The aim of the present work is to clarify the interplay between the complex technological chain of crystal preparation, chemical and structural perfection of grown crystals of intermetallic compounds and oxides and their physical properties. This technological chain includes detailed studies of unknown or insufficiently known phase diagrams, their correlation with growth conditions and optimisation of process parameters for obtaining single crystals with high chemical and physical perfection. The measurements of the physical properties of the grown crystals such as superconductivity, thermoelectric or dielectric properties not only show new features and properties for application of the materials obtained, but also allow conclusions of the crystal perfection. The studies are focused on the following systems: RENi2B2C borocarbides (RE=Y, Tb or Ho) displaying superconductivity, magnetic order and a strong interplay between magnetic and superconducting properties for YNi2B2C, TbNi2B2C, HoNi2B2C, respectively; CeSi2-?Ô and Ru2Si3 as examples of systems with magnetic and promising thermoelectric properties, respectively; MgB2 and LiBC to test of theoretical predictions of the new superconducting intermetallic compounds discovered in the last years; SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 oxide compounds with special dielectric and optical properties. For this wide spectrum of substances necessarily different growth techniques were applied. That is mainly the floating zone (FZ) or travelling solvent floating zone (TSFZ) techniques with optical heating. Flux techniques were used if the vapour pressure of composing elements is high such as for Mg and Li. The crucible free FZ technique is very attractive for the crystal growth of these intermetallic and oxide compounds to avoid contamination with the crucible material, if the melts have very high chemical reactivity, high melting temperatures and if a large crystal size (at least 3-5 mm) is desired for corresponding physical measurements. One special aim in the presented work is the optimisation of the preparation and growth process features with respect to crystal perfection, establishing new relationships between process parameters, crystal perfection, crystallographic structure, composition of grown crystals and the related physical properties. Optimisation of crystal growth process requires own constitutional studies of growth relevant parts of corresponding multicomponent phase diagrams. Therefore, parts of the phase diagrams were experimentally revealed by differential thermal analysis (DTA), optical metallography and EPMA and partially combined with CALPHAD calculations.

The aim of this diploma thesis is deposition of TiO2 thin films onto different types and sizes of substrates, and some of these layers dope by iron or silver. During the work was range of TiO2 layers created using a method of physical vapor deposition namely magnetron sputtering. For these processes was chosen the Dreva ARC 400 Hard Material Coating Plant device. The main aim of these depositions was to attempt to create TiO2 thin films on a substrates of larger surface than its in average laboratory processes usual. For this purpose were TiO2 layers deposited onto square glass plates of side length 10 cm. For comparsion and analysis were also as a substrates used microscope slides and fragments of silicon wafers. These substrates were used for testing of photocatalytic activity and on surface morphology (SEM). The theoretical part of this thesis aims to a methods of deposition TiO2 layers and their characteristics. In the experimental part is the used coating equipment and parameters of each deposition process described. Further the characteristics and results of individual experiments are described.

This thesis deals with the partial evaluation of the life cycle of three kinds of power plants, particularly flint corn ( Zea mays L.) , reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) , Szarvazi I ( Agropyron elongatum L.) and their environmental impact during their cultivation. As an evaluation framework was used seedbed preparation time from the first year to the last harvest after ten years growing cycle. To calculate the emissions of greenhouse gases has been used software tool SimaPro . The aim was to find out how much greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq per 1 kg of dry matter ) is created in the cultivation of selected power plants and compare that plant is from an environmental point of view the most environmentally friendly. The total emission load produced during the life cycle of corn is sown CO2eqv 0.199210 kg per 1 kg of dry matter , with reed rákosovité CO2eqv 0.182075 kg per 1 kg of dry matter. I Szarvasi is from an environmental point of view the most friendly CO2eqv produces 0.110232 kg per 1 kg of dry matter.

The principal aim of this diploma thesis was to monitor radon volume activity from the ground at the buildings of selected high schools in the South Bohemian Region. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis was processed by secondary data analysis. With the help of professional literature, valid legislation and Internet texts, radon problems were analyzed. I dealt with the penetration of radon from the subsoil, water and construction material into the buildings. Furthermore, its biological effects on human health, radon program, subsidies and legislation regulating radon problems. The research was proceed through a qualitative search using secondary data analysis. The needful data for the research part of the diploma thesis I got from my own measurement of radon volume activity in five high schools in the South Bohemian Region, supplemented by the measurement of carbon dioxide. I measured the radon volume activity with the continual monitor Radim 5B and the carbon dioxide concentration with the Wöhler KM 410 for climate assessment. Measured result values were processed using special programs on the computer and the results were displayed in graphs. The measurements made it clear that in selected schools up to one have not a greater problem with radon. From the measured values of carbon dioxide concentrations is evident that in schools is not enough ventilation, and the insulation of the building and the replacement of the windows on behalf of Eurowindows plastic or wooden has an fundamental effect. Consequently, the concentration of radon is then higher than it could be. In view of these facts, it would be advisable to carry out a ventilation system in schools or create vents in the masonry to ensure that clean air is drawn into the building.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:00:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 927562 bytes, checksum: 636b817d8fa21526e39f3df100a21156 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae) is an herbaceous species, known popularly as "jurubeba-roxa" in the Northeast of Brazil (AGRA; BHATTACHARYYA, 1999). The chemical and pharmacological studies with root bark of this species showed the presence of glycoalkaloids, and that the ethanol extract and aqueous phase obtained the same parts showed spasmolytic activity (ATAÍDE, 1982; BARBOSA-FILHO et al., 1991; BASÍLIO, 2008). As glycoalkaloids are known to present cytotoxicity and many species of Solanum present spasmolytic activity, decided to study the total alkaloids fraction from root bark of S. paludosum (FAT-SP) on the cytotoxic potential in rat s erythrocytes and to investigate the spasmolytic activity in rat uterus, rat aorta and guinea-pig ileum and trachea. FAT-SP did not show hemolytic activity but presented non-selective spasmolytic effect. The preliminary pharmacological screening showed that FAT-SP on rat uterus, did not inhibit the oxytocin (10-2 IU/mL)-induced phasic contractions, but significantly inhibited the CCh (10-5 M)-induced phasic contractions (IC50 = 178.8 ± 7.1 μg/mL). On guinea-pig trachea, was about 2.2 times more potent in relax the trachea pre-contracted with CCh 10-6 M in the absence (EC50 = 159.4 ± 23.0 μg/mL) than in the presence (EC50 = 353.2 ±15.2 μg/mL) of functional epithelium; on guinea-pig ileum, inhibited the CCh (10-6 M)-induced phasic contractions (IC50 = 129.8 ± 3.7 μg/mL) and was more potent in relation to histamine (10-6 M)-induced contractions (Emax = 18.4 ± 2.3%) and on rat aorta, we observed that FAT-SP relaxes the rat aorta pre-contracted with phenylephrine 3 x 10-7 M of manner more potent in the presence (EC50 = 75.4 ± 6.2 μg/mL) than absence (EC50 = 242.8 ± 11.7 g/mL) of functional endothelium. According with the parameter of potency FAT-SP was more potent on guinea-pig ileum and rat aorta. Thus, we decided to investigate a possible mechanism of action in these organs. FAT-SP relaxed in a significant and concentration dependent manner the guinea-pig ileum pre-contracted with 10-6 M CCh (EC50 = 37.4 ± 3.2 μg/mL) or histamine (EC50 = 54.2 ± 2.9 μg/mL), but not with 40 mM KCl (Emax = 28.6 ± 2.8%). Since, FAT-SP was more potent to relax the ileum pre-contracted with carbachol, this is suggestive the involvement of muscarinic receptors in this effect. This hypothesis was confirmed in functional level by the observation that the FAT-SP shifted to the right the cumulative concentration-response curves to CCh without changing the Emax, which is characteristic of competitive antagonism to the CCh. The relaxation produced by FAT-SP on rat aorta in the presence of L-NAME 10-5 M (EC50 = 147.0 ± 22.1 g/mL), the NO synthase inhibitor, was attenuated, but not in the presence of atropine 10-6 M (EC50 = 93.3 ± 10.0 g/mL), a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, or indomethacin 10-5 M (EC50 = 90.7 ± 13.2 g/mL), a non-selective COX inhibitor, thus suggesting the involvement of the endothelial NO synthase. Furthermore, in the presence of hydroxocobalamin 3 x 10-5 M (EC50 = 294.9 ± 20.4 μg/mL), a scavenger of NO, or ODQ 10-5 M (EC50 = 228.2 ± 30.9 μg/mL), a selective blocker of soluble GC, the relaxation curve of FAT-SP was attenuated, suggesting the involvement NO/CG pathway in the spasmolytic effect of the FAT-SP. / Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae) é uma espécie herbácea, conhecida popularmente como jurubeba-roxa no Nordeste do Brasil (AGRA; BHATTACHARYYA, 1999). O estudo químico e farmacológico com a casca da raiz desta espécie mostrou a presença de glicoalcalóides, e que o extrato etanólico e a fase aquosa obtidos da mesma parte mostraram atividade espasmolítica (ATAÍDE, 1982; BARBOSA-FILHO et al., 1991; BASÍLIO, 2008). Como muitos glicoalcalóides são conhecidos por apresentarem citotoxicidade e muitas espécies de Solanum apresentam atividade espasmolítica, decidiu-se estudar a fração de alcalóides totais obtida da casca da raiz de S. paludosum (FAT-SP) em relação ao potencial citotóxico em eritrócitos de rato e investigar uma possível atividade espasmolítica em útero de rata, aorta de rato, íleo e traquéia de cobaia. A FAT-SP não mostrou atividade hemolítica, mas apresentou efeito espasmolítico não seletivo. A triagem farmacológica preliminar mostrou que a FAT-SP, em útero de rata, não inibiu as contrações fásicas induzidas por 10-2 UI/mL de ocitocina, mas inibiu de maneira significante as contrações induzidas por 10-5 M de CCh; em traquéia de cobaia, foi cerca de 2,2 vezes mais potente em relaxar a traquéia pré-contraída com 10-6 M de CCh na ausência (CE50 = 159,4 ± 23,0 μg/mL) do que na presença (CE50 = 353,2 ± 15,2 μg/mL) de epitélio funcional; em íleo de cobaia, inibiu as contrações fásicas induzida por 10-6 M de CCh (CI50 = 129,8 ± 3,7 μg/mL) de maneira mais potente em relação às contrações induzidas por 10-6 M de histamina (Emax = 18,4 ± 2,3%) e em aorta de rato, foi observado que a FAT-SP relaxa a aorta de rato pré-contraída com 3 x 10-7 M de fenilefrina de maneira mais potente na presença (CE50 = 75,4 ± 6,2 ug/mL) do que na ausência (CE50 = 242,8 ± 11,7 ug/mL) de endotélio funcional. De acordo com o parâmetro de potência a FAT-SP foi mais potente em íleo de cobaia e aorta de rato. Diante disso, decidiu-se investigar um possível mecanismo de ação nestes órgãos. A FAT-SP relaxou o íleo de cobaia de maneira significante e dependente de concentração pré-contraído com 10-6 M de CCh (CE50= 37,4 ± 3,2 μg/mL) ou de histamina (CE50 = 54,2 ± 2,9 μg/mL), mas não com 40 mM de KCl (Emax = 28,6 ± 2,8%). Visto que, a FAT-SP foi mais potente em relaxaro íleo pré-contraido com carbacol, isto é sugestivo do envolvimeto dos receptores muscarínicos neste efeito. Esta hipótese foi confirmada em nível funcional pela observação de que a FAT-SP deslocou para direita as curvas concentrações-resposta cumulativas ao CCh sem alteração do Emax, o que é característico de antagonismo competitivo ao CCh. O relaxamento produzido pela FAT-SP em aorta de rato na presença de 10-5 M de L-NAME (CE50 = 147,0 ± 22,1 ug/mL), inibidor da sintase do NO endotelial, foi atenuado, mas não na presença de 10-6 M de atropina (CE50 = 93,3 ± 10,0 ug/mL), um antagonista não seletivo dos receptores muscarínicos, ou de 10-5 M de indometacina (CE50 = 90,7 ± 13,2 ug/mL), um inibidor não seletivo da COX, sugerindo assim, a participação da sintase do NO endotelial. Além disso, na presença de 3 x 10-5 M de hidroxocobalamina (CE50 = 294,9 ± 20,4 μg/mL), sequestrador do NO, ou de 10-5 M de ODQ (CE50 = 228,2 ± 30,9 ug/mL), inibidor seletivo da GC solúvel, a curva de relaxamento da FAT-SP foi atenuada, sugerindo a participação da via NO/CG no efeito espasmolítico da FAT-SP.

Endothelial dysfunction is a pathologic state characterized by an altered equilibrium among vasodilatory and antithrombotic mediators and vasoconstrictive and prothrombotic mediators produced by the vascular endothelium. Multiple factors induce impaired production or increased consumption nitric oxide (NO), the key mediator of vascular homeostasis, produced by the nitric oxide synthase enzymes (NOS). Endothelial dysfunction represents one of the initial steps in the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular wall. The inducible enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) represents one of the main cellular defense mechanisms against increased oxidative stress and decreased NO bioavailability accompanying endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. We studied the genetic determinants of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis by evaluating the association of the G894T endothelial NOS (eNOS) polymorphism and the HO-1 (GT)n promoter polymorphism with coronary artery atherosclerosis severity and risk profile and their evolution during hypolipidaemic treatment. In addition, we searched for genetic variations in exons 25 and 26 of eNOS gene, encoding the C-terminal part of the protein, deemed crucial for proper enzyme function and the 3'- untranslated region crucial for eNOS...

Title: Structural study of nanocrystalline titanium oxide films and their temperature stability Author: Lea Chlanová Department: Department of Condensed Matter Physics Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Radomír Kužel, CSc., Department of Condensed Matter Physics Abstract: TiO2 thin films can exhibit photocatalytic activity and photoinduced su- perhydrophilicity depending on crystallinity, phase composition and mi- crostructure. These parameters were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflectivity (XRR) for magnetron deposited films - nanocrystalline and amorphous, namely their temperature and time evolution. For nanocrystalline films, it was found that higher partial oxygen pressure during the deposition is beneficial. Small anatase crystallites were stable up to about 450 ◦ C. Depth-profiling XRD of some samples revealed that rutile phase was only present close to the substrate. For amorphous films it was found that the crystallization depends strongly on the film thickness and it is slower for very thin films. Evolution of the intensities of anatase diffraction peaks with annealing time could be described by a modified Avrami equation. XRD profile was relatively narrow from the very be- ginning of crystallization (at about 220 ◦ C), which indicated relatively larger crystallites (> 100 nm), and hence, nanocrystalline films...

Research of conditions when sulphure dioxide is absorbed from flue gas, is the main objective of this master's thesis. Efficiency of this flue gas cleaning was measured on an experimental device, which consist of an absorption column filled with structured packing’s, and another component so-called "O-element". Further, a possibility of upgrade this "O-element" to tread more flue gas is presented.

Porézní anodická alumina (PAA) je oxidová vrstva vytvořená anodickou oxidací hliníku, která má široké průmyslné využití. Její popularita zaznamenala exponenciální nárůst zejména v oblasti nanotechnologií, k čemu přispělo objevení jejího samouspořádání do struktury o nanorozměrech připomínající včelí plástev. Její jednoduchá příprava a laditelné vlastnosti z ní tvoří levný způsob výroby nanostruktur. Ve stejném duchu se tato disertační práce zabývá metodami přípravy funkčních nanostruktur za využití PAA. První část je zaměřena na výrobu pole nanosloupců z oxidu titaničitého (TiO2) a jejich možné použití jako fotoanody pro štěpení vody. TiO2 nanostloupce jsou tvořeny anodizací hliníkové vrstvy na titanovém substrátu, také nazývanou PAA-asistovaná anodizace. Táto studie demonstruje elektrochemické vlastnosti a fotoelektrochemickou aktivitu nano sloupců vytvořených z dusíkem obohacených substrátů, které byly následně různě termálně modifikovány. Hlavním poznatkem studie je, že špatné vlastnosti jsou způsobeny dutou morfologií nanosloupců. Tento poznatek vedl k rozsáhle studii zabývající se dopadem anodizačných podmínek na morfologii ale i stabilitu vytvořených nanosloupců, jejímž výsledkem byla nová strategie anodizace. Druhá část prezentuje výrobní proces přípravy uspořádané vrstvy zlatých nanočástic na transparentním substrátu pro jejich použití jako optického senzoru využívající efekt rezonance lokalizovaných povrchových plasmonů. Základem této multidisciplinární metody je využití kombinace samouspořádání PAA k výrobě šablony a následného procesu řízeného smáčení v pevné fázi tenké vrstvy zlata. Táto práce detailně popisuje technologické aspekty přípravy; od samotné výroby šablon z hliníku, přes vytváření zlatých nanočástic, až po jejich přenos na transparentní substrát. Na závěr této práce jsou kompozity z nanočástic charakterizovány, přičemž je porovnána jejich citlivost na změnu indexu lomu okolí a jejich stálost. Ze závěrů vyplývá, že tato poměrně velkoplošná a levná metoda je konkurence schopná i v oblasti senzorické citlivosti.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden eine neue mikrowellenassistierte Darstellungsmethode für Bismutvanadatnanopartikel ebenso wie ein ultraschallgestütztes Sprühverfahren zur Abscheidung von Bismut(III)-oxidschichten beschrieben. Nanopartikuläres m-BiVO4 wird durch die Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3 mit VO(OtBu)3 unter Zugabe von polymersierbaren Alkoholen, nicht polymerisierbaren Alkoholen sowie ohne Zusätze in einer nichtwässrigen Lösung gefolgt von einer thermischen Oxidation erhalten. Anschließend werden die Nanopartikel hinsichtlich ihrer Eigenschaften verglichen. Ausgehend von einem polynuklearen Bismutoxidocluster wird über ultraschallgestütztes Kaltsprühen, einer sich anschließenden kontrollierten Hydrolyse und einer finalen thermischen Behandlung die Beschichtung verschiedener Substrate mit α-Bi2O3, β-Bi2O3 sowie α/β-Bi2O3 erreicht. Die Charakterisierung der synthetisierten Materialien erfolgt unter anderem mittels Pulverröntgendiffraktometrie, NMR-Spektroskopie, CHN-Analysen, UV/VIS-, IR- und Ramanspektroskopie, thermogravimetrischen Analysen sowie elektronenmikrospische Aufnahmen. Zusätzlich werden die Halbleiterschichten mit einer Wirbelstromsonde vermessen. Die bismuthaltigen Halbleitermaterialien sind im sichtbaren Lichtspektrum anregbar und weisen eine hohe photokatalytische Aktivität beim Abbau von Rhodamin B auf, wobei die zugrunde liegenden Abbaumechanismen UV/VIS-spektroskopisch aufgeklärt werden. Darüber hinaus werden die Photokatalysatoraktivitäten gegenüber wässrigen Lösungen von Methylorange, Orange G, Methylenblau sowie Schadstofflösungen des Biozids Triclosan und des pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffs Ethinylestradiol diskutiert, deren photokatalytische Zersetzung ergänzend mit TOC-Analysen verfolgt wird.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis.....11 1 Einleitung und Motivation.....15 2 Grundlagen der Photokatalyse.....21 2.1 Photokatalyse mit Halbleitern.....21 2.1.1 Definition und Unterteilung von Photokatalysatoren.....21 2.1.2 Funktionsweise, Eigenschaften und weitere Anwendungsfelder von Halbleiterphotokatalysatoren.....22 2.1.3 Cokatalysatoren in der Photokatalyse.....26 2.1.4 Photokatalysatoren mit Heteroübergang.....28 2.2 Photokatalytischer Abbau von organischen Substanzen.....29 2.2.1 Grundlagen zu Reaktionspfaden und aktiven Spezies.....29 2.2.2 Mechanismen und Kinetik der photokatalytischen Zersetzung am Beispiel von Rhodamin B.....32 2.3 Bismutvanadat als Photokatalysator.....38 2.4 Bismut(III)-oxid als Photokatalysator.....41 3 Photokatalytische Untersuchungen an Bismutvanadatnanopartikeln aus mikrowellenassistierten Synthesen.....47 3.1 Synthesemethoden für Metalloxidnanostrukturen und Voruntersuchungen zur nichtwässrigen Darstellung von nanoskaligem Bismutvanadat.....47 3.2 Darstellung von Bismutvanadatnanopartikeln über die Umsetzung von Bismut(III)-alkoxiden und Vanadium(V)-alkoxiden im Mikrowellenreaktor.....53 3.2.1 Umsetzung von Bismut(III)-alkoxiden und Vanadium(V)-alkoxiden im Mikrowellenreaktor.....53 3.2.2 Darstellung von Bismutvanadatnanopartikeln durch thermische Oxidation der Materialien MW-II – MW-V.....57 3.3 Photokatalytische Untersuchungen an monoklinen Bismutvanadatnanopartikeln .....61 3.3.1 Untersuchungen zu den photoinduzierten Abbaumechanismen von Rhodamin B mit Bismutvanadatnanopartikeln.....61 3.3.2 Vergleich der photokatalytischen Aktivität von BiVO4-II – BiVO4-V und photokatalytische Untersuchungen zum Abbau weiterer Farbstoffe.....65 4 Photokatalytische Untersuchungen an Bismut(III)-oxidschichten aus einem ultraschallgestützten Sprühverfahren.....72 4.1 Darstellungsmethoden für β-Bismut(III)-oxidschichten.....72 4.2 Darstellung, Modifizierung und photokatalytische Untersuchungen von α- und β- Bismut(III)-oxidschichten aus einem ultraschallgestützten Sprühverfahren.....76 4.2.1 Darstellung von α- und β-Bismut(III)-oxidschichten über ein ultraschallgestütztes Sprühverfahren ausgehend von [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O und deren photokatalytische Untersuchung.....76 4.2.2 Modifizierung der Präparationsmethode und die photokatalytische Zersetzung von Schadstoffen mit optimierten β-Bismut(III)-oxidschichten.....84 4.2.3 Darstellung von Au/β-Bismut(III)-oxidschichten und deren photokatalytische Untersuchung.....94 4.3 Darstellung und photokatalytische Untersuchungen von α/β-Bismut(III)- oxidschichten aus einem ultraschallgestützten Sprühverfahren.....99 4.3.1 Darstellung von α/β-Bismut(III)-oxidschichten über ein ultraschallgestütztes Sprühverfahren ausgehend von [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O.....99 4.3.2 Photokatalytische Untersuchungen an α/β-Bismut(III)-oxidschichten.....104 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.....108 6 Experimenteller Teil.....116 6.1 Eingesetzte Chemikalien und Arbeitstechniken.....116 6.2 Verwendete Gerätetechnik.....116 6.3 Umsetzungen von Alkoxiden und Chloriden des Bismut(III) und Vanadium(V) mit und ohne Zusatz von Alkoholen.....122 6.3.1 Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3 und VO(OtBu)3 in Benzylalkohol unter Rückfluss (RF-I).....122 6.3.2 Umsetzung von BiCl3 und VOCl3 in Benzylalkohol unter Rückfluss (RF-II)..123 6.3.3 Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3 und VO(OtBu)3 in Benzylalkohol im Mikrowellenreaktor (MW-I).....123 6.3.4 Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3, VO(OtBu)3 und 2-Methoxybenzylalkohol im Mikrowellenreaktor (MW-II).....123 6.3.5 Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3, VO(OtBu)3 und 2,4-Dimethoxybenzylalkohol im Mikrowellenreaktor (MW-III).....124 6.3.6 Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3, VO(OtBu)3 und 2-(Thiophen-2-yl)propan-2-ol im Mikrowellenreaktor (MW-IV).....124 6.3.7 Umsetzung von Bi(OtBu)3 und VO(OtBu)3 im Mikrowellenreaktor (MW-V)...125 6.4 Darstellung von BiVO4 durch thermische Oxidation der Materialien MW-II – MW-V.....125 6.5 Darstellung der Bismut(III)-oxidschichten über ein ultraschallgestütztes Sprühverfahren.....126 6.5.1 β-Bi2O3-Schichten ausgehend von [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O.....126 6.5.2 α-Bi2O3-Schichten ausgehend von [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O.....127 6.5.3 Au/β-Bi2O3-Schichten ausgehend von β-Bi2O3-Schichten mittels Photodeposition.....127 6.5.4 α/β-Bi2O3-Schichten ausgehend von [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O.....128 6.6 Photokatalytische Untersuchungen.....128 7 Literaturverzeichnis.....131 8 Anhang.....159 Curriculum Vitae.....177 Publikationsverzeichnis.....178 Tagungsbeiträge.....179 Selbstständigkeitserklärung.....181