Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria JSL_DISSERT.pdf: 2126864 bytes, checksum: 5f05e8062e1e0a0ae6a41666703f3c86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The research and development of nanostructured materials have been growing significantly in the last years. These materials have properties that were significantly modified as compared to conventional materials due to the extremely small dimensions of the crystallites. The tantalum carbide (TaC) is an extremely hard material that has high hardness, high melting point, high chemical stability, good resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock and excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The Compounds of Tantalum impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain TaC and mixed tantalum oxide and nanostructured copper from the precursor of tris (oxalate) hydrate ammonium oxitantalato, through gas-solid reaction and solid-solid respectively at low temperature (1000 ? C) and short reaction time. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectroscopy X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG), thermal analysis (DTA) and BET. Through the XRD analyses and the Reitiveld refinement of the TaC with S = 1.1584, we observed the formation of pure tantalum carbide and cubic structure with average crystallite size on the order of 12.5 nanometers. From the synthesis made of mixed oxide of tantalum and copper were formed two distinct phases: CuTa10O26 and Ta2O5, although the latter has been formed in lesser amounts / A pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de materiais nanoestruturados v?m crescendo significativamente nos ?ltimos anos. Estes materiais apresentam propriedades significativamente modificadas em compara??o ?s dos materiais convencionais, devido ?s dimens?es extremamente reduzidas dos cristalitos. O carbeto de t?ntalo (TaC) ? um material extremamente duro, apresentando elevada dureza, elevado ponto de fus?o, elevada estabilidade qu?mica, boa resist?ncia ao ataque qu?mico e choque t?rmico e excelente resist?ncia ? oxida??o e corros?o. Os compostos de T?ntalo impregnados com Cobre tamb?m possuem excelentes propriedades diel?tricas e magn?ticas. Desta forma este trabalho teve como objetivo a obten??o de TaC e do ?xido misto de t?ntalo e cobre nanoestruturado a partir do precursor tris(oxalato)oxitantalato de am?nio hidratado, atrav?s de rea??o g?s-s?lido e s?lido-s?lido, respectivamente,a baixa temperatura (1000?C) e curto tempo de rea??o. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados atrav?s de Difra??o de Raios-X (DRX), Refinamento Rietveld, Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia por Fluoresc?ncia de Raios-X (FRX), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho (IV), Termogravim?trica (TG), Analise Termodiferencial (DTA) e BET. Atrav?s das analises de DRX e do refinamento Reitiveld para o TaC com S= 1,1584 observou-se a forma??o do carbeto de t?ntalo puro com estrutura c?bica e tamanho m?dio de cristalitos na ordem de 12,5 nan?metros. Para a s?ntese realizada do ?xido misto de t?ntalo e cobre houve a forma??o de duas fases distintas: CuTa10O26 e Ta2O5, embora esta ?ltima tenha sido formada em menor quantidade

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the western world. The pro-inflammatory and pro-proliferative etiology of vascular proliferative diseases is well characterized, while much less is known about the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative processes. Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a newly described member of the IL-10 family of anti-inflammatory interleukins, and our group was the first to discover IL-19 expression in activated, synthetic, but not quiescent, contractile human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). We also found that IL-19 is anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative for hVSMC. IL-19 is able to reduce the abundance of COX-2, IL-1β, IL-8, and Cyclin D1 transcripts which contain AU-rich elements (ARE) in their 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR). IL-19 is able to reduce the abundance of HuR, a stabilizing RNA-binding protein, which we feel provides a mechanism for these effects. The overall goal of this study is to elucidate IL-19's anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative mechanism(s) in hVSMC in the context of vascular proliferative diseases. This goal has directed our overall hypothesis: IL-19's anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in hVSMC are mediated, at least in part, by modulation of HuR abundance and translocation, resulting in decreased stability of mRNA transcripts. HuR functions through a translocation mechanism, and IL-19 is able to reduce HuR cytoplasmic abundance. IL-19 also reduces HuR phosphorylation, which is a pre-requisite for HuR translocation, possibly through a PKCα-dependent mechanism. The stability of ARE-containing transcripts is reduced with IL-19 treatment, and reducing HuR expression by siRNA has the same inhibitory effect. VSMC are important mediators in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is able to induce IL-19 expression in these cells. VSMC are known to express scavenger receptors that take up ox-LDL. IL-19 is able to reduce the uptake of ox-LDL and the abundance of ox-LDL induced LOX-1 and CX-CL16 scavenger receptors. Interestingly, these scavenger receptors also have ARE in their 3'-UTR. IL-19 is able to reduce ox-LDL induced HuR cytoplasmic abundance. HuR knockdown by siRNA reduces the uptake of ox-LDL by hVSMC. These data suggest that IL-19 reduced scavenger receptor abundance may be due to decreased total and cytoplasmic HuR abundance. IL-19 reduces the abundance of ox-LDL induced COX-2 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-19 down-regulates vital steps in vascular proliferative disease processes through an HuR-dependent mechanism. / Molecular and Cellular Physiology

The challenges faced in today’s industry require materials capable of working in chemically aggressive environments at elevated temperature, which has fueled the development of oxidation resistant materials. All-Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composites (OCMC) are a promising material family due to their inherent chemical stability, moderate mechanical properties, and low weight. However, limited information exists regarding their behavior when in contact with other high-temperature materials such as superalloys. In this work three sets of tribological tests were performed: two at room temperature and one at elevated temperature (650 °C). The tests were performed in a pin-on-disk configuration testing Inconel 718 (IN-718) pins against disks made with an aluminosilicate geopolymeric matrix composite reinforced with alumina fibers (N610/GP). Two different loads were tested (85 and 425 kPa) to characterize the damage on both materials. Results showed that the pins experienced ~ 100 % wear increase when high temperature was involved, while their microstructure was not noticeably affected near the contact surface. After high temperature testing the OCMC exhibited mass losses two orders of magnitude higher than the pins and a sintering effect under its wear track, that led to brittle behavior. The debris generated consists of alumina and suggests a possible crystallization of the originally amorphous matrix which may destabilize the system. The data suggests that while the composite’s matrix is stable, wear will not develop uncontrollably. However, as soon as a critical load/temperature combination is attained the matrix is the first component to fail exposing the reinforcement to damage which drastically deteriorates the integrity of the component.

Cette thèse a cherché à présenter une description des versions de Midrash Séder Eliyahou tout en se polarisant sur la recherche de la version authentique, aussi précise que possible. Cette étude interdisciplinaire tente d'allier les aspects paléographiques des manuscrits, la langue hébraïque ainsi que la littérature comparée. Le corpus de ce Midrash contient six éléments manuscrits. Seul le Codex, BAV, Vat. ebr. 31 est complet et en excellent état. Les trois éditions imprimées complètes, sont celles de : Venise (1598), première édition, copie d'un incunable, Prague (1677) et de Vienne (1901), l'édition critique de Friedman, basée sur BAV, Vat. ebr.31. Nous avons choisi ce dernier comme référent. Nous proposons l'hypothèse suivante : La fidélité est pas uniforme, il y a deux dimensions de fidélité, pouvant sembler contradictoires : paléographique et / ou exégétique. L'étude de sources de la Genizah génère deux cas de figure possibles : Il y aurait soit une seule famille du Midrash Séder Eliyahou, plus ou moins fidèles à la version de BAV, Vat. ebr. 31. Soit il existerait une autre version de SER, inconnue et divergente de celle de Vatican 31, générant une ou plusieurs autres familles de manuscrits. Si la seconde hypothèse se vérifie, il pourrait s'agir d'un Midrash en formation. La version occidentale est entièrement développée et fixée tandis que la version orientale aurait été transmise oralement sans avoir atteint sa forme définitive. / This thesis has sought to present a description of the versions of Midrash Seder Eliyyahu while polarizing on the search for the authentic version, as accurate as possible. This interdisciplinary study tries to use the palaeographic aspects of the manuscripts, the Hebrew language as well as comparative literature. The corpus of this Midrash contains six manuscripts elements. Only the Codex BAV, Vat. ebr. 31 is complete and in excellent condition. The three printed editions complete, are those of: Venice (1598), first edition, copy of incunabula, Prague (1677) and Vienna (1901), the critical edition of Friedman, based on BAV, Vat. ebr.31. This manuscript version was chosen as a referent. We propose the following hypothesis: The fidelity is not uniform, there are two loyalty dimensions, may seem contradictory : paleographic or/and exegetical. The study of the sources from the Genizah generated two possible cases : There would be only one family of the Midrash Seder Eliyyahu, referring to the version of BAV, Vat. ebr. 31. Either exist another version of SER, unknown and divergent from the Vatican 31, which will form one or more other family of manuscripts. If this second assumption proves true, Seder Eliyyahu could be a processing Midrash. The Western version is fully developed and secured while the eastern version be transmitted orally and not having reached its final form.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIVIANE LIMA DE MORAIS.pdf: 3959895 bytes, checksum: 63475da34616005f3c073888daf23bab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / We started the car, in the Bumba-meu-boi, to understand the universe yet little explored the relationship between man and animal in Brazil. I reviewed the various processes that enabled the man to take ownership of cattle and feed to produce sign and material culture. Redo the path traveled by the first group of cattle arriving in the country, the archipelago of Cape Verde, enter the African continent to unveil the relationship before and during the processes of colonial slavery. I noticed several changes in the interaction between man and nature that resound here, the other side of the Atlantic, recreated in the conflicting areas of the ideology of slavery. In the first pages resuscitated animals that enter the earth, responsible for their territorial and cultural setting, the metaphors and metonymy resignificamos of man enslaved Africans who built with his hands, feet and voice to social and geographical boundaries of the Earth from Santa Cruz / Partimos do auto, presente no Bumba-meu-boi, para compreender o universo ainda pouco explorado da relação entre o homem e o animal no Brasil. Analisamos os diversos processos que permitiram ao homem se apropriar do boi como animal e signo para produzir cultura material. Refazendo o trajeto percorrido pela primeira leva de bois chegada no país, do Arquipélago de Cabo Verde, adentramos o continente africano para desvendar a relação antes e durante os processos de escravidão colonial. Percebemos diversas mudanças ocorridas na interação entre o homem e a natureza que ressoaram aqui, na outra margem do atlântico, recriadas nos espaços conflituosos da ideologia da escravidão. Nestas páginas reanimamos os primeiros animais que adentraram essa terra, responsáveis por sua configuração territorial e cultural, resignificamos as metáforas e metonímias do homem africano escravizado que construiu com suas mãos, pés e voz as fronteiras geográficas e sociais da Terra de Santa Cruz

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NathaliaCVN_DISSERT.pdf: 2020842 bytes, checksum: efcd9ca5e5cfd7d63412f72c80546c39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / In this paper, the technique of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) has been studied for monitoring the concentration of oxalic acid (OA) during their electrochemical oxidation (EO) in acidic medium using platinum anode supported on titanium (Ti / Pt). The DPV was standardized and optimized using a glassy carbon electrode modified with cysteine. The modification with cysteine was developed electrochemically, forming a polymeric film on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode. The formation of the polymer film was confirmed by analysis of scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope, confirming the modification of the electrode. The electrochemical degradation was developed using different current densities 10, 20 30 and 40 mA cm -2 electrode with Ti / Pt observing the degradation of oxalic acid, and monitored using the method of KMnO4 titration. However, the analyzes with DPV showed the same behavior elimination of oxalic acid titration. Compared with the titration method classical observed and DPV could be a good fit, confidence limits of detection and confirming the applicability of the technique electroanalytical for monitoring the degradation of oxalic acid / No presente trabalho, a t?cnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) foi estudada para o monitoramento da concentra??o de ?cido ox?lico (OA) durante a sua oxida??o eletroqu?mica (EO) em meio ?cido utilizando o ?nodo de platina suportada em tit?nio (Ti/Pt). A t?cnica de DPV foi padronizada e otimizada usando um eletrodo de carbono v?treo modificado com ciste?na. A modifica??o com ciste?na foi desenvolvida eletroquimicamente, formando um filme polim?rico na superf?cie do eletrodo de carbono v?treo. A forma??o do filme polim?rico foi confirmada por an?lise de Microsc?pio Eletr?nico de Varredura e Microsc?pio de For?a At?mica, confirmando a modifica??o na superf?cie do eletrodo. A degrada??o eletroqu?mica foi desenvolvida usando diferentes densidades de corrente, 10, 20 e 30 mA cm-? com eletrodo de Ti/Pt, observando a degrada??o do ?cido ox?lico, sendo monitorado empregando a metodologia de titula??o com KmnO4. No entanto, as an?lises com DPV mostraram o mesmo comportamento de elimina??o do acido ox?lico, observado com a titula??o. Comparado com o m?todo de titula??o cl?ssica e DPV conseguiu-se um bom ajuste, intervalos de confian?a e limites de detec??o confirmando a aplicabilidade da t?cnica eletroanal?tica para o monitoramento da degrada??o de ?cido ox?lico

<p>Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H-R) injury is an important clinical phenomenon in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelial injury is a critical step in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, endothelial and cardiomyocyte protection has been considered an effective step in prevention and treatment of CAD.</p><p>To investigate the cardioprotective effect of tocopherols, omega-3 fatty acid [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) during H-R, calcium tolerant myocytes isolated from adult rats were cultured and subjected to hypoxia for 24 hrs followed by reoxygenation of 3 hrs. All strategies, including tocopherol preparations, EPA and TGF-β₁, showed attenuation of H-R-induced myocyte injury indicated by reduction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Both a-tocopherol and a mixed- tocopherols (α-, γ-, and δ-) decreased the effects of H-R on iNOS expression and SOD activity in cultured myocytes. The mixed-tocopherols was more potent than a-tocopherol alone. EPA inhibited H-R-induced lipid peroxidation, MMP-1 expression and p38MAPK phosphorylation. TGF-β₁ blocked the increase in iNOS and PKB phosphorylation as well as the decrease in eNOS expression in cultured myocytes exposed to H-R.</p><p> To further investigate the protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA] and TGF-β₁, the cultured endothelial cells were exposed to oxidant injury mediated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL markedly reduced TGF-β₁ release, increased the expression of TGF-β₁ receptors, upregulated the expression of adhesion molecules, P-selectin and ICAM-1, enhanced the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, and decreased protein kinase B (PKB) activation. Both DHA and EPA blocked these effects of ox-LDL on endothelial cells. Exogenous recombinant TGF-β₁ also ameliorated ox-LDL-induced expression of adhesion molecules and monocytes adhesion, which were blocked by antibodies to the TGF-β₁ type 2, but not to the type 3 receptor.</p><p>These observations provide mechanistic insights into H-R and oxidant injury and tissue protection by three different strategies.</p>

Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H-R) injury is an important clinical phenomenon in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Endothelial injury is a critical step in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, endothelial and cardiomyocyte protection has been considered an effective step in prevention and treatment of CAD. To investigate the cardioprotective effect of tocopherols, omega-3 fatty acid [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) during H-R, calcium tolerant myocytes isolated from adult rats were cultured and subjected to hypoxia for 24 hrs followed by reoxygenation of 3 hrs. All strategies, including tocopherol preparations, EPA and TGF-β1, showed attenuation of H-R-induced myocyte injury indicated by reduction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Both a-tocopherol and a mixed- tocopherols (α-, γ-, and δ-) decreased the effects of H-R on iNOS expression and SOD activity in cultured myocytes. The mixed-tocopherols was more potent than a-tocopherol alone. EPA inhibited H-R-induced lipid peroxidation, MMP-1 expression and p38MAPK phosphorylation. TGF-β1 blocked the increase in iNOS and PKB phosphorylation as well as the decrease in eNOS expression in cultured myocytes exposed to H-R. To further investigate the protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA] and TGF-β1, the cultured endothelial cells were exposed to oxidant injury mediated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL markedly reduced TGF-β1 release, increased the expression of TGF-β1 receptors, upregulated the expression of adhesion molecules, P-selectin and ICAM-1, enhanced the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, and decreased protein kinase B (PKB) activation. Both DHA and EPA blocked these effects of ox-LDL on endothelial cells. Exogenous recombinant TGF-β1 also ameliorated ox-LDL-induced expression of adhesion molecules and monocytes adhesion, which were blocked by antibodies to the TGF-β1 type 2, but not to the type 3 receptor. These observations provide mechanistic insights into H-R and oxidant injury and tissue protection by three different strategies.

De nombreuses réactions enzymatiques sont à l’origine de processus physiologiques au sein des organismes vivants. Ces réactions sont basées sur des transferts de protons et d’électrons et con-duisent souvent à la production d’espèces secondaires. Parmi elles, les espèces réactives de l’oxygène et de l’azote (ROS, RNS) présentent un intérêt particulier puisqu’elles jouent un double rôle : d’une part en permettant à l’organisme de réagir à un stress par l’activation de voie de signalisation redox, et d’autre part ces ROS et RNS peuvent causer des dommages tissulaires et être à l’origine de dys-fonctionnement (stress oxydant) au sein de l’organisme. La haute réactivité de ces espèces induit leurs faibles durées de vie (ns-min) et rend l’étude de certaines réactions enzymatiques difficiles en solu-tion. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif de développer un microréacteur biomimétique pour l’étude d’activités enzymatiques produisant des ROS/RNS. En effet, en confinant une réaction au sein d’un compartiment de taille équivalente à celle d’une cellule (20-100 μm de diamètre), les espèces générées (H2O2, NO•, NO2-) doivent pouvoir être sondées in situ avec une résolution cinétique et quantitative. Des vésicules unilamellaires géantes sont formées en conditions physiologiques et servent de micro-réacteurs pour l’analyse des activités enzymatiques de la glucose oxydase et des NO-synthases. La microscopie de fluorescence permet l’observation des vésicules et le suivi du déclenchement de la réaction assuré par microinjection. Les espèces produites sont ensuite détectées en temps réel par électrochimie afin de déchiffrer à terme les différentes voies enzymatiques des NO-Synthases. / Enzymatic reactions are involved in many physiological phenomena in living organisms. These reactions are based on protons and electrons transfers and can lead to the production of by-products. Among them, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are of great interest as they play a double role: on the one hand by allowing the organism to react to a stress by the activation of signaling redox pathways, and on the other hand, ROS and RNS can cause oxidative damages to tissues ensuing dysfunctions in the organism. The high reactivity of such species induce their short lifetimes (ns-min) and leads to uncertainties when it comes to the study of some enzymatic reactions in bulk. This PhD project aims to develop a biomimetic microreactor for the study of enzymatic ac-tivities producing ROS/RNS. Indeed, by confining a reaction within a cell-sized compartment (20-100 μm diameter), the generated species (H2O2, NO•, NO2-) could be analyzed in situ with a quantita-tive and kinetic resolution. Giant unilamellar vesicles are formed in physiological conditions and are used as microreactors for the monitoring of enzymatic activities of glucose oxidase and NO-synthases. Fluorescence microscopy allows individual vesicle observation and the monitoring of reactions trig-gered by microinjection. Then, released species are detected in real-time by electrochemistry in order to decipher the diverse enzymatic pathways of NO-Synthases.