This thesis aimed to investigate the relativistic magnetron (RM), which is a high-power microwave (HPM) source. Since the RM can generate high-intensity microwave radiation, it can be used as a pulsed electromagnetic weapon to target electronic systems in different objects, such as drones, missiles, or vehicles. Other applications include electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. In this thesis, a novel design of an RM with a transparent cathode configuration was investigated. This RM, referred to as the FOI-magnetron, was developed with the goal of generating the more advantageous TE11 mode of microwaves. This thesis starts with an in-depth theoretical exploration of the physics surrounding the RM, followed by a proof-of-concept study, where we compare our simulation results against published data. We then investigate the FOI-magnetron to determine if the transparent cathode configuration is more favourable than a solid cathode configuration. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations in MAGIC3D were used to study the RM, and extensive parameter studies were conducted for the FOI-magnetron to optimise its performance. The simulations revealed that the FOI-magnetron suffered from leakage currents. Moreover, parameter studies of the FOI-magnetron with transparent cathode demonstrated favourable TE11-mode emission of microwaves with a peak output power reaching 590 MW after 15 ns, having a frequency of 2.56 GHz, and an efficiency of 37%. Comparisons between thetransparent and solid cathode for the FOI-magnetron showed a slightly lower output power and efficiency for the transparent cathode, with minimal difference in the rise time of microwaves. Additionally, the transparent cathode exhibits a higher overall impedance and leakage currents. On the other hand, a lower back-current density on the transparent cathode and emitter was shown, resulting in less damage to the material. In this study, we found that we could reduce leakage currents by extending the interaction region without impacting the performance of the FOI-magnetron. Also, the frequency was shown to change with either a shorter emitter or a longer interaction region, allowing for frequency control. Lastly, a modified design of an RM with a semitransparent cathode showed a promisingly high efficiency of 46% with an output power of 600 MW. This design utilised endcaps, which are useful for significantly reducing leakage currents

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are accreting supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies, known for rich spectral features and multi-time scale variability in their electromagnetic emission. The origin of the variability in AGN light curves can be either intrinsic, meaning related processes that take place inside the AGN system, or extrinsic, i.e., from the propagation of light towards Earth. In this dissertation, I present my work focusing on AGN variability. The first two works focus on the variability of blazars, a subclass of AGN with their relativistic jets beaming towards the observer. The first work combines 3D relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) simulations with radiation transfer and shows the kink instability within the blazar jet can cause quasi-periodic radiation signatures within a typical period of time scales from weeks to months. The second work combines 2D Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations with radiation transfer and shows that isolated and merging plasmoids due to magnetic reconnection in a blazar environment could produce rich radiation and polarization signatures. The last work explores an extrinsic origin for AGN variability: a scenario in which interstellar medium (ISM) within our galaxy can refract light coming from AGNs. It suggests that plasma structures in ISM with an axisymmetric geometry can account for extreme scattering events (ESEs) in AGN observations. Future research directions include studies of the kink instability in jets that propagate in different environments and simulations of magnetic reconnection in 3D which may reveal additional particle acceleration mechanisms, which may play important role in the resulting radiation and polarization signatures. </p>

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

Abstract : Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging modality that was first introduced over 80 years ago. Surface EEG does not directly measure neuronal activity, and it is often assumed that it cannot provide indications on the underlying neuronal firing. However, recent studies based on invasive measurements in monkeys have shown that the coupling between two EEG frequency bands, namely the Gamma (25-45 Hz) and Delta (2-4 Hz) bands, is a good predictor of underlying mass-spiking activity. Specifically, when the Delta signal is in its trough and Gamma power is high, the probability of mass- firing of neurons is large. Here, we investigate this property in healthy human EEG acquired during resting-state. Using the interaction between Delta phase and Gamma power, we derived a modeled spike signal (MSS) from the recorded EEG. We found the power spectrum density (PSD) pattern of the MSS to be similar to that observed in animal studies. Specifically, between 1-10 Hz that the PSD deviates from a 1/[florin] trend and exhibits a small peak at about 2-3Hz. In addition, an inter-hemispheric correlation was found between the MSS of the different pairs of electrode in opposite hemispheres. Our results open the possibility of studying underlying neuronal output with non-invasive EEG. // Résumé : L'électroencéphalographie (EEG) est une modalité de neuro-imagerie non invasive qui a été introduite il y a plus de 80 ans. L’EEG de surface ne mesure pas directement l’activité neuronale et il est généralement supposé qu’elle ne donne pas d’indications sur la décharge neuronale sous-jacente. Cependant des études récentes ont montré à l’aide de mesures invasives que le couplage entre deux bandes de fréquences EEG, soit les bandes Gamma (25-45 Hz) et Delta (2-4 Hz), est un bon indicateur de l’activité neuronale de masse sous-jacente chez les singes. Plus précisément, lorsque le signal Delta est dans un creux (phase de π) et que la puissance dans le signal Gamma est élevée, la probabilité de décharge de masse des neurones est grande. Cette propriété est ici étudiée dans les signaux EEG d’humains sains en état de repos. En se basant sur l'interaction entre la phase du signal Delta et la puissance du signal Gamma, nous avons dérivé un modèle de l’activité neuronale de masse sous-jacente (modeled spike signal-MSS) obtenu à partir du signal l'EEG enregistrée. On trouve que la densité spectrale de puissance (power spectal density-PSD) du MSS est similaire à celle observée dans les études animales. Plus spécifiquement, entre 1-10 Hz la PSD s’écarte d’une tendance en 1 / [florin] et présente un pic de faible amplitude à environ 2-3Hz. En outre, une corrélation inter-hémisphérique a été observée entre les MSS de différentes paires d'électrodes positionnées sur les hémisphères opposés. Nos résultats ouvrent la possibilité d'étudier l’activité neuronale sous-jacente par EEG non-invasive.

產品標準在現今社會中扮演非常重要的角色，但也容易造成許多技術性貿易障礙。醫藥產品由於攸關人類身體的健康及安全，因此相較於其他行業，各國對藥品皆設有許多嚴格的產品標準及技術法規，對藥品的國際貿易產生嚴重的技術性貿易障礙。PIC/S制定共通的GMP標準，並且旨在降低醫藥產品在國際貿易及流通上所面臨的非關稅貿易障礙。台灣藥物食品檢驗局於2007年公告實施PIC/S GMP，預計於2013年開始全面實施。本研究關注的核心議題，主要將以WTO對技術性貿易障礙的主要規範原則，分析探討PIC/S降低醫藥產品技術性貿易障礙的功能。另外，台灣製藥業由於缺乏關鍵技術、藥廠家數眾多、生產規模小，惡性競爭十分激烈，未來實施PIC/S GMP後，對我國製藥業的衝擊不容小覷，因此本研究另一項主要議題是PIC/S GMP對我國製藥業及藥品貿易之可能影響。 / Product standards play an important role in modern societies. However, they also raise many concerns about technical barriers to trade, particularly for pharmaceutical products which must comply with numerous stringent product standards, such as GMP standards. Therefore, PIC/S aims at reducing the technical barriers to pharmaceutical trade by providing a common GMP standard, which the Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis of Taiwan declared to introduce PIC/S GMP in 2007, and to fully enforce in 2013. This study will examine how PIC/S decreases technical barriers to trade for pharmaceutical products with principals in the WTO TBT Agreement. In addition, since Taiwan pharmaceutical industry has low competitiveness for a long time, how PIC/S GMP will affect the pharmaceutical industry and international trade of Taiwan is another main issue of this study.

One of the most conspicuous problems in space physics for the last decades has been to theoretically describe how the large parallel electric fields on auroral field lines can be generated. There is strong observational evidence of such electric fields, and stationary theory supports the need for electric fields accelerating electrons to the ionosphere where they generate auroras. However, dynamic models have not been able to reproduce these electric fields. This thesis sheds some light on this incompatibility and shows that the missing ingredient in previous dynamic models is a correct description of the electron temperature. As the electrons accelerate towards the ionosphere, their velocity along the magnetic field line will increase. In the converging magnetic field lines, the mirror force will convert much of the parallel velocity into perpendicular velocity. The result of the acceleration and mirroring will be a velocity distribution with a significantly higher temperature in the auroral acceleration region than above. The enhanced temperature corresponds to strong electron pressure gradients that balance the parallel electric fields. Thus, in regions with electron acceleration along converging magnetic field lines, the electron temperature increase is a fundamental process and must be included in any model that aims to describe the build up of parallel electric fields. The development of such a model has been hampered by the difficulty to describe the temperature variation. This thesis shows that a local equation of state cannot be used, but the electron temperature variations must be descibed as a nonlocal response to the state of the auroral flux tube. The nonlocal response can be accomplished by the particle-fluid model presented in this thesis. This new dynamic model is a combination of a fluid model and a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) model and results in large parallel electric fields consistent with in-situ observations.

M. Tech. (Engineering, Electrical, Department Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology / In order to facilitate sustainable development, it is necessary to further improve and increase the energy efficiency and use of renewable energy and its related technologies. The main limiting factors to the extensive use of photovoltaic (PV) modules include the high initial investment cost and the relatively low conversion efficiency. However, other factors, such as an increase in ambient temperature, exert a considerable negative influence on PV modules, with cell efficiencies decreasing as the cell’s operating temperature increases. Higher PV module surface temperatures mean lower output voltages and subsequent lower output power. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on optimizing the available output power from a PV module by investigating and controlling the effect that the PV module’s surface temperature exerts on the amount of electrical energy produced. A pilot study was conducted by using a PV module set to three different tilt angles with an orientation angle and temperature sensors placed at different points. This was done to determine temperature distribution on the PV module surfaces as well as identify which tilt angle produces the highest PV module surface temperature. The main study was designed to investigate the electrical performance of a PV module with different cooling systems (water and forced air) as against a referenced measurement (no cooling). The cooling systems will be switched on and off at specific time intervals with the help of an electronic timer circuit incorporating a PIC microcontroller. The pilot study was conducted for a 50 week period where the results indicated a direct correlation between temperature rise and voltage decrease. The PV module’s temperature is highest at a tilt angle of 16° during the day and lowest at night time. It further reveals that the PV module’s front and back surface temperature can be distinctly different, with the highest recorded values occurring at the back of the PV module. The main study was conducted for a period of 15 weeks with results indicating that the water cooling system resulted in an average higher output power of 49.6% when compared to the reference system (no cooling system). Recommendations are made that sufficient space should be included between the module frames and mounting structure to reduce high operating temperatures owing to poor air circulation.

L’épuisement des énergies fossiles est un thème d’actualité dont les prémices datent, selon l’opinion courante, des années 1970 et du premier choc pétrolier. En réalité, c’est une préoccupation plus ancienne, intimement liée à l’ère industrielle. Dans la deuxième partie du XIXème siècle, les économistes se sont penchés sur la question de l'épuisement des minerais, ‘objet non identifié’ jusqu'alors et nécessitant la mise sur pied de nouveaux outils d'analyse (effet-rebond chez Jevons, rente minière chez Marshall-Einaudi notamment). Avec le progrès des techniques et l'apparition de nouvelles énergies (pétrole, hydro-électricité), leurs craintes de déclin industriel se sont progressivement dissipées dans les années 1910 et 1920. Mais ces évolutions tenant à l’histoire des faits ne sont pas les seules à considérer. Des facteurs internes à la discipline économique, comme l'émergence du marginalisme dans les années 1870 et de la théorie de l'épargne et du capital dans les années 1890, ont aussi changé le regard des économistes sur la question de l'épuisement des ressources. Pourquoi ? Comment ? Quels enseignements peut-on en tirer pour les défis environnementaux d'aujourd'hui ? Voilà les questions qui sont traitées dans ce travail de thèse. / Fossil fuels exhaustion is a current topic. It is often said that its first presages appeared in the 1970s with the first oil shock. Actually, this exhaustion fear is much older than that, it started with the Industrial Revolution and kept going since then. In the second part of the 19th century, some economists focused their attention on the mineral resources depletion, which was at the time an ‘unknown item’ that necessitated the creation of new concepts and new analytical tools to deal with (for example Jevons’ rebound-effect, Marshall-Einaudi’s mining rent). In the 1910s and 1920s, thanks to technical progress and the development of new energies (oil, hydro-electricity), their fears about industrial decline progressively dissipated. Yet, these factual evolutions are not the only ones to consider. Internal factors, inside economic science (marginalism in the 1870s, capital theory in the 1890s), also shaped economists’ viewpoint on resources exhaustion. Why? How? What lessons can we get from this period for our current environmental challenges? These are the questions that are studied in this thesis.