The aim of this thesis was an analysis of documented ancestors and determination of the proportion of Arabian genes from Haflinger pedigrees. The underlying database consisted of 1094 Haflingers. Thereof 679 horses that began breeding (38 stallions and 641 mares), the rest 415 horses (251 mares and 164 stallions) are young horses under 6 years of age who have not begun breeding yet. Tables and graphs were formed from the results and different groups of horses (stallions, mares, young horses) were analyzed. The statistical program UNISTAT version 6.0 was used for statistical processing of results. Linear regression was used, the year of birth and the year when a horse began breeding were the dependent values; the number of ancestors and %OX were the variable value. It was eveluated whether the year of birth or the year when horses begin breeding have an effect of increasing or decreasing the number of documented ancestors and %OX. According to statistical analysis its apparent that the year of birth and the year when horses begin breeding have a highly significant effect (P < 0,05) on the number of documented ancestors. The results for the year of birth show that the coefficient of ancestors increases every year in the group of mares by 1,75 ancestor, in the group of stallions by 1,38 and in the froup of young horses by 1,96. From the breeding point of view the year when a horse begins breeding is more important for us, here it was found out that the number of documented ancestors increases every year in the breeding population to the sixth generation on average by mares by 1,80 ancestor and by stallions by 2.23 ancestors. Statistical analysis of %OX by mares has no significant effect (P>0,05). However, it is apparent that the %OX decreases within the breeding of mares. Only the year of beginning of the breeding has a significant effect (P<0,05) on %OX by stallions. Coefficient came out in a negative number, which means that every year the proportion of Arabian genes reduces by 0,15%OX. There is a highly significant effect of the year of birth on %OX by young horses; it was found that every year the proportion of Arabian genes reduces on average by 0.22%OX. The results show a breeding work with an effective influence on the breed. OX percentage in the population decreases every year and the number of documented ancestors increases.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Geography / Karen J. De Bres / Landscapes express much of who we are. Our history, thoughts, and values are all interwoven into cultural landscape features. By researching the landscape similarities and dissimilarities on the regional level, geographers are able to learn more about a people's identity. Scattered across the vast expanses of the Northwoods, residents and visitors alike are greeted by representations of a lumberjack and his blue ox. In addition to large statues of Paul Bunyan and the Blue Ox, festivals, sporting events, businesses, and public lands are all named in honor of the two folk giants. These features are so prevalent and well known that references to the region by those who live outside the Northwoods often begin by acknowledging the folk heroes. This study explains the relationship between Paul Bunyan and the Northwoods region. Focusing on the area of northern Minnesota between the towns of Bemidji and Brainerd, qualitative research methods were conducted over a four-year period (2004-2007) to better understand the phenomena. Since the 1930s, residents of the Northwoods have used Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox landscape features to celebrate symbolically the region’s golden age of logging. These representations have evolved over the years to include both public and private landscape features. Given the level of permanence of many of the items as well as the authenticity, popularity, and attachment local residents express towards Paul and Babe, cultural landscape features of the lumberjack and his blue ox will continue to be seen as an integral component of the Northwoods regional identity.

Transparent conducting oxide (TCOs) thin films, including non-stoichiometric tin doped indium oxide (ITO) and aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO), have found considerable applications in various displays, solar cells, and electrochromic devices, due to their unique combination of high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. TCO thin films are normally fabricated by sputtering, thermal vapour deposition and sol-gel method. Among them, sol-gel processing, which was employed in this project, is no doubt the simplest and cheapest processing method, The main objectives of this project were to produce indium tin oxides (ITO) and zinc aluminium oxides (AZO) nanoparticles with controlled particle size and morphology and to fabricate TCO thin films with high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. In this research, hydrothermal method was used to synthesise ITO and AZO nanoparticles. Tin oxides, zinc oxides, ITO and AZO particles with the particle size ranging from 10 nm to several micrometers and different morphologies were synthesised through controlling the starting salts, alkaline solvents and hydrothermal treatment conditions. ITO and AZO thin films were fabricated via sol-gel technique through dip coating method. The effects of the starting salts, alkaline solvents, surfactant additives and coating and calcination conditions on the formation of thin films were investigated. XRD, TEM, FEG-SEM, DSC-TGA, UV-Vis spectrometer and four-point probe resistance meter were used to characterise the crystallinity, particle size, morphology, optical transmittance and sheet resistance of the particles and thin films. Crack-free thin films with high optical transmittance (>80% at 550 nm) and low sheet resistances (2.11 kΩ for ITO and 26.4 kΩ for AZO) were obtained in optimised processing conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElianeGA_TESE.pdf: 3715497 bytes, checksum: 52c61110127824acc91be76b2127151f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The development of more selective and sensitive analytical methods is of great importance in different areas of knowledge, covering, for example, food, biotechnological, environmental and pharmaceutical sectors. The study aimed to employ the technique electroanalytical differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) as an innovative and promising alternative for identification and quantification of organic compounds. The organic compounds were investigated in this study oxalic acid (OA) and folic acid (FA). The electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid has been extensively studied as a model reaction in the boundary between the organic and inorganic electrochemistry. Since the AF, an essential vitamin for cell multiplication in all tissues, which is essential for DNA synthesis. The AF has been investigated using analytical techniques, liquid chromatography and molecular absorption spectrophotometry. The results obtained during the experimental procedure indicated that the process of electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid is strongly dependent on the nature of the anode material and the oxidation mechanism, which affects their detection. Efficient removal was observed in Ti/PbO2 anodes, graphite, BDD and Pt 90, 85, 80 and 78% respectively. It was also shown that the DPV employing glassy carbon electrode offers a fast, simple, reliable and economical way to determine the AO during the process of electrochemical oxidation. Furthermore, electroanalytical methods are more expensive than commonly used chromatographic analysis and other instrumental methods involving toxic reagents and higher cost. Compared with the classical method of titration and DPV could be a good fit, confidence intervals and detection limits confirming the applicability of electroanalytical technique for monitoring the degradation of oxalic acid. For the study of AF was investigated the electrocatalytic activity of the carbon paste electrode for identification and quantification in pharmaceutical formulations by applying the DPV. The results obtained during the experimental procedure showed an irreversible oxidation peak at 9.1 V characteristic of FA. The carbon paste sensor showed low detection limit of 5.683?10&#8722;8 mol L-1 reducing matrix effects. The spectrophotometric analysis showed lower concentrations of HF compared with those obtained by HPLC and DPV. The levels of AF were obtained according to the methodology proposed by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The electroanalytical method (DPV) proposed is cheaper than GC analysis commonly used by the pharmaceutical industry. The results demonstrated the potential of these electroanalytical techniques for future applications in environmental, chemical and biological sensors / O desenvolvimento de m?todos anal?ticos cada vez mais seletivos e sens?veis ? de grande relev?ncia em diferentes ?reas do conhecimento, contemplando, por exemplo, os setores aliment?cios, biotecnol?gicos, ambientais e farmac?uticos. O estudo teve como objetivo empregar a t?cnica eletronal?tica voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) como uma alternativa inovadora e promissora para identifica??o e quantifica??o de compostos org?nicos. Os compostos org?nicos investigado neste estudo foram o ?cido ox?lico (AO) e o ?cido f?lico (AF). A oxida??o eletroqu?mica do ?cido ox?lico tem sido extensivamente estudada como uma rea??o modelo na fronteira entre a eletroqu?mica org?nica e inorg?nica. O AF ? uma vitamina essencial na multiplica??o celular de todos os tecidos, indispens?vel ? s?ntese do DNA, tem sido investigada empregando t?cnicas anal?ticas, com a cromatografia l?quida e a espectrofotometria de absor??o molecular. No presente trabalho foi investigada a oxida??o eletroqu?mica do AO em diferentes materiais eletrocatal?ticos. Os resultados obtidos durante o procedimento experimental indicaram que o processo de oxida??o eletroqu?mica do ?cido ox?lico ? depende fortemente da natureza do material an?dico e do mecanismo de oxida??o, o que afeta a sua detec??o. Eficientes remo??es foram obtidas em ?nodos de Ti/PbO2, grafite, BDD e Pt 90, 85, 80 and 78% respectivamente. Foi tamb?m demonstrado que a VPD empregando eletrodo de carbono v?treo oferece uma maneira r?pida, simples, confi?vel e econ?mica para determinar a AO durante o processo de oxida??o eletroqu?mica. Al?m disso, os m?todos eletroanal?ticos s?o mais baratos do que a an?lise cromatogr?fica comumente utilizada e que outros m?todos instrumentais envolvendo reagentes t?xicos e de custo mais elevado. Comparado com o m?todo de titula??o cl?ssica e DPV conseguiu-se um bom ajuste, intervalos de confian?a e limites de detec??o confirmando a aplicabilidade da t?cnica eletroanal?tica para o monitoramento da degrada??o de ?cido ox?lico. Para o estudo envolvendo o AF foi investigado a atividade eletrocatal?tica do eletrodo de pasta de grafite para a sua identifica??o e quantifica??o em formula??es farmac?uticas aplicando a VPD. Os resultados obtidos durante o procedimento experimental indicaram um pico de oxida??o irrevers?vel em 9,1 V caracter?stico do AF. O sensor de pasta de grafite apresentou baixo limite de detec??o 5,683?10&#8722;8 mol L-1 reduzindo os efeitos da matriz. As an?lises espectrofotom?tricas apresentaram concentra??es de AF menor quando comparadas com os dados obtidos por CLAE e VDP. Os teores de AF foram obtidos de acordo com a metodologia proposta pela farmacopeia brasileira. O m?todo eletroanal?tico (VPD) proposto apresenta menor custo e redu??o do tempo de an?lise, quando comparado com a cromatografia l?quida, t?cnica comumente utilizadas pelas ind?strias farmac?uticas. Os resultados demonstraram o potencial dessas t?cnicas eletroanal?ticas para futuras aplica??es em sensores ambientais, qu?micos e biol?gicos

This diploma thesis deals with the design of ox-bow lake revitalization measures, located southwest to the city Strakonice. Due to its charakteristics, ox-bow lake represents high-value biodiversity area. Recently, due to a disturbation in the aquatic regime, this area is threatened in sediment issue. Practical part of the diploma thesis is focused on the sediment and water level research and monitoring of plant and animal species. Obtained data result in particular revitalization measures.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.

Las celdas de combustible de óxido sólido (cuyo acrónimo en inglés es SOFC) son dispositivos energéticos capaces de convertir la energía química de un combustible directamente en energía eléctrica. Esto las dota de unas eficiencias eléctricas muy elevadas, que pueden llegar a ser del 80% si se aprovecha su calor residual de alta calidad mediante turbinas. Además, son capaces de funcionar con una gran variedad de combustibles: hidrógeno, gas natural, gas de síntesis, etanol, metanol, etc. Sin embargo, para su inserción en la cadena de producción energética, su temperatura de funcionamiento debería disminuir al rango de 500-700 ºC sin que se redujeran las densidades de potencias eléctricas generadas. Las SOFC convencionales se basan en la conducción de iones oxígeno de su electrolito, que separa la reacción de combustión del combustible en sus semi-reacciones electroquímicas, generando de este modo la energía eléctrica directamente. Al disminuir la temperatura de operación en este tipo de SOFC, con electrolitos (o membranas) delgados e hidrógeno como combustible, la principal limitación de funcionamiento se centra en la activación y reducción del oxígeno que tiene lugar en el electrodo denominado cátodo. Por otro lado, el empleo de otros combustibles basados en carbono no es compatible con los materiales de ánodos actualmente utilizados. Por tanto, es necesario el desarrollo de nuevos cátodos con mejoradas propiedades electrocatalíticas para la reducción de oxígeno a menores temperaturas, cuyas propiedades termo-mecánicas sean compatibles con las del resto de componentes de la celda, y la obtención de ánodos capaces de funcionar con combustibles basados en carbono. La combinación conjunta de varios lantánidos y bario en la estructura perovskita (LalPrpSmsBab)0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 ha permitido obtener compuestos con resistencias de polarización de electrodo significantemente menores que las mostradas por el cátodo del estado de la técnica La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 en el rango de temperaturas 450-650 ºC. / Vert Belenguer, VB. (2011). ELECTRODOS AVANZADOS PARA PILAS DE COMBUSTIBLE DE ÓXIDO SÓLIDO (SOFCs) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14669 / Palancia

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