiessings manifesto en arsenaal van twiets te
gebruik, het hierdie drie-fase studie bevind dat beide die ANC en DA, Twitter gebruik
het as ‘n digitale politieke kommunikasie platform. Die DA het egter die sosiale
media netwerk kenmerkend gebruik vir ‘n intense gefokusde negatiewe veldtog teen
die ANC terwyl hulle terselfdertyd ‘n positiewe verkiessings boodskap rondom die
party se eie kernkwessies en metro burgermeesters kandidate gesentreer het.
‘Oorlogsgebied’ metros is deur die DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane en
Nelson Mandela Bay geidentifiseer wat ‘n defnitiewe stedelike veldtog tot gevolg
gehad het om die party se eie ondersteuningsbasis te bevorder en/of die ANC se
ondersteuning in hierdie hoogs betwiste areas te onderdruk. Daar was ook bevind
dat beide die ANC en DA van Twitter gebruik gemaak het vir eksplisiete en implisiete
party politieke kwessies rondom eiernaarskap tydens die 2016 munisipale
verkiessings. Hierdie studie kan saamgevat word in drie onderskeie maar verwante
elemente om ‘n raamwerk te vorm van die digitale politieke kommunikasie wat
politieke partye kan gebruik om digitale party politieke kwessies binne ‘n stedelike
verkiessings omgewing te bevorder. Wanneer hierdie elemente – ‘koordinering en
bestuur van hoe twiets tydens ‘n verkiesing gebruik word’, ‘’die focus van die
boodksap tydens die verkiessing’ and ‘die gehoorsegmentasie can ‘n boodskap
strategie’ – in ‘n eenheid gebruik word kan dit politieke partye help om beter en meer
effektief te kommunikeer binne ‘n baie kompiterende en tegnologiese
medialandskap. / Inkcazo-bungcali yesisifundo ibigxile ekuqondeni ukuba uMzantsi Africa lo
unamaqela amakhulu amabini ezopolitiko, ukutsho, iAfrican National Congress
(ANC) kunye ne Democratic Alliance (DA), la maqela asebenzise iwebhusayithi
encinane uTwitter, njengenxalenye yezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunyulo loo masipala
ngo-2016. Bekwenza oku ngelikhuthaza amaqela ezopolitiko nebango lawo kwimiba
yezinto abathi bazithethe kwisithuba sedijithali,kumxholo wendawo zase dolophini.
Esi sifundo sisebenzisa imanifesto kunye nothotho lwe tweets zeqela ngalinye,
nesenziwe ngokwezigaba ezithathu, sifumanise ukuba nangona iANC kunye ne DA
zisebenzise uTwitter njenge qonga lonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali
(ngokolwimi lwasemzini) ukunxibelelana namaphulo onyulo, iDA izibonakalise
amandla kwindawo yokuncokola kwiqonga uTwitter,ngokuthi imiyalezo yayo igxile
kwaye itsole. Miyalezo leyo ithe yagxila ngokungafanelekanga kumkhankaso
weANC. Ngaxeshanye, imiyalezo yayo yona iDA ibeyeyakhayo, kwaye incedisana
nephulo layo kwimiba ephambili kunye nabagqatswa bosodolophu bo masipala
abambaxa. Oomasipala abambaxa abathi babenongquzulwano bachongwe yiDA
Ekurhuleni, eRhawutini, eTshwane nase Bhayi. Lonto ibangele ukuba bagxininise
ekukhokeleni iphulo ledolophu ukuze bavuselele inkxaso ye DA apho okanye
bacinezele ukuvela kwe-ANC kwezi ndawo kuphikiswana kakhulu ngazo. Ukongeza,
kufumaniseke ukuba iANC kunye neDA zisebenzise uTwitter ngokwendlela
ecacileyo nengathanga ngqo kwimeko yobunini bemicimbi yepolitiki ukuze bafumane
ibango kunyulo loomasipala lwango 2016. Okokugqibela, esisifundo sigqibele
kwisindululo sezinto ezintathu azahlukeneyo kodwa ezidityaniswe yinkqubosikhokelo
eqingqiweyo kunxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali. Ezi zinto zizinto
ezisenakho ukusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezopolitiko ukukhuthaza ubunini bemicimbi
yezopolitiko ngaphakathi kulungiselelo lonyulo lwedolophu olubhengeziweyo. Ezi
zinto- 'ukulungelelanisa nokulawula indlela unyulo luthunyelwe ngayo kusetyeziswa
uTwitter', 'kugxilwe' kwimiyalezo yonyulo kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwabaphulaphuli
okanye ababukeli njengecebo lokulungisa umyalezo '- xa zisetyenziswa ngazwinye
zinokuwanceda amaqela ezopolitiko anxibelelane ngcono kwaye ekugqibeleni
ngokuyimpumelelo kakhulu kuxhamlo olunamandla kakhulu kubume beendaba
kumhlaba wetekhnoloji (ngokolwimi lwesiNgesi). / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)
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