L'incorporation de monomères fonctionnalisés dans la chaine de polyéthylène linéaire permet d'en modifier les propriétés et d'élargir sa gamme d'application. Le meilleur moyen d'y parvenir est par copolymérisation catalytique de l'éthylène avec des monomères polaires. A l'heure actuelle, les catalyseurs les plus efficaces pour réaliser ce type de copolymérisation sont des complexes neutres de palladium de type Pd[P^O]MeL comportant un ligand phosphine sulfonate bidentate ainsi qu'un ligand labile L (pyridine, lutidine, dmso). Cependant, ces catalyseurs présentent des activités catalytiques trop faibles et sont trop couteux pour une éventuelle application industrielle. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était l'élaboration de nouveaux catalyseurs de polymérisation de l'éthylène et de copolymérisation de l'éthylène avec des monomères polaires. Le but était de synthétiser une nouvelle famille de ligands phosphines sulfonate de type R2P(C6H4-o-SO3H) en variant les groupements R puis d'utiliser ces ligands pour préparer les complexes de palladium correspondants . Dans une première étude, une série de phosphines d'aryle sulfonate de type Ar2P(C6H4-o-SO3H, où Ar = phényle (Ph), naphtyle (Np), phénanthryle (Pa) et anthracényle (An) fut préparée. Ces phosphines encombrées furent utilisées pour générer des complexes de palladium de type [R2P(C6H4-o-SO3)PdMe(pyridine)]. Les rendements observés pour la synthèse des catalyseurs correspondants présentent l'ordre suivant : Ph > Np > Pa > An, ce qui ne correspond pas à la basicité des ligands, indiquant ainsi que se sont les facteurs stériques qui influent le plus sur la réactivité de ces phosphines sur l'atome métallique. Ces composés se sont tous avérés efficaces pour catalyser la polymérisation de l'éthylène à 85°C (P = 300psi), avec des activités catalytiques diminuant selon l'ordre : Ph > Np > Pa > An. Les polymères générés sont hautement linéaires. Le catalyseur préparé à partir de la phosphine pour laquelle Ar = Ph est aussi en mesure d'incorporer des monomères polaires comme les acrylates avec des taux d'incorporation pouvant atteindre 15%. Cependant, les trois autres catalyseurs n'ont montré aucune activité en copolymérisation. Dans une seconde étude, l'influence des substituants R de la phosphine sur l'activité catalytique et les masses molaires fut étudiée d'une façon systématique. La phosphine au caractère donneur le plus faible préparée pour cette étude, (C6F5)2P(C6H4-o-SO3H), a présenté une activité très faible pour la polymérisation in situ de l'éthylène en présence de Pd(dba)2 et a produit du polyéthylène de très faible masse molaire (Mw = 1200 g/mol). La phosphine possédant le caractère σ-donneur le plus fort, (tBu)2P(C6H4-o-SO3H) , a présenté une activité très élevé, polymérisant rapidement l'éthylène à température ambiante pour générer un polymère linéaire de haute masse molaire (Mw = 116 000 g/mol). Nous avons démontré de façon claire l'influence du caractère σ-donneur du ligand phosphine sur l'activité catalytique de polymérisation pour ces complexes. Nous avons aussi rapporté que la phosphine (tBu)(Ph)P(C6H4-o-SO3H) est active pour l'incorporation de l'acrylate de méthyle (MA) en quantité importante (jusqu'à 28%) ainsi que pour l'homopolymérisation du MA. Le second objectif de cette thèse était la synthèse de nouveaux catalyseurs de polymérisation de l'éthylène à base de ruthénium, un métal moins couteux que le palladium. Nous avons préparé des complexes de ruthénium contenant des ligands phosphine sulfonate de type Ru[P^O]n et Ru[P^O]2(H2O)2 . Après activation au MAO, ces complexes se sont avérés actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène, générant du polyéthylène réticulé de très hautes masses molaires (Mn = 610 000 g/mol). Les activités observées peuvent atteindre 2200 moles d'éthylène par mole de ruthénium. Ce système catalytique permet aussi la copolymérisation de l'éthylène avec le 1-hexène ainsi que le norbornène comme démontré par le faible point de fusion des copolymères formés. Cependant dû à la nature insoluble des copolymères obtenus, le taux d'insertion est difficile à déterminer. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Polymérisation, éthylène, palladium, ruthénium, phosphines, oléfines, acrylates.

The hydrogenation of aromatic sulfonyl chloride to produce aromatic thiol is an important industrial reaction. The aromatic thiol is a critical intermediate in the production of many pharmaceuticals as well as several agrochemicals. Density Functional Theory (DFT), a quantum mechanical method, was used to investigate the new aromatic thiol production technology at the molecular level in aspects including reaction species adsorption and transition state determination. Plant design methods and economic analysis were performed to determine the economic feasibility of the new technology in the current specialty chemicals market. The quantum mechanical calculations showed that the molecules adsorbed to three simulated (100) Pd catalyst surfaces will preferentially move to configurations that are favorable for reaction progression. The calculations also show that the proposed reaction sequence by DuPont is the most feasible option despite the investigation into an alternative sequence that arose from molecular observations during calculations. Predicted activation energies (Ea) were in the range of 6.88 ? 38.1 kcal/mol which is comparable to the 14.58 kcal/mol determined experimentally by DuPont, and the differences between experimental and simulated values are easily explained. Plant design calculations show that a semi-batch reactor plant can easily produce 2MM lb of thiol/year, giving the owner of the plant an immediate 18% market share in the worldwide market of benzenethiol. Economic analysis shows that a grassroots plant construction is not currently an economically feasible option for corporate investment unless a source of cheap, skilled labor can be found in addition to a means of a 25% discount on certain raw material feed stocks. However, if both of these requirements can be fulfilled then new plant construction will have a payback time of 3.71 years based on the price of benzenethiol in the summer of 2007, $2.27/lb thiol.

Pt-group metals were some of the first metals to be studied as catalysts for industrial use. The goal of these studies was to ascertain a fundamental understanding of CO oxidation and acetylene cyclotrimerization reactions on Ptgroup metals. A further goal was to determine the optimal conditions for each reaction. CO oxidation on Rh(111),Pt(100), and Pd(100) was scrutinized on various oxide surfaces from chemisorbed to bulk metal oxides. Low pressure reactions on Rh(111) reveal the highest activity was a CO uninhibited surface with <1ML of chemisorbed oxygen. Pt(100) high pressure oxidation revealed that only <1ML oxygen is formed during high pressures reactions. High pressure CO oxidation reactions on Pd(100) show oxygen penetration after CO has been consumed; however, during the highest activity XPS found only chemisorbed species. The cyclotrimerization of acetylene to benzene is another reaction found in industry typically carried out on Pd. The active site is considered to be a 7 atom configuration with 6 atoms surrounding a central atom. By adding relatively catalytically inert Au atoms to the active Pd(111) surface the acetylene coupling activity is enhanced. Cyclization activity is a function of the surface composition and the surface structure. A single Pd atom surrounded by six Au atoms is found to have the highest activity at 300K for acetylene cyclotrimerization.

The chemisorption of aromatic compounds, derivatized with different functional groups, on well-defined Pd(111) surfaces was studied by a combination of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and electrochemistry (EC). The results of this work led to the following trends and conclusions: (a) At low concentrations, 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol (DHT) chemisorbs on a Pd surface through both diphenolic ring and thiol group. At high concentrations, it chemisorbs only through the thiol group. (b) There is extensive intermolecular attraction between the co-adsorbed thiolated quinone and thiolated hydroquinone molecules. The interaction occurs through the Pd substrate and not through space. (c) The chemisorption properties of Nheteroaromatic compounds are pH-dependent. When the nitrogen heteroatom is protonated, it becomes very weakly surface-active. When the nitrogen heteroatom is deprotonated, surface activity stronger than the diphenolic ring is exhibited. (d) On a palladium surface, the binding strengths of ligands increase in the order: phenyl ring < quinonoid ring, < N-heteroatom < I < -SH.

The room temperature photocatalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide in excess air was examined over silica/titania and 0.1%palladium/silica/titania catalysts under UV irradiation. The experiments were conducted in batch re-circulated reactor with the initial 1000 ppm carbon monoxide in air and 0.5 g catalyst charge and the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide was followed by FT-IR spectro-photometer. The change in gas composition in dark and under 36 Watts of UV irradiation exposed to a catalyst area of 12.4 centimeter square indicated both adsorption of carbon monoxide and conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide over the catalyst samples. The effect of catalyst composition (silica/titania) ratio and the presence of palladium oxide were investigated. The catalyst samples were synthesized by sol-gel technique and all samples were hydrothermally treated before calcination in air. The catalyst samples were characterized by XRD and nitrogen adsorption techniques. XRD results indicated that titania is comprised of pure anatase phase and palladium oxide preferantially dispersed over titania. BET surface area of the samples were observed to increase with silica loading and the BJH results showed isotherms of Type V v with H2 hysteresis loops. The highest carbon monoxide adsorption rate constant was achieved with pure silica with the highest surface area. Photocatalytic activity measurements indicated that carbon monoxide in excess air can be successfully oxidized at room temperature over the titania photocatalyts. Higher physisorption was observed over higher silica containing samples and higher oxidation activity was observed with increasing titania/silica ratio. The optimum titania/silica ratio was determined by the titania content and surface area of catalyst. The activity tests were also indicated that the addition of palladium oxide phase synergistically increased the adsorption and oxidation activity of the catalysts.

The mechanism of carbon coupling reactions is traditionally represented in a very broad schematic. This thesis seeks to explore the mechanism of these reactions by focusing on Heck olefination. The Heck reaction has become a powerful tool in synthetic labs but the mechanism of this reaction has remained a topic of debate since the reaction's discovery. The catalytic cycle that has come to be accepted, while accurate in its own right, is not nearly as detailed as the complexity of the various stages of the Heck reaction suggest it should be. This study seeks to elucidate the nature of the oxidative addition of aryl halide to a palladium catalyst using a ligand that has been shown to have high activity in facilitating oxidative addition of aryl chlorides and bromides in other coupling reactions. This information is then compared to other studies in the field so that conclusions can be drawn about the oxidative addition. Also, selectivity studies seek to determine the nature of the migratory insertion of an olefin into the Pd-Ar bond. Again, comparison of results obtained in this study are compared to previous results so that a more definitive conclusion can be drawn about the oxidative addition.

Well-defined ultrathin films of palladium, with coverages ranging from submonolayer, &#920;Pd = 0.5 monolayer (ML), to multilayer, &#920;P d = 8 ML, were electrochemically deposited on Pt(111) using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic methods. In both methods, between the coverage regimes studied, the growth of the Pd films follows the Stranski-Krastanov mechanism. The interfacial electrochemical properties associated with the film-to-bulk transition were characterized by conventional voltammetric techniques in combination with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The voltammetric peaks associated with H-atom adsorption and desorption on terrace sites indicate that the Pd electrodeposit starts to exhibit bulk-like properties at a coverage of 3 ML. Voltammetric cycling, in sulfuric acid solution, between the hydrogen evolution and the double-layer regions, was found to exert minimal influence on the annealing (smoothening) of the electrodeposited Pd films. However, cycling within the same potential region in the presence of bromide anions (at which Br- adsorption/Br desorption takes place) smoothens the initially rough Pd films essentially as well as high-temperature annealing. The influence of chemisorbed bromine on the anodic dissolution of Pd was also studied; this was for comparison with previous work on the anodic dissolution of Pd, in inert electrolyte, catalyzed by chemisorbed iodine. The present studies indicated that a small but measurable amount of bromine was desorbed along with dissolution of the Pd step atoms; bromine at the Pd terrace behaved identically to iodine in that the coverage of iodine is maintained regardless of the amount or origin of the of anodically stripped Pd. Atomically smooth, well-defined ultrathin Pd films were prepared by a constant potential deposition (CPD) method followed by multiple potential cycles, in dilute Brsolution, within the double-layer region and reductive removal of Brads, by simple emersion at a potential just before the hydrogen evolution reaction potential (EHER). A previously adapted method for the same purpose involved the chemisorption of iodine onto ultrathin PdCPD films, from dilute I- solution, followed by reductive desorption of Iads in iodide-free solution at pH 10 and at a potential just before EHER.

No description available.

Thèse de doctorat : Chimie organique et macromoléculaire : Lille 1 : 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 195-205.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Chimie organique : Reims : 2005. / Titre provenant du cadre-titre. Bibliogr. f.