Bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) e pesticidas organoclorados são compostos que não ocorrem naturalmente no ambiente e não são facilmente degradados química ou microbiologicamente. Seu estudo no ambiente é importante devido à sua persistência, toxicidade, lipossolubilidade e conseqüente biomagnificação. Por isso, representam a maioria dos poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) considerados prioritários pela UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) e banidos ou restritos pela Convenção de Estocolmo, de maio de 2001. Tais poluentes podem ser facilmente emitidos para a atmosfera, atingindo áreas remotas como a Antártida, integrando um processo cíclico de contaminação conhecido como destilação global. No presente trabalho otimizou-se uma metodologia analítica capaz de detectá-los em ovos gorados de pingüins e indivíduos de krill coletados na Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei Jorge, Antártida. Tal metodologia foi avaliada e enquadrou-se em critérios internacionais de controle de qualidade. Os compostos mais presentes foram, de um modo geral, os PCBs, DDTs e o HCB e a ocorrência pareceu ser espécie-específica dentro do gênero Pygoscelis. Em todos os casos, o teor dos compostos não foi superior ao de aves árticas em nível trófico semelhante. A análise do krill permitiu estimar a biomagnificação dos compostos encontrados nos ovos, cuja única fonte de contaminação é a transferência fêmea-filhote. / Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are compounds that do not occur naturally in the environment and are not easily degraded by chemical or microbiological action. Their study in the environment is important due to persistence, toxicity, liposolubility and consequent biomagnification. For these reasons, they represent the majority of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), considered to have priority by the UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) and banished and/or restricted by the Stockholm Convention of May, 2001. Such pollutants can be easily ejected into the atmosphere and reach areas as remote as Antarctica, integrating a cyclical contamination process known as ?global distillation?. In the present work an analytical methodology capable of detecting such compounds in unhatched penguin eggs and whole krill was optimized. The samples were collected in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. This methodology was evaluated and fitted international quality control criteria. The compounds found in higher levels were, in most of the samples, the PCBs, DDTs and HCB and the occurrence seemed to be species-specific for the Pygoscelis genus. In all of the cases, the levels found were not higher than the ones in arctic birds in a similar trophic level.The krill samples analysis made it possible to estimate the biomagnification of the compounds found in eggs, whose only source of contamination is the female-offspring transfer.

abstract: Recent research has identified affirmation of transcendence and exposure to violent Bible verses as being related to greater prejudice toward value-violating out-groups (Blogowska & Saroglou, 2012; Shen et al., 2013). Effects of exposure to specific Bible verses on attitudes toward out-groups have not been measured in combination with the Post-Critical Belief Scale developed by Hutsebaut (1996). The relationships between exposure to scriptural endorsements of prejudice, affirmation vs. disaffirmation of transcendence, literal vs. symbolic processing of religious content, and prejudice toward value-violating out-groups were examined using an online survey administered to a sample of U.S. adults (N=283). Greater affirmation of transcendence scores were linked to greater prejudice toward atheists and homosexuals and more favorable ratings of Christians and highly religious people. Lower affirmation of transcendence scores were linked to less favorable ratings of Christians and highly religious people and more favorable ratings of atheists. Exposure to scriptural endorsements of prejudice did not have a significant effect on levels of prejudice in this study. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Psychology 2013

Este trabalho visou determinar a ocorrência de PCBs e pesticidas organoclorados em peixes da região da Baixada Santista. Foram feitas coletas de peixes das espécies Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Trichiurus lepturus e Cathorops spixii em três diferentes localidades. Depois de sub-amostradas em músculo, fígado, brânquias e gônadas, as amostras foram extraídas em aparelhagem Soxhlet e analisadas por técnicas cromatográficas. O DDT apresentou-se em 66 % das amostras com concentrações variando entre 18,92 e 690,29 ng.g-1 lipídio. O HCH foi detectado em 34 % das amostras com concentração variando de 8,92 a 103,04 ng.g-1 lipídio, sendo a região da Ilha da Moela a mais afetada por esse composto. O Mirex apresentou-se em 28 % das amostras e alcançou valores entre 5,90 e 222,17 ng.g-1 lipídio. O HCB foi o inseticida menos encontrado neste trabalho, com 16 % das amostras apresentando contaminação variando de 7,75 a 94,47 ng.g-1 lipídio, todas na espécie bentônica Cathorops spixii. Os PCBs estiveram presentes em todas as localidades analisadas, sendo os congêneres com número entre quatro e sete cloros os que mais bioacumularam. A bioacumulação de organoclorados nos diferentes tecidos não ocorreu de forma igual para todas as espécies analisadas. Aparentemente, a maior contribuição para poluição orgânica dos peixes da Baía de Santos e áreas próximas origina-se do estuário ou do emissário. / Industrial and sewers pollution have being affected seriously the region of Baixada Santista, in the central shore of São Paulo State, Brazil. The great development of Cubatão city caused diverse health problems in the 70´s and 80´s. This present study shows organochlorine distribution in fishes collected in the Santos Bay and Moela Island. Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Trichiurs lepturus and Cathorops spixii had been captured in three different locations, sub-sampled in muscle, liver, gills and gonads. The samples was extracted in Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed by chromatographic techniques. DDT was presented in 66 % of the samples and concentrations varied between 18,92 and 690,29 ng.g-1 lipid. The HCH was detected in 34 % of the samples with concentration ranged from 8,92 to 103,04 ng.g-1 lipid. The region of the Moela Island was the most affected region by HCH pollution. The Mirex was presented in 28 % of the samples and reached values between 5,90 and 222,17 ng.g-1 lipid mostly in the Moela Island and Santos Bay. The HCB was the least found insecticide in this work and occurred in 16 % of the samples that presented concentration that varied from 7,75 to 94,47 ng.g-1 lipid. The muscles and gills of the bentic specie Cathorops spixii appeared to be an important tissues to accumulation of HCB. The PCBs were present in every studied locations. Congeners with number of chlorine between four and seven were the most bioacumulated ones. The bioaccumulation of different tissues did not occurred in the same way. Apparently, the greatest contribution for organic pollution to the fishes of Santos Bay and surrounding areas originates from the estuary or the emissary.

Os compostos organoclorados causam grande impacto na natureza devido a três características básicas: persistência ambiental, bioacumulação e alta toxicidade. Os mamíferos marinhos estão entre os organismos mais vulneráveis à toxicidade crônica desses contaminantes porque, além de concentrá-los em grande quantidade, a fêmea transfere parte de sua carga ao filhote durante a gestação e a lactação. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos otimizar uma metodologia para determinação de organoclorados (pesticidas e PCBs) em matrizes gordurosas e verificar a ocorrência dos mesmos na gordura subcutânea de mamíferos marinhos amostrados na costa de São Paulo (Brasil) e na Ilha Rei George (Antártica). No protocolo metodológico otimizado, a extração foi realizada em extrator Soxhlet (8 h) com uma mistura de n-hexano e diclorometano. A etapa de purificação foi feita através de tratamento ácido e o extrato final analisado em cromatógrafo a gás equipado com detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD). A performance do método foi avaliada com material de referência certificado, enquadrando-se dentro de padrões internacionais de controle de qualidade. O limite de detecção do método foi em média 2 ng g-1. As análises apontaram DDTs e PCBs como os grupos que mais causam impacto nos cetáceos da costa de São Paulo. Isso refletiu o histórico de ambos no Brasil, tanto em indústria como em agricultura e saúde pública. Em contrapartida, HCHs e HCB não apresentaram concentrações elevadas, fato que pode ser atribuído à volatilidade dos mesmos em regiões de clima tropical. Da mesma maneira, a-clordano, g-clordano e mirex não foram detectados em níveis significativos. A foca de Weddell (Leptonychotes weddelli), habitante do continente antártico, evidenciou as menores cargas de contaminante entre os animais estudados. As toninhas (Pontoporia blainvillei) e o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus) também apresentaram baixos níveis de organoclorados. Os botos-cinza (Sotalia fluviatilis) revelaram concentrações de DDT iguais ou superiores a cetáceos da Índia, país onde esse pesticida ainda não está proibido. Já o golfinho-de-dentes-rugosos (Steno bredanensis) mostrou a maior contaminação entre os animais analisados, comparável a espécies estudadas em águas costeiras de países desenvolvidos (onde os organoclorados foram muito utilizados). / Organochlorine compounds cause strong impact on the nature, as a consequence of three basic characteristics: environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and high toxicity. The marine mammals are one of the most vulnerable organisms to the chronic toxicity of these contaminants. Besides the high concentration in the body, the female transfers part of her load to the offspring during gestation and lactation. The aim of this study was (1) the optimization of a methodology for determining chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides and PCBs) in fatty biological matrices and (2) the analysis of organochlorines in marine mammals blubber sampled along São Paulo coast (Brazil) and King George Island (Antarctica). According to the optimized methodology, the extraction was carried out in Soxhlet apparatus (8 h) with a mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane. The clean-up was carried out with acid treatment and the resulting extract injected into gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The method performance was evaluated with certified reference material and fitted for international standards of control quality. The mean method detection limit was 2 ng g-1. DDTs and PCBs were the most concentrated organochlorines in the cetaceans from São Paulo coast. These findings reflected their past usage in Brazil by industry, agriculture, and public health. On the other hand, both HCHs and HCB were not found in high concentration likely due to their volatility in tropical climate areas. Mirex, a-chlordane and g-chlordane were not detected in elevated levels. The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), from Antarctic continent, presented the smallest load among the studied animals. As the same way, the franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) presented low organochlorine levels. The marine tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) showed equal or higher DDT concentration than Indian cetaceans where that pesticide is still in use. The rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) revealed the greatest contamination among the analyzed animals, comparable to species studied in the coastal waters of developed countries (where organochlorines were extensively used).

The diploma thesis is focused on the issue of the presence of POPs in the surface water and sediments. Monitored compounds were chosen from the group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). Samples were collected in selected localities in the Slovak and the Czech Republic. Selected analytes were extracted with hexane from the aqueous matrix. Analytes were isolated by the ultrasonic extraction using a solvent mixture of hexane-dichlormethane from the solid matrix and the resulting extract was cleaned up by the column chromatography filled with the florisil and the silica gel. Target compounds were analysed by GC/ECD finally. Obtained results show the level of contamination in selected localities in the Slovak and the Czech Republic.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of environmentally persistent halogenated organic compounds that were once used as stabilizers to improve the properties of a variety of materials such as lubricants, heat transfer fluids, paints, and caulking materials. PCBs are also capable of migration through processes such as spillage into soils, leaching into groundwater, and volatilization into the atmosphere. Although banned in 1979 over health concerns, PCBs persist in these materials to this day because they are resistant to biotic degradation and natural weathering processes. The wide variety of contaminated materials means that many existing treatment options cannot be used across all media. This research focuses on the adaptation of a reductive dehalogenation system for dechlorination of PCBs from machine oils, paints, sludges, and soils. The system utilizes magnesium, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol in order to remove the chlorine atoms from the biphenyl backbone, which is less toxic and can be broken down biotically. A treatment plan was devised for machine oil contaminated with PCBs, involving sorption of PCBs onto a column of super activated alumina followed by desorption into hexane and treatment of the hexane with magnesium and acidified ethanol to dechlorinate the PCBs. In a small-scale study, 98.5% of PCBs from an oil sample were sorbed to the column, and the PCBs that were subsequently desorbed were dechlorinated to below detectable levels within one day of magnesium and acidified ethanol treatment. Information from small-scale studies was used to design larger sorption columns intended for use at a field site. iv A field study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two different treatment system pastes at removing PCBs from painted surfaces. These pastes were formulated with bulking and viscosity control agents in order to cling to vertical surfaces, and contained either acidified ethanol and magnesium (Activated Metal Treatment System, AMTS) or acidified ethanol only (Non-Metal Treatment System, NMTS). AMTS was capable of 64.8% average removal of PCBs from paint, while NMTS demonstrated 89.5% average removal but required a second step to dechlorinate the extracted PCBs. This system allows for treatment of surfaces without demolishing the structure. AMTS was also studied for in situ dechlorination of PCBs in soils, and NMTS enclosed in a polyethylene barrier was studied for extraction of PCBs from sludges. A two-step system was devised for the ex situ treatment of PCB-contaminated soils. Solvent extraction with ethanol or an ethanol/ethyl lactate cosolvent is followed by dechlorination using magnesium and glacial acetic acid. Studies included the optimization of extraction solvent, cosolvent ratio, cost, and reuse of magnesium or extraction solvent. Surface analysis of magnesium particles used in dechlorination showed a precipitate occluding part of the surface, which was thought to be a combination of magnesium ethoxide and magnesium hydroxide. This precipitate is thought to come from the reaction of magnesium ethoxide formed during the PCB dechlorination process with pore water extracted from the soil.

Rapidly growing quantities of e-waste (WEEE) demand the increasing attention of environmental policy all over the world. Developing countries are particularly affected by recycling and disposal activities, which are deemed harmful to health and environment. Holistic or integrated approaches to WEEE policy are required. The paper discusses first recycling technologies for glass from cathode ray tubes (CRT) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) in Vietnam. Thereafter the German approach to WEEE policy is adjusted to allow for an integrated policy. This is then adapted to allow for the recycling of used monitors and computers. / Sự gia tăng một cách nhanh chóng số lượng các chất thải từ các thiết bị điện, điện tử (WEEE) đòi hỏi sự tăng cường chú ý tới các chính sách môi trường toàn cầu. Các nước đang phát triển bị tác động đặc biệt bởi các hoạt động tái chế, do nó ảnh hưởng xấu tới sức khỏe và môi trường. Các phương pháp tổ hợp và toàn diện đối với các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử (WEEE) là đòi hỏi cấp thiết. Trong bài báo này, trước hết phân tích đánh giá các công nghệ tái chế thủy tinh đèn hình (thủy tinh CRT) và bản mạch in điện tử (PCBs) ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo là phương pháp tiếp cận các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử của Cộng hòa liên bang Đức được sử dụng để điều chỉnh cho thích hợp nhằm đưa ra giải pháp tổ hợp có thể thích ứng cho việc tái chế màn hình Tivi và máy tính hỏng, hết hạn sử dụng và thải bỏ ở Việt Nam.