Neste trabalho foi estudado o processo de tenacificação do poli(ácido lático), PLA, através da produção de blenda com terpolímero randômico (etileno/éster acrílico/glicidil metacrilato), EMA-GMA, como modificador de impacto. Três composições foram estudadas, 90/10, 80/20 e 70/30% em massa, as misturas foram homogeneizadas em extrusora dupla-rosca (melt blending) e corpos de prova foram moldados por injeção. A avaliação do comportamento mecânico e da eficiência da tenacificação foi realizada através de ensaios mecânicos de tração (ATSM D638), resistência ao impacto Izod com entalhe (ASTM D256), flexão (ASTM D790) e dureza Shore D (ASTM 2240). A presença de umidade e a temperatura de degradação foram avaliadas por análise termogravimétrica (TGA), as temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg), fusão cristalina (Tm) e grau de cristalinidade foram avaliadas por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e a morfologia foi analisada por meio de micrografias obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos idicaram que todas as blendas possuem valores de tenacidade superiores ao do PLA. Entretanto, as blendas apresentaram como efeito colateral queda em módulo (obtidos por ensaios de resistência a tração e flexão), resistência a tração no ponto de escoamento e dureza, em função do aumento da concentração de EMA-GMA no PLA. Na composição com 20% de EMA-GMA a distribuição da dispersa ao longo da fase matriz está mais homogênea, e a composição com 30% de EMA-GMA resultou em um material super tenaz (com valores de resistência ao impacto Izod com entalhe acima de 500J/m). / In this work poly(lactic acid), PLA, was toughened by addition a thermoplastic elastomer, the random terpolymer (ethylene / acrylic ester / glycidyl methacrylate), EMA-GMA. Three= compositions were prepared: with concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 wt% of EMA-GMA into PLA. The blends were prepared in a twin-screw extruder and molded by injection molding. The samples were systematically characterized by tensile strength, notched Izod impact strength, flexural properties and Shore hardness (using Shore D scale). The presence of moisture and the degradation temperature of PLA were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystalline melting (Tm) and crystallinity index of PLA and of the blend were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the blend morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that all blends presented a dramatic increase in their toughness, when compared to PLA. However, the moduli (obtained by tensile and flexural tests), tensile strength at yield, and hardness decreased when the dispersed phase content increased. In the 80/20 PLA/EMA-GMA blend, the dispersed phase is more homogeneously dispersed within the matrix, and the composition with 30 wt% of EMA-GMA resulted in a super tough material (notched Izod impact strength exceeding 500 J/m).

Bioplastics (BPs) can be defined as plastics made of biomass such as corn and sugarcane. These substances have been increasingly spotlighted as means to saving fossil fuels, reducing CO2 emission and plastic wastes. Biodegradability of BPs has been widely publicized in society and the demand for packaging is rapidly increasing among retailers and the food industry at large. However, there is little consensus on actual impacts of BPs production. This thesis therefore aims to identify current strengths and weaknesses and future threats and opportunities and leverage points for the bioplastics industry in a move towards sustainability?” The Strategic Life Cycle Management (SLCM) and Templates for Sustainable Product Development (TSPD) approaches were used to reveal current ecological and social impacts in relation to Sustainability Principles from the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. Various sustainability challenges and opportunities were identified. Most threats were in agricultural production and in the disposal of products. Compelling measures for the BP industry include: having a consensus in BPs applications based on strategic sustainable development, universal labelling and recycling systems for BPs, government strategic policies to encourage research into new technologies in improving biodegradability and energy efficiency in manufacturing.

The main content of this Thesis is the second home as a part of tourism and recreation - very popular form for leisure time. The aim of the Diploma Thesis is to monitor changes in the second home in a protected landscape area Kokořínsko. The comparison of the second home in Sudetenland and in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is emphasised. Although this district did not belong to the important areas of the second home from the very beginning, after the Second World War Kokořínsko became more developed, mainly in the terms of cottage building. The Thesis is divided into several parts. Individual parts are important for understanding the second home in this district. The Thesis deals with a brief history of the second home in Kokořínsko and characterises the Sudetenland with the whole area from the point of view of development and localization. Concerning research methods, the Thesis uses mainly a field research method, a questionnaire survey and a statistic data research. Key words: a second home, protected landscape area Kokořínsko, folk architecture, Sudetenland

Plant invasions are becoming increasingly more discussed issue, primarily due to a negative impact on global biodiversity. It has also an economic impact and it affects human health. It is therefore important to study the introduction of plant species and their distribution, and monitor them in some way. This is particularly applied to protected areas, where rare species of plants are often endangered. In this work were described factors that affect distribution of alien plant species in the level of plant communities, landscape and large territories. For the practical part of the work has been selected the Křivoklátsko PLA as a model area, mainly because of detailed botanical mapping. There were analysed diversity, origin and distribution of alien plant species. Also the effect of selected factors on distribution of alien plant species in the Křivoklátsko PLA were assessed. The average altitude is the strongest factor. The second strongest factor is the fraction of anthropogenic habitats and moderate factor is the habitat diversity. The length of rivers is weak predictor and the length of roads is very weak predictor of number of alien plant species.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de la morphologie et des différentes propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et barrières à la vapeur d’eau des nanobiocomposites à base de poly acide lactique (pla). La première partie est consacrée au greffage de l’anhydride maléique (am) sur le poly acide lactique plagma et à la mise en oeuvre de nanobiocomposites pla/cloisites, plagma/cloisites et pla/plagma/cloisites en utilisant deux cloisites® différentes (c20a et c30b), préparés par voie fondue. Au travers des différentes techniques utilisées, les résultats révèlent que les nanobiocomposites pla/cloisites élaborés se caractérisent par une morphologie mixte intercalée-exfoliée. L’ensemble des échantillons élaborés indiquent une meilleure dispersion de la cloisite apolaire c20a en présence de l’anhydride maléique et la réagrégation de la cloisite polaire c30b et par conséquent, l’amélioration à la fois des propriétés mécaniques et barrières à la vapeur d’eau des nanobiocomposites à base de la c20a. La seconde partie traite l’influence des groupements fonctionnels d’oxyde de graphène synthetisé au laboratoire et de graphène fonctionnalisé époxy commercialisé et fournit par nanovia (france) sur la dispersion des nanofeuillets de graphène au sein de la matrice pla, en présence ou en absence du compatibilisant plagma. L’étude révèle que la présence du compatibilisant améliore la dispersion de deux nanocharges étudiées. Le maximum des performances rhéologiques indiquant la meilleure dispersion de la nanocharge est enregistré pour une faible quantité d’oxyde de graphène possédant plus de groupements fonctionnels contenant l’atome d’oxygène. Les propriétés thermiques et barrières ont été considérablement améliorées avec l’incorporation des deux nanocharges et en présence de l’agent compatibilisant plagma. L’étude montre aussi que les propriétés mécaniques en traction des nanobiocomposites à base de graphène fonctionnalisé époxy (gfe) ont été améliorées en présence du plagma. / The thesis focuses on the study of the morphology and thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of the nanobiocomposites based on poly lactic acid (pla). The first part is devoted to the grafting of maleic anhydride (ma) on the poly lactic acid plagma and the elaboration of the nanobiocomposites pla/cloisites, plagma/cloisites and pla/plagma/cloisitres using two different cloisites (c20a and c30b), prepared by melt intercalation and the characterization of the main properties. The results indicate that the pla/cloisites nanobiocomposites exhibit a mixed intercalated-exfoliated morphology. All the prepared samples showed an improvement in both thermal, mechanical and barrier properties in the presence of the nanofiller. All prepared samples show better dispersion of apolar cloisite (c20a) in the presence of maleic anhydride and reaggregation of the polar cloisite (c30b) and therefore, the improvement of both the mechanical and barrier properties of the nanobiocomposites based on c20a. The second section discusses the effect of the functional groups of graphene oxide synthetized in the laboratory and the graphene fonctionnalized epoxy marketed and supplied by nanovia (france) on the dispersion of the graphene nanofillers in the pla matrix. The study reveals that the presence of compatibilizer improves the dispersion of two studied nanofillers. Maximum rheological performance indicating better dispersion of the nanofiller is registered for a small amount of graphene oxide (og) with more functional groups containing oxygen atom. The thermal and barriers properties have been considerably improved with the incorporation of two nanofillers and in the presence of plagma compatibilizer. The study also shows that the tensile properties of the pla containing graphene functionalized epoxy (gfe) were improved in the presence of plagma.

Some mechanical properties of DuraPulp, a bio-based, bio-degradable composite made from polylactic acid (PLA) and pulp fibers, were determined. Focus was put on the conditions during productions whereby three different press times were studied. Additionally, two different material compositions (PLA to fiber ratios) were used. Uniaxial tensile tests with two different load rates, one and 50 mm/min, were performed. An increase in maximum strength and E-modulus of DuraPulp was observed by increasing the press time, while PLA content decreased the maximum strength and E modulus.

Suite à un accident, les lésions du ligament croisé antérieur sont de plus en plus fréquentes devenant un problème de santé publique. En réponse à la demande de solutions alternatives aux traitements chirurgicaux actuels, nous avons développé un renfort ligamentaire en biomatériaux dégradables. Pour répondre à l'exigence de la régénération ligamentaire, ce dernier doit être suffisamment résistant pour répondre aux contraintes physiologiques du genou, et doit se dégrader tout en permettant la régénération d'un nouveau ligament. Nous avons synthétisé de nouveaux copolymères bloc à base de PLA et de poloxamère ou poloxamine qui ont été filés puis tricotés pour concevoir un textile tubulaire. Ce textile tubulaire possède des caractéristiques mécaniques intéressantes pour le remplacement d'un ligament. En parallèle, a été développée une matrice poreuse à trois dimensions en collagène et glycoaminoglycanes. Cette matrice permet de favoriser l'adhésion et la prolifération cellulaire. Le renfort tricoté associé à la matrice de collagène a été implanté in vivo durant 3 mois. A 3 mois, parfaitement intégrée, la structure composite permet la formation d'un néo-tissu tout en perdant progressivement ses propriétés mécaniques. / Following accidents, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) damages are increasingly becoming a common public health problem. To comply with the demand for alternatives to current surgical treatments, we have developed ligament reinforcement with degradable biomaterials. To meet the requirement of ligament regeneration, ligament reinforcement must be strong enough to support knee physiological strains, and must degrade while allowing the new ligament regeneration. Novel block copolymers PLA- and poloxamer or poloxamine based have been synthesized which were then spun for designing a tubular knitted fabric. The tubular fabric has interesting mechanical characteristics for ligament replacement. In parallel, a collagen and glycosaminoglycans porous three-dimensional matrix has been developed. This matrix is able to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. The knitted reinforcement associated with the collagen matrix has been implanted in vivo for 3 months. Fully integrated, the composite structure allows néo-tissue formation while gradually losing its mechanical properties after 3 months.

The asymmetrical arrangement of cellular structure allows for an accurate functional adaptation at all levels of hierarchy, which derives excellent features for the development of new materials. The main objective of introducing a hierarchy into cellular structures is to improve the mechanical behaviour of the material while maintaining its elastic properties. A part of this work is devoted to the literature review related to the lightened cellular polymeric materials with hierarchical cellular structure. The rest is focused on the preparation of PLA based polymer structures using 3D printing, followed by a saturation in CO2 and a foaming in a silicon oil at elevated temperature. Samples were prepared from natural and white PLA filaments. Based on a series of experiments, optimal conditions for the saturation and foaming process were identified. Through 3D printing and foaming, a one-, two- and three-level hierarchy was introduced into the beam-shaped samples and the effect of the internal cell arrangement on the strain response of the material was examined by the means of a mechanical three-point bending test. Increasing the level of the hierarchy led to an increase in material resistance, which resulted in high values of strength and strain energy (toughness) based on the samples density. The best results were achieved by samples with “sandwich” structure with three levels of hierarchy and 30% filling. Despite the shorter plateau, there was a significant increase in strength and strain energy compared to gradient structures. At the same time, the contribution of the polymer structures prepared in this field of research was demonstrated by comparison with the theoretical model.

Textil- och klädtillverkning är en tungt miljöbelastande bransch. För att ändra på det och få textilindustrin i en riktning mot en hållbar utveckling behöver CO2-utsläpp avsevärt minskas, vattenförbrukningen drastiskt sjunka och risken för spridning av mikroplaster i naturen minimeras. De tre vanligaste textila fibrerna på marknaden, polyester, bomull och polyamid, orsakar stora utsläpp av CO2 och förbrukar enorma mängder vatten. Den här rapporten söker finna svar på vilka textila material som kan uppfylla kraven på hållbarhet och om det finns miljövänliga material med likvärdig slitstyrka som hos de tre största fiberslagen. Med hjälp av en litteraturstudie, ett klassificeringsverktyg och ett antal tester på fysiska prover har materialen ovan tillsammans med lyocell och PLA undersökts och studerats. Den ekologiska och den fysiska hållbarheten har jämförts och värderats. Resultatet av studierna ger inga entydiga svar på frågorna. PLA verkar lovande, men är omgiven av en osäkerhet. Under tiden studien har pågått finns inga tecken på försvagning av PLA-tyget, men kommer det hålla för hundra tvättar? Lyocell är miljömässigt hållbart och slitstarkt i teorin, men smulades tidigt sönder i nötningstestet. Lyocelltyget var gjort av tunt stapelfibergarn. Skulle det varit starkare om det varit tillverkat av filamentgarn? Återvunnen polyester kontra jungfrulig polyester ger ingen stor miljövinst. Däremot ger återvunnen polyamid och ekologisk bomull stora miljömässiga förtjänster. Lyocell, PLA, ekologisk bomull och återvunnen polyamid skulle kunna vara ekologiskt och fysiskt hållbara material. / Textiles and apparel manufacturing is a heavily polluting industry. To change that and get the textile industry in the direction of sustainable development, following must be done. Emissions of CO2 need to be considerably reduced, water consumption must drastically decline and the risk of spreading microplastics in nature have to be minimized. The three most common textile fibres on the market, polyester, cotton and polyamide, causing large emissions of CO2 and consumes huge amounts of water. This report seeks to find the textile materials that can meet the requirements of sustainability and eco-friendly materials of equivalent strength as in the three largest fibers like above. With the help of a literature review, a classification tool and a number of tests on physical samples have the materials above along with lyocell and PLA been examined and studied. The ecological sustainability and physical durability has been compared and measured. The results of the studies provides no clear-cut answers to the questions. The PLA seems promising, but are surrounded by uncertainty. In the meantime, the study has been going on, there are no signs of weakening of PLA-fabric, but will it keep for one hundred washes? Lyocell is environmentally sustainable and durable in the theory, but got an early break in the abrasion test. The lyocell fabric were made of thin yarn of staple fibers. Would it have been stronger if it had been made of filament yarn? Recycled polyester versus virgin polyester gives no great environmental benefits. However, recycled polyamide and organic cotton get large environmental gains. Lyocell, PLA, organic cotton and recycled polyamide could be environmentally and physically durable materials.

Die Interstitielle Zystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) ist eine chronische Erkrankung der Harnblase, deren Ätiologie und Pathogenese nicht abschließend geklärt ist. Es wird von einem multifaktoriellen Geschehen ausgegangen. Eine Rolle spielt dabei ein verändertes Expressionsmuster muskarinerger Acetylcholinrezeptoren (mAChR) in Detrusorzellen. Allerdings zeigt sich keine Korrelation zwischen der Rezeptor-Protein- und -Gen-Expression. Eine mögliche Erklärung könnte ein verändertes Rezeptor-Trafficking liefern. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, das intrazelluläre Trafficking der mAChR M2 und M3 im Detrusor von IC-Gewebe zu untersuchen. Dies erfolgte mittels Proximity Ligation Assay und konfokaler Laser Scanning Mikroskopie an Paraffinschnitten von sieben weiblichen IC-Biopsien. Mit dieser Methoden konnten tatsächlich Veränderungen im Trafficking von M2 und M3 detektiert werden, die dazu beitragen können, die Pathogenese der Erkrankung besser zu verstehen.