Os parques são espaços de lazer essenciais para convivência e interação na sociedade, sendo locais públicos, que devem oferecer igualdade de possibilidades e utilização por todos, não segregando ou excluindo. Mas, na realidade, os parques públicos urbanos brasileiros ainda não dispõem de condições básicas para o deslocamento seguro e autônomo das pessoas com deficiência visual. Por meio desta pesquisa, objetivou-se identificar as restrições que o ambiente impõe a esse grupo de indivíduos, bem como conhecer suas necessidades, habilidades e limitações, compreendendo a sua percepção do espaço, e identificando a influência dos elementos cognitivos auxiliares dessa percepção. Buscou-se ainda avaliar a eficácia das medidas de acessibilidade implantadas em parques urbanos para as pessoas com deficiência visual, analisando a sua relação com estes espaços livres públicos de lazer. Para tal, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica aprofundada acerca do tema, atentando para as normas e legislações vigentes; entrevistas com especialistas de outras áreas do conhecimento, como psicólogos, educadores e especialistas em orientação e mobilidade; e contou-se com a contribuição de pessoas com deficiência visual por meio da aplicação de ferramentas como entrevistas, grupos focais, observações participantes, e passeios acompanhados em alguns parques de São Paulo, para a coleta de dados. O estudo pautou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, cujos resultados ressaltaram a importância dos parques como espaços de lazer para as pessoas com deficiência visual e a atual falta de acessibilidade dos mesmos. Apesar da legislação brasileira, e em especial da cidade de São Paulo, estabelecer a garantia de acesso e utilização dos parques pelas pessoas com deficiência em geral, essa determinação não é cumprida pelo próprio poder público, responsável pelo gerenciamento e manutenção dos parques uranos. E em relação às normas atuais, esta dissertação sugere alguns acréscimos e recomendações para que os parques realmente possibilitem o deslocamento autônomo e independente das pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Por fim, com a realização desta pesquisa percebe-se que os ambientes muito abertos, amplos e com muitas pessoas são naturalmente complicados para as pessoas com deficiência visual, mas é possível deixá-los totalmente acessíveis para este público-alvo, e é algo necessário, visto que esta parte da população demonstrou grande interesse e deve ser incluída plenamente nos espaços públicos em questão. / Parks are places for leisure activities, they are essential for society\'s coexistence and interaction, being by definition public sites that should offer equal possibilities and universal use, never segregating or excluding. However, in fact, urban public parks in Brazil still do not dispose of basic requirements for the safe and independent displacement of the visually impaired persons. The present research seeks to identify the restrictions imposed by the environment to this group of individuals, as well as knowing their needs, abilities and limitations, understanding their perception of space and identifying the influence of the cognitive elements that assist this perception. Additionally, the present work intends to evaluate the effectiveness of the accessibility measures implemented in urban parks for the visually impaired individuals, analyzing their relationship with those public free leisure sites. In order to do so, a deep bibliographic review about the theme was done, with special attention to the current rules and legislations; interviews with specialists from other fields of knowledge such as psychologists, teachers and specialist in orientation and mobility. The research has been aided by visually impaired persons whom have participated in several activities for data collection, interviews, focus groups, participant observations, as well as accompanied tours through some parks of Sao Paulo. This study is guided by a qualitative approach research method, which results highlighted the importance of parks as leisure sites for visually impaired individuals and the actual lack of accessibility of those free public sites. Even though the Brazilian legislation and specially the Sao Paulo municipality laws do establish that access and use of the parks by the visually impaired citizens is guaranteed, the public forces do not comply with such determinations, though those forces answer for the management and maintenance of urban parks. In relation to the current laws, this dissertation suggests some additions and recommendations so that parks really enable the independent and self-governing displacement of the blind and of the low vision persons. Conclusively, the present research allow us to perceive that environments that are very open, wide and crowded are naturally challenging for the visually impaired, but it is possible to make those environments completely accessible to this audience, and it is rather necessary, once part of this population showed great interest and should be fully included in the public sites concerned.

Det här arbetet är en generell forskning om transnationella informationssystem. Det är viktigt att informationsflöden inom en organisation kan överföras utan något hinder. För att lyckas med det bör organisationer lägga en del av sina resurser på arbetet med IT lösningar. Informationsflöden som skrider över ett lands gränser bör särskilt beaktas. Multinationella företag bör tänka på att problematiken med byggandet av IS arkitekturen ökas kraftigt på en internationell nivå. Det finns ett antal olika informationssystemsstrategier som kan tillämpas vid byggandet av ett IS. De riktlinjer och regler som finns med i olika strategier kan delvis passa till TIS om det bara beaktas att TIS hanteras på en global nivå. Strategierna som beskrivs i detta arbete är följande: VBS, IRM, PAKS och SOA. Utifrån de olika strategier och empiriska undersökningen av dagens problematik med transnationella informationssystem bygger jag mina förslag på förbättring. Dessa förslag är mer generella och vidare forskning krävs. Problematiken bör studeras djupare för att varje år ökar antalet olika företag som kommer till globala marknaden och de behöver bättre förslag till hur deras TIS skall byggas.

Os parques são espaços de lazer essenciais para convivência e interação na sociedade, sendo locais públicos, que devem oferecer igualdade de possibilidades e utilização por todos, não segregando ou excluindo. Mas, na realidade, os parques públicos urbanos brasileiros ainda não dispõem de condições básicas para o deslocamento seguro e autônomo das pessoas com deficiência visual. Por meio desta pesquisa, objetivou-se identificar as restrições que o ambiente impõe a esse grupo de indivíduos, bem como conhecer suas necessidades, habilidades e limitações, compreendendo a sua percepção do espaço, e identificando a influência dos elementos cognitivos auxiliares dessa percepção. Buscou-se ainda avaliar a eficácia das medidas de acessibilidade implantadas em parques urbanos para as pessoas com deficiência visual, analisando a sua relação com estes espaços livres públicos de lazer. Para tal, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica aprofundada acerca do tema, atentando para as normas e legislações vigentes; entrevistas com especialistas de outras áreas do conhecimento, como psicólogos, educadores e especialistas em orientação e mobilidade; e contou-se com a contribuição de pessoas com deficiência visual por meio da aplicação de ferramentas como entrevistas, grupos focais, observações participantes, e passeios acompanhados em alguns parques de São Paulo, para a coleta de dados. O estudo pautou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, cujos resultados ressaltaram a importância dos parques como espaços de lazer para as pessoas com deficiência visual e a atual falta de acessibilidade dos mesmos. Apesar da legislação brasileira, e em especial da cidade de São Paulo, estabelecer a garantia de acesso e utilização dos parques pelas pessoas com deficiência em geral, essa determinação não é cumprida pelo próprio poder público, responsável pelo gerenciamento e manutenção dos parques uranos. E em relação às normas atuais, esta dissertação sugere alguns acréscimos e recomendações para que os parques realmente possibilitem o deslocamento autônomo e independente das pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Por fim, com a realização desta pesquisa percebe-se que os ambientes muito abertos, amplos e com muitas pessoas são naturalmente complicados para as pessoas com deficiência visual, mas é possível deixá-los totalmente acessíveis para este público-alvo, e é algo necessário, visto que esta parte da população demonstrou grande interesse e deve ser incluída plenamente nos espaços públicos em questão. / Parks are places for leisure activities, they are essential for society\'s coexistence and interaction, being by definition public sites that should offer equal possibilities and universal use, never segregating or excluding. However, in fact, urban public parks in Brazil still do not dispose of basic requirements for the safe and independent displacement of the visually impaired persons. The present research seeks to identify the restrictions imposed by the environment to this group of individuals, as well as knowing their needs, abilities and limitations, understanding their perception of space and identifying the influence of the cognitive elements that assist this perception. Additionally, the present work intends to evaluate the effectiveness of the accessibility measures implemented in urban parks for the visually impaired individuals, analyzing their relationship with those public free leisure sites. In order to do so, a deep bibliographic review about the theme was done, with special attention to the current rules and legislations; interviews with specialists from other fields of knowledge such as psychologists, teachers and specialist in orientation and mobility. The research has been aided by visually impaired persons whom have participated in several activities for data collection, interviews, focus groups, participant observations, as well as accompanied tours through some parks of Sao Paulo. This study is guided by a qualitative approach research method, which results highlighted the importance of parks as leisure sites for visually impaired individuals and the actual lack of accessibility of those free public sites. Even though the Brazilian legislation and specially the Sao Paulo municipality laws do establish that access and use of the parks by the visually impaired citizens is guaranteed, the public forces do not comply with such determinations, though those forces answer for the management and maintenance of urban parks. In relation to the current laws, this dissertation suggests some additions and recommendations so that parks really enable the independent and self-governing displacement of the blind and of the low vision persons. Conclusively, the present research allow us to perceive that environments that are very open, wide and crowded are naturally challenging for the visually impaired, but it is possible to make those environments completely accessible to this audience, and it is rather necessary, once part of this population showed great interest and should be fully included in the public sites concerned.

Att konstruera ett tidtagningssystem för enduro i skogen leder till flera frågor som måste undersökas och besvaras. Vilken kommunikationsteknik ska användas och vilken systemarkitekturisk lösning passar bäst? Att dra kabel ute i skogen är ett bra sätt att lösa det kommunikationstekniska problemet, lösningen är säker och relativt billig. Visst påverkas priset av distansen mellan olika klienter ute i skogen, men alla positiva egenskaper hos tekniken gör denna kostnad värd sitt pris. De geografiska variationer som kan finnas är de som kan spela ut de övriga teknikerna i form av stabilitet. En snabb resultatförmedling kräver ett system som har en väl uppbyggd systemarkitektur. Vid tidtagning kommer data i form av tider skickas från klienterna direkt till huvudservern, ingen mellanlagring sker utan data lagras centralt vilket förespråkas i IRM. Dessutom kommer ingen redundans att accepteras, vilket även det förespråkas av IRM. Det finns även flera andra parametrar som väger för att välja IRM, vilket är det som rekommenderas utifrån den analys som gjorts i denna uppsats.

No description available.

Soil and groundwater pollution has become a global issue since the advent of industrialization and mechanized agriculture. Some contaminants such as PAHs may persist in the subsurface for decades and centuries. In a bid to address these issues, protection of groundwater must be based on the quantification of potential threats to pollution at the subsurface which is often inaccessible. Risk assessment of groundwater pollution may however be strongly supported by applying process-based simulation models, which turn out to be particularly helpful with regard to long-term predictions, which cannot be undertaken by experiments. Such reliable predictions, however, can only be achieved if the used modeling tool is known to be applicable. The aim of this work was threefold. First, a source strength function was developed to describe the leaching behavior of point source organic contaminants and thereby acting as a time-dependent upper boundary condition for transport models. For general application of these functions dimensionless numbers known as Damköhler numbers were used to characterize the reaction of the pollutants with the solid matrix. Two functions were derived and have been incorporated into an Excel worksheet to act as a practical aid in the quantification of leaching behavior of organic contaminant in seepage water prognoses. Second, the process based model tool SMART, which is well validated for laboratory scale data, was applied to lysimeter scale data from two research centres, FZJ (Jülich) and GSF (München) for long term predictions. Results from pure forward model runs show a fairly good correlation with the measured data. Finally, the derived source term functions in combination with the SMART model were used to assess groundwater vulnerability beneath a typical landfill at Kwabenya in Ghana. The predicted breakthrough time after leaking from the landfill was more than 200 years considering the operational time of the facility (30 years). Considering contaminant degradation, the landfill would therefore not cause groundwater pollution under the simulated scenarios and the SMART model can be used to establish waste acceptance criteria for organic contaminants in the landfill at Kwabenya / Seit dem Beginn der Industrialisierung und der mechanisierten Landwirtschaft wurde die Boden- und Grundwasserverschmutzung zu einem weltweiten Problem. Einige Schadstoffe wie z. B. PAK können für Jahrzehnte oder Jahrhunderte im Untergrund bestehen. Um diese Probleme behandeln zu können, muss der Schutz des Grundwassers basierend auf der Quantifizierung potentieller Gefährdungen des zumeist unzugänglichen Untergrundes erfolgen. Risikoabschätzungen von Grundwasserverschmutzungen können jedoch durch die Anwendung prozess-basierter Simulationsmodelle erheblich unterstützt werden, die sich besonders im Hinblick auf Langzeitvorhersagen als hilfreich erweisen und nicht experimentell ermittelbar sind. Derart zuverlässige Vorhersagen können jedoch nur erhalten werden, wenn das verwendete Modellierwerkzeug als anwendbar bekannt ist. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand aus drei Teilen. Erstens wurde eine Quellstärke-funktion entwickelt, die das Ausbreitungsverhalten organischer Schadstoffe aus einer Punktquelle beschreibt und dadurch als zeitabhängige obere Randbedingung bei Transportmodellen dienen kann. Im Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit dieser Funktion werden als Damköhler-Zahlen bekannte, dimensionslose Zahlen verwendet, um die Reaktion von Schadstoffen mit Feststoffen zu charakterisieren. Zwei Funktionen wurden abgeleitet und in ein Excel-Arbeitsblatt eingefügt, das ein praktisches Hilfsmittel bei der Quantifizierung des Freisetzungsverhaltens organischer Schadstoffe im Rahmen der Sickerwasserprognose darstellt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltet die Anwendung des prozessbasierten und mittels Laborexperimenten validierten Modellwerkzeugs SMART für Langzeitprognosen auf der Lysimeterskala anhand von Daten zweier Forschungszentren, FZJ (Jülich) und GSF (München). Ergebnisse reiner Vorwärtsmodellierungsläufe zeigten gute Übereinstimmungen mit den gemessenen Daten. Im dritten Teil wurden die erhaltenen Quellstärkefunktionen in Kombination mit dem SMART-Modell eingesetzt, um das Grundwassergefährdungspotential unter einer typischen Deponie in Kwabenya, Ghana, einzuschätzen. Die vorhergesagten Durchbruchszeiten nach einer Leckage in der Deponie betragen über 200 Jahre bei einer Betriebszeit von 30 Jahren. Unter Berücksichtigung des Schadstoffabbaus verursacht die Deponie somit keine Grundwasserverunreinigung im Rahmen der simulierten Szenarien und das SMART-Modell kann verwendet werden, um Schadstoffgrenzwerte für organische Schadstoffe in der Deponie in Kwabenya festzulegen.

Soil and groundwater pollution has become a global issue since the advent of industrialization and mechanized agriculture. Some contaminants such as PAHs may persist in the subsurface for decades and centuries. In a bid to address these issues, protection of groundwater must be based on the quantification of potential threats to pollution at the subsurface which is often inaccessible. Risk assessment of groundwater pollution may however be strongly supported by applying process-based simulation models, which turn out to be particularly helpful with regard to long-term predictions, which cannot be undertaken by experiments. Such reliable predictions, however, can only be achieved if the used modeling tool is known to be applicable. The aim of this work was threefold. First, a source strength function was developed to describe the leaching behavior of point source organic contaminants and thereby acting as a time-dependent upper boundary condition for transport models. For general application of these functions dimensionless numbers known as Damköhler numbers were used to characterize the reaction of the pollutants with the solid matrix. Two functions were derived and have been incorporated into an Excel worksheet to act as a practical aid in the quantification of leaching behavior of organic contaminant in seepage water prognoses. Second, the process based model tool SMART, which is well validated for laboratory scale data, was applied to lysimeter scale data from two research centres, FZJ (Jülich) and GSF (München) for long term predictions. Results from pure forward model runs show a fairly good correlation with the measured data. Finally, the derived source term functions in combination with the SMART model were used to assess groundwater vulnerability beneath a typical landfill at Kwabenya in Ghana. The predicted breakthrough time after leaking from the landfill was more than 200 years considering the operational time of the facility (30 years). Considering contaminant degradation, the landfill would therefore not cause groundwater pollution under the simulated scenarios and the SMART model can be used to establish waste acceptance criteria for organic contaminants in the landfill at Kwabenya / Seit dem Beginn der Industrialisierung und der mechanisierten Landwirtschaft wurde die Boden- und Grundwasserverschmutzung zu einem weltweiten Problem. Einige Schadstoffe wie z. B. PAK können für Jahrzehnte oder Jahrhunderte im Untergrund bestehen. Um diese Probleme behandeln zu können, muss der Schutz des Grundwassers basierend auf der Quantifizierung potentieller Gefährdungen des zumeist unzugänglichen Untergrundes erfolgen. Risikoabschätzungen von Grundwasserverschmutzungen können jedoch durch die Anwendung prozess-basierter Simulationsmodelle erheblich unterstützt werden, die sich besonders im Hinblick auf Langzeitvorhersagen als hilfreich erweisen und nicht experimentell ermittelbar sind. Derart zuverlässige Vorhersagen können jedoch nur erhalten werden, wenn das verwendete Modellierwerkzeug als anwendbar bekannt ist. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand aus drei Teilen. Erstens wurde eine Quellstärke-funktion entwickelt, die das Ausbreitungsverhalten organischer Schadstoffe aus einer Punktquelle beschreibt und dadurch als zeitabhängige obere Randbedingung bei Transportmodellen dienen kann. Im Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit dieser Funktion werden als Damköhler-Zahlen bekannte, dimensionslose Zahlen verwendet, um die Reaktion von Schadstoffen mit Feststoffen zu charakterisieren. Zwei Funktionen wurden abgeleitet und in ein Excel-Arbeitsblatt eingefügt, das ein praktisches Hilfsmittel bei der Quantifizierung des Freisetzungsverhaltens organischer Schadstoffe im Rahmen der Sickerwasserprognose darstellt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltet die Anwendung des prozessbasierten und mittels Laborexperimenten validierten Modellwerkzeugs SMART für Langzeitprognosen auf der Lysimeterskala anhand von Daten zweier Forschungszentren, FZJ (Jülich) und GSF (München). Ergebnisse reiner Vorwärtsmodellierungsläufe zeigten gute Übereinstimmungen mit den gemessenen Daten. Im dritten Teil wurden die erhaltenen Quellstärkefunktionen in Kombination mit dem SMART-Modell eingesetzt, um das Grundwassergefährdungspotential unter einer typischen Deponie in Kwabenya, Ghana, einzuschätzen. Die vorhergesagten Durchbruchszeiten nach einer Leckage in der Deponie betragen über 200 Jahre bei einer Betriebszeit von 30 Jahren. Unter Berücksichtigung des Schadstoffabbaus verursacht die Deponie somit keine Grundwasserverunreinigung im Rahmen der simulierten Szenarien und das SMART-Modell kann verwendet werden, um Schadstoffgrenzwerte für organische Schadstoffe in der Deponie in Kwabenya festzulegen.

No description available.