The aim of this investigation was to use hybrid constructed wetlands to treat the secondary effluents from NSYSU campus sewage treatment plant, which had high phosphate and ammonium nitogen and from a textile industrial wastewater treatment plant, which had high chemical oxygen demand(COD) . The purpose of this study is to design optimum operation, conditions and to select suitable types of filter media through optimum combinations of vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetland systems. The flow regimes for vertical flow operation in this study include continuous flow with filled water, trickling filter type and batch type, while the flow types for horizontal flow operation include high water level and low water level effluents. The experimental of results showed that the best ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency was found in trickling filter type, which was because high oxygen was provided under this flow pattern creating a suitable condition for nitrification , especially in V3 column(39.09%), while the best denitrification effect was fonnd in low water level horizontal operation, especially in H2 bed(42.56%). The experimental results of treating the Everest effluent from the wastewater treatment plant showed that the flow regime in V3 system had best removal of COD in batch type. In trickling filter and low water level type, the optimum hybrid of V3+H3 had the COD removal efficiency eqail to(33.3%)+(49.8%) respectirely .For the experimental results of tolerance of macrophyte, Hedycbium coronarium Koenig live well, but no significant removal efficiencies of nutrient was fund.

Wastewater generated in the Tucson metropolitan region is conveyed to and treated at the Roger Road Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF) and Ina Road WRF. From 2005 to 2012, approximately 15,000 acre-feet per year of effluent was returned to the City of Tucson for additional filtration and reuse in the reclaimed water system. The remaining 48,000+ acre-feet per year of treated effluent was discharged to the Santa Cruz River, where a variable portion of the effluent infiltrates the streambed. The effluent that infiltrates the streambed contributes to recharge credits for participants invested in the Managed Underground Storage Facilities. In the effluent-dependent river, physical, chemical, and biological processes work in combination to develop a clogging layer near the streambed surface, which reduces infiltration. Previous studies have shown that large storm events have the ability to scour away the clogging layer and are the most significant processes contributing to establishing infiltration rates. Without the occurrence of large storm events, other variables such as effluent discharge and effluent concentrations affect infiltration to a lesser degree. Effluent discharge, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids are monitored and recorded daily at the outfalls of the WRFs. The parameters were investigated individually and in combination using statistical analyses to determine their correlations with streambed infiltration in the Santa Cruz River. The dry spring-early summer seasons from 2005 to 2012 were analyzed. A water balance was constructed for non-stormflow days during each time period. Evapotranspiration was calculated using riparian vegetation surveys and detailed delineations of aerial photography of the surface water and streamside herbaceous vegetation. Infiltration was derived as the residual of the water balance. At the daily time scale, correlations among variables were unobtainable due to the extremely variable characteristics of infiltration. The seasonal time scale analyses demonstrated an inverse relationship between both the effluent concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids with infiltration and a direct correlation between effluent discharge and infiltration under extreme conditions. Under normal conditions, the distribution of discharge between Roger Road WRF and Ina Road WRF had a critical effect on infiltration as a result of the different deposition and erosive regimes through the Santa Cruz River.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the Masters Degree: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Untreated vegetable oil effluents (VOEs) are known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations, resulting in poor quality final effluents being produced which do not satisfy municipal discharge standards. Onsite activated sludge treatment as an alternative has not been fully investigated. Hence, in this investigation biological treatment using the activated sludge process was chosen as the method for the treatment of VOE. The effect of VOE on measured process parameters was also determined. Novel molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and dot-blot hybridization have become powerful tools for the analysis of complex microbial communities that exist within activated sludge. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate biological treatment, optimize and apply FISH and dot-blot hybridization in order to analyze the microbial community implicated the biological treatment of VOE using probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a. A laboratory-scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) process setup and fed VOE with a COD (chemical oxygen demand) of ± 1000 mg/L. Daily monitoring of the process involved COD and TKN (total kjeldahl nitrogen) analysis of the influent and effluent as well as direct OUR (oxygen utilization rate) measurement and monitoring of the MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) concentration of the aerobic mixed liquor. The process exhibited overall COD and TKN removal capacities of 84% and 90% respectively. The aerobic mixed liquor had an OUR of 19 mgO/L.h and an average MLVSS concentration of 3000 mg/L. FISH results revealed that 72% of cells stained with 4‟, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the aerobic mixed liquor bound to probe EUBmix, indicating a substantial Bacterial population within the laboratory-scale biological process. The alpha-Proteobacteria was identified as the dominant bacterial community comprising 31% of Bacterial cells, followed by the beta-Proteobacteria (17% of EUBmix), gamma-Proteobacteria (8% of EUBmix) and Actinobacteria (4% of EUBmix). Results of dot-blot hybridization were in agreement with FISH Adrian Phillip Degenaar| CHAPTER 1: General Introduction - v - results reiterating dominance of the alpha-Proteobacteria. This indicated that the class alpha-Proteobacteria could play a primary role in the biological degradation of VOE. This research will therefore aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating VOE.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-188). Also available via World Wide Web.

Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Maria Josefa Santos Yabe / Banca: Manoel Garcia Neto / Resumo: Rubrivivax gelatinosus é uma Bactéria Púrpura Não Sulfurosa (BPNS) que apresenta a capacidade de realizar a biorremediação de águas residuárias e, ao mesmo tempo, produzir pigmentos carotenóides. Os objetivos desse estudo foram a caracterização da curva de crescimento da bactéria no efluente de abatedouro avícola em nível de 1% (v/v) de inóculo, a determinação da produtividade do processo de obtenção de biomassa e a avaliação da capacidade de remoção da Demanda Química Oxigênio do processo. R. gelatinosus apresentou maior crescimento no oitavo dia de cultivo (Absorvância = 1.177; peso-seco = 0.18 g l-1), produtividade de 0.085 g biomassa (massa seca) l-1 d-1 e uma redução de 91% na DQO do efluente de abatedouro avícola. / Abstract: Purple nonsulfur phototrophic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus was used to promote the bioremediation of poultry slaugtherhouse wastewater. The aims of this study were to characterize the bacterium growth curve in that effluent at 1% (v/v) inoculum level, to determine the productivity of the biomass production process and to evaluate the Chemical Oxygen Demand removal activity of the process. R. gelatinosus showed the highest growth on the 8th day of cultivation (Absorbance = 1.177; Dry weight = 0.18 g l-1), productivity was around 0.085 g biomass (dry weight) l-1 d-1 and the COD of the poultry slaugtherhouse wastewater decreased in 91%. / Mestre

Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Banca: Sandra Maria de Melo / Banca: Manoel Garcia Neto / Resumo: A indústria de pescado vem se desenvolvendo para atender à crescente demanda do mercado e, concomitantemente, vem aumentando a quantidade de resíduos descartados em função do processamento. O efluente gerado pelas indústrias de pescado contém matéria orgânica com potencial poluente e, por isso, deve ser tratado previamente ao descarte. Os sistemas de filtração vêm ganhando notoriedade nesse sentido. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial da operação de ultrafiltração para reduzir a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de tilápia. O efluente foi coletado em uma indústria de processamento de tilápias e caracterizado quanto a suas propriedades físico-químicas. As filtrações foram realizadas em sistema fechado com recirculação do retentado, utilizando-se membranas de três porosidades: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa e M3 - 10kDa. As análises físico-químicas foram repetidas no permeado e no retentado gerados nas filtrações. Exceto para a cor, que reduziu em 91,7% com a membrana de 10 kDa, as três membranas promoveram a mesma rejeição para os demais parâmetros avaliados, embora não tenham sido capazes de atender aos padrões para lançamento direto de efluentes em relação à cor e ao teor de óleos e graxas. Todas as membranas também foram igualmente capazes de concentrar matéria orgânica e inorgânica do efluente. A membrana de 150 kDa mostrou ser a mais adequada para remover e concentrar a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de processamento de tilápias. / Abstract: Fish processing industry is in constant development in order to comply with the growing market demand and, concurrently, the amount of residues to be discarded is also increasing. The effluent raised from these industries contains organic matter with pollutant potential and so must be treated before being discarded. Along those lines, the filtration systems are gaining notoriety. So, the purpose of this study was to test the potential of ultrafiltration in reducing the pollutant load of the effluent from a tilapia processing industry. The effluent was collected in a tilapia processing industry and characterized regarding to its physicochemical properties. Filtrations were carried out in closed system with recirculation of the retentate using membranes of three porosities: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa and M3 - 10kDa. The physicochemical analyses were repeated for the permeate and the retentate generated from the treatments. Except for color, that decreased 91.7% with the 10 kDa membrane, all the three membranes provided the same rejection for the other parameters studied, although they were not able to reach the standards for the direct launching of effluents regarding to color and to oils and grease. All treatments were also equally able to concentrate the organic and inorganic matter of the effluent. The 150 KDa membrane showed to be the most appropriate for removing and concentrating the pollutant load of the effluent from tilapia processing. / Mestre

Submitted by HELENICE APARECIDA PIRES null (helenice8@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-30T13:01:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Helenice Aparecida Pires..pdf: 848436 bytes, checksum: adb4ad6a61d55554daf69c8f2cbcecd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-30T17:10:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_ha_me_araca.pdf: 848436 bytes, checksum: adb4ad6a61d55554daf69c8f2cbcecd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T17:10:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pires_ha_me_araca.pdf: 848436 bytes, checksum: adb4ad6a61d55554daf69c8f2cbcecd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A indústria de pescado vem se desenvolvendo para atender à crescente demanda do mercado e, concomitantemente, vem aumentando a quantidade de resíduos descartados em função do processamento. O efluente gerado pelas indústrias de pescado contém matéria orgânica com potencial poluente e, por isso, deve ser tratado previamente ao descarte. Os sistemas de filtração vêm ganhando notoriedade nesse sentido. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial da operação de ultrafiltração para reduzir a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de tilápia. O efluente foi coletado em uma indústria de processamento de tilápias e caracterizado quanto a suas propriedades físico-químicas. As filtrações foram realizadas em sistema fechado com recirculação do retentado, utilizando-se membranas de três porosidades: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa e M3 - 10kDa. As análises físico-químicas foram repetidas no permeado e no retentado gerados nas filtrações. Exceto para a cor, que reduziu em 91,7% com a membrana de 10 kDa, as três membranas promoveram a mesma rejeição para os demais parâmetros avaliados, embora não tenham sido capazes de atender aos padrões para lançamento direto de efluentes em relação à cor e ao teor de óleos e graxas. Todas as membranas também foram igualmente capazes de concentrar matéria orgânica e inorgânica do efluente. A membrana de 150 kDa mostrou ser a mais adequada para remover e concentrar a carga poluente do efluente de indústria de processamento de tilápias. / Fish processing industry is in constant development in order to comply with the growing market demand and, concurrently, the amount of residues to be discarded is also increasing. The effluent raised from these industries contains organic matter with pollutant potential and so must be treated before being discarded. Along those lines, the filtration systems are gaining notoriety. So, the purpose of this study was to test the potential of ultrafiltration in reducing the pollutant load of the effluent from a tilapia processing industry. The effluent was collected in a tilapia processing industry and characterized regarding to its physicochemical properties. Filtrations were carried out in closed system with recirculation of the retentate using membranes of three porosities: M1 - 150 kDa, M2 - 30 kDa and M3 - 10kDa. The physicochemical analyses were repeated for the permeate and the retentate generated from the treatments. Except for color, that decreased 91.7% with the 10 kDa membrane, all the three membranes provided the same rejection for the other parameters studied, although they were not able to reach the standards for the direct launching of effluents regarding to color and to oils and grease. All treatments were also equally able to concentrate the organic and inorganic matter of the effluent. The 150 KDa membrane showed to be the most appropriate for removing and concentrating the pollutant load of the effluent from tilapia processing. / FAPESP: 2015/25853-1

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Azevedo Nazario.pdf: 1456108 bytes, checksum: e630765bf77652d52da4325ca3dae93c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-10 / O esgoto é um resíduo líquido resultante das atividades domésticas e industriais, com impurezas orgânicas e inorgânicas que se for lançado no ambiente sem tratamento adequado ocasiona diversos impactos ambientais negativos. A disposição de águas residuá-rias agroindustriais e domésticas no solo é uma técnica interessante, principalmente em condições de clima tropical e com disponibilidade de áreas, como é o caso do Brasil. Esta técnica se baseia na capacidade depuradora do sistema solo-planta para a de remoção dos poluentes contidos nas águas residuárias. Nesse sentido, o tratamento deste efluente faz-se necessário. Diante do exposto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de esgoto doméstico bruto (EDB) no desenvolvimento de diferentes espécies de forrageiras, bem como avaliar o potencial destas forrageiras na redução da de-manda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) do esgoto doméstico bruto, a produção e o acúmulo de nutrientes das forrageiras. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCAUFES) onde em uma estrutura de alvenaria foram montadas 45 rampas de 1,0 x 0,2 m com declividade de apro-ximadamente 8%. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi montado no esquema de par-cela sub-subdividida 3x5x2, sendo nas parcelas espécies de forrageiras em três níveis (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu; Cynodon sp. cv Tifton 85 e Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca), nas subparcelas taxa de aplicação do esgoto domestico em cinco níveis (7,91; 15,82; 23,73; 31,64 e 39,55 kg ha-1 dia1 de DBO5 do EDB) e nas sub-subparcelas cortes do material vegetal em dois níveis (dois ciclos de 28 dias após o início da aplicação do EDB), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Para acompanhar o de-créscimo da carga orgânica amostras do efluente foram coletadas nos pontos de entrada e saída das rampas (parte superior e inferior, respectivamente) para a determinação da DBO5. O material vegetal cortado foi encaminhado para laboratório onde foi determinada massa seca. O teor de proteína bruta foi obtido multiplicando-se o fator 6,25 pelo valor de nitro-gênio encontrado. O acúmulo de nutrientes foi obtido pelo produto dos teores de cada ele-mento pela produção total de matéria seca por hectare. Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema de tratamento empregado reduziu a carga orgânica do efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto em média 36% até os 28 dias e 12 % após os 28 dias, porém de forma não satisfatória para atender a legislação de lançamento de efluente em corpos hídricos, mostrando que as altas taxas de efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto requerem maior tempo de detenção nas rampas cultivadas com forrageiras. O rendimento aumentou proporcionalmente com in-cremento das aplicações das taxas de esgoto doméstico. O acúmulo de nutrientes para os cultivares Marandu, Tifton 85 e Pojuca estão acima dos mencionados em literatura para nitrogênio, fósforo, enxofre, manganês, ferro e cobre. Já para potássio, cálcio e magnésio estão de acordo com os valores médios relatados para as forrageiras. Esses resultados re-forçam o potencial desses capins quanto ao tratamento de águas residuárias, especialmente efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto / Sewage is the liquid waste with organic and inorganic impurities resulting from in-dustrial and domestic processes. The disposal of sewage in environment without proper treatment causes negative impacts, requiring a proper treatment of this effluent. The dis-posal of agro-industrial and domestic waste water in the soil is a promising residue treat-ment technique, particularly in tropical contries with availability of land such as Brazil. This technique relies on the ability of the soil-plant system to remove pollutants present in the waste water. The goal of the present work was to study the effects of the applied dose of gross domestic sewage (GDS) on the development of different forage species, and to assess the performance of forages to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of domes-tic crude sewage production and to evaluate nutrient accumulation by the forage. The ex-periment was conducted in the experimental area of the Agricultural Science Center, Fed-eral University of Espírito Santo (CCAUFES). A masonry structure with 45 ramps, meas-uring 1.0 x 0.2 m each, was set upon a slope of approximately 8%. The experiment was set up in a 3x5x2 split-plot scheme in which we evaluated the following factors: three forage species (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu; Cynodon sp. cv Tifton 85 and Paspalum atra-tum cv. Pojuca), five application rates of domestic sewage (7.91, 15.82, 23.73, 31.64 and 39.55 kg ha-1 day1 for BOD5 of GDS) and two harvest periods of forage, 28 and 56 days after the start of the GDS). The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications. To follow the variation of the organic content of the effluent, samples of ef-fluent were collected at points the entrance and exist of each ramp (top and bottom, respec-tively) for BOD5 analysis. The plant samples were sent to the laboratory where their dry weight was determined. The crude protein was obtained by multiplying the total nitrogen content found in the samples by a factor of 6.25. Nutrient accumulation was obtained by multiplying the contents of nutrients in the samples by the total production of dry matter per hectare. The results showed that the treatment system used reduced the organic content of the effluent from domestic sewage-tor crude in 36% until 28 days and 12% after 28 days after effluent application. However, this reduction in organic content is not sufficient to meet the current legal requirements of disposal of effluents in water bodies, indicating that a proper treatment of gross domestic sewage effluent would require longer long slopes to increase the period of treatment of these effluents. The forage yield increased along with the application rates of sewage. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, manga-nese, iron and copper by the cultivars Marandu, Tifton 85 and Pojuca were higher than the average accumulation reported in the literature. Potassium, calcium and magnesium accu-mulation are in agreement with the average values found for forage. These results empha-size the potential use of these grasses to treat waste water, especially gross domestic sew-age effluent

Abstract In this work a manometric respirometric measuring system was applied to practical environmental cases related to wastewater management and biodegradation studies of oil-contaminated soils and materials used in landfill structures. Pollution of groundwater, surface water and soils is a worldwide problem. Therefore, tests simulating the biodegradation behaviour of organic compounds in water media and soils have become increasingly important. Respirometric methods provide direct measurement of the oxygen consumed by micro-organisms in biodegradation processes from an air or oxygen-enriched environment in a closed vessel. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a crucial environmental parameter used to measure the quality of water and treatment results in wastewater. Generally, BOD is measured with standardised methods, which are usually time-consuming as well as laborious. In this work the manometric respirometric test was compared with conventional BOD tests by determining the BOD of pulp and paper mills as well as domestic wastewater samples. The effect of different factors such as type, amount and pre-treatment of inoculum and the effect of dilution of a sample on the BOD values were also tested. A right dilution was noticed to be the most significant factor affecting the BOD values of the industrial wastewater samples. The mathematic estimation of the BOD7 values from the respirometric data was proved to work reliably after a 2–3 day incubation period. Characterisation of organic fractions of the pulp and paper mill wastewater was carried out with methods including filtration, long term BOD measurements and COD analyses. The most significant observation in characterisation analyses was that a remarkable part of the detected oxygen demand was consumed for the biotransformation of biodegradable fractions into new inert decomposition products, not only for mineralisation of the biodegradable COD fraction. Biodegradation behaviour of the peat samples with different decomposition rates was studied in order to evaluate the applicable peat types that can be used in landfill structures. Only minor (BOD/ThOD < 0.4%) biodegradation was observed with compaction peat samples, and the stable state, in which biodegradation stopped, was achieved during a two month period. The manometric respirometric method was also applied for the biodegradation studies in which the effect of the modification of soil properties on biodegradation rates of bio-oils was tested. Modified properties were the nutrient content and the pH of the soil. Fertiliser addition and pH adjustment increased both the BOD/ThOD% values of the model substances and the precision of the measurement. The manometric respirometric method was proved to be an advanced method for simulating biodegradation processes in soil and water media.