Människan har i alla tider försökt att lindra smärta och lidande på olika sätt. I Sverige visas det att postoperativ smärta inte är tillräckligt behandlad. Patienter beskriver fortfarande att de upplever svår till mycket svår smärta efter operation. Detta trots att mycket bra analgetika finns att tillgå. Smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse och patienten behöver behandlas individuellt. Det finns inget objektivt instrument att mäta smärta utan smärta kan enbart skattas. Sjuksköterskan har olika metoder för att smärtlindra patienten beroende på typ av smärta. Smärta delas in i olika grupper nociceptiv, neurogen och neuropatisk smärta. Syftet är att granska sjuksköterskans riktlinjer/PM som finns för postoperativ smärtlindring på vårdavdelning. Metoden som har använts är en litteraturöversikt där innehållet i riktlinjerna/PM har granskats för att finna likhet och skillnader. Resultat av denna studie gav olika teman som smärtskattning, läkemedel, administreringssätt, biverkningar, kontraindikationer, dokumentation och kvalitetssäkring. De riktlinje/PM som granskades visade att det fanns varierande innehåll. Vissa riktlinjer/PM gav utförlig information om smärtbehandling medan vissa gav mindre information. Det framgick att Visuell analog skala (VAS) bör användas regelbundet och att VAS- skalan bör användas både före och efter smärtbehandling. Det framkom även att för att uppnå individuell behandling är intravenösa injektioner att föredra. Det visade sig också att kontinuerlig utvärdering och dokumentation är viktig att utföra. / <p>Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: C</p>

<p>Recent trends in materials science have exploited noncovalent monolayer chemistries to modulate the physical properties of 2D materials, while minimally disrupting their intrinsic properties (such as conductivity and tensile strength). Highly ordered monolayers with pattern resolutions <10 nm over large scales are frequently necessary for device applications such as energy conversion or nanoscale electronics. Scanning probe microscopy is commonly employed to assess molecular ordering and orientation over nanoscopic areas of flat substrates such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, but routine preparation of high-quality substrates for device and other applications would require analyzing much larger areas of topographically rougher substrates such as graphene. In this work, we combine scanning electron microscopy with polarization modulated IR reflection adsorption spectroscopy to quantify the order of lying down monolayers of diynoic acids on few layer graphene and graphite substrates across areas of ~1 cm². We then utilize these highly ordered molecular films for templating assembly of di-peptide semiconductor precursors at the nanoscale, for applications in organic optoelectronic device fabrication.<br></p><p></p>

This dissertation scrutinizes the application of various standards, guidelines and methods in construction project management, and examines the use of such methods, tools and applications. Even though the availability of literature in the context of PM is extensive there has not been an adequate focus on applied project management with a specific interest in the constructing project management. This study describes the experiences gathered by the interviewees who are experienced construction executives and also discusses how they have managed their projects. The reason for the selection of a subjective, descriptive and phenomenal research approach is described and the advantages for this philosophical stance are also mentioned in the thesis. The question that emerges is in regards with how the construction managers accomplish any given project and how they ‘live' their PM. Hence, this study investigated the relevance of PM for managers working on construction projects. Various techniques, methods and procedures which were not included in the literature were highlight by the participants. There are studies available, mainly empirical, in the context of applied PM methods and the results of these studies do not correspond with the findings of this research. Another finding is that, in general, from the responses received, it is clear that PM certification programmes provide limited value to an experienced construction manager. Further results were summarized in the findings and result chapter of this work.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This study is an assessment of participatory monitoring and evaluation in NGOs: a case study of SOS Children’s Village,Cape town, South Africa. The aim of the study is to examine the process of application of PM&E framework in the SOS Children’s Village Project, with a view to ascertaining its impact on the project and to provide suggestions and recommendations to SOS and NGOs in South Africa. There were four primary objectives of this study:to provide a theoretical and conceptual framework, through the discussion and/or analysis of applicable PM&E theories and concepts; to provide an overview of organizational structure of the project implementation team of SOS; to identify the different stakeholders involved in the monitoring and evaluation process; to empirically assess the process of PM&E in the SOS Project. The theoretical and conceptual framework of participatory development approach and the child rights based approach is used in this study. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research are used throughout the study and measurement of key variables are made. While the systematic random sampling technique is utilised to collect data for the quantitative research, purposive sampling was used to select respondents for semi-structured interviews in the qualitative research. The study identified that the monitoring and evaluation process in SOS Children’s Village, Cape Town, South Africa is participatory in which the relevant stakeholders, especially the beneficiaries i.e. children participate in the monitoring and evaluation process. However, the study recommended that there should be an updated training and seminar for the staff to empower them to enhance their understanding of participatory monitoring and evaluation

Recent commentary has suggested that performance management (PM) is fundamentally “broken,” with negative feelings from managers and employees toward the process at an all-time high (Pulakos, Hanson, Arad, & Moye, ; Pulakos & O'Leary, ). In response, some high-profile organizations have decided to eliminate performance ratings altogether as a solution to the growing disenchantment. Adler et al. () offer arguments both in support of and against eliminating performance ratings in organizations. Although both sides of the debate in the focal article make some strong arguments both for and against utilizing performance ratings in organizations, we believe there continue to be misunderstandings, mischaracterizations, and misinformation with respect to some of the measurement issues in PM. We offer the following commentary not to persuade readers to adopt one particular side over another but as a call to critically reconsider and reevaluate some of the assumptions underlying measurement issues in PM and to dispel some of the pervasive beliefs throughout the performance rating literature.

This thesis aims to design and develop LSPM motors capable of operating in two distant synchronous speeds with good starting torque and steady state characteristics for variety of industrial applications, in particular offshore and maritime applications. The proposed designs are based on variable pole numbers for the stator and the rotor. The stator winding consist of two independent windings with different pole numbers to switch the winding and change the operating pole count for low and high speed applications. For the motor to operate in these two distinct operating speeds, the rotor must be capable of creating two different magnetic polarities (pole numbers) to adapt itself to the stator operating pole number. For this purpose, two different schemes for the rotor structure are proposed. In scheme I two-speed operation is realized by the combination of electromagnetic torque and reluctance torque which enables the motor to operate as a synchronous PM motor at high speed and synchronous reluctance motor at low speed. In scheme II, rotor with dual PM polarity is proposed which enables the motor to operate as a PM motor at both low and high speed regions.

The existing UHF Satellite Communications (SATCOM) transponders used for military applications use efficient, saturated power amplifiers, which provide one earth-coverage antenna beam. The amplifier is dedicated to small frequency band and only handles a few carriers simultaneously. The communications capacity needed to support future military forces on the move will require satellite payload power amplifiers to support hundreds of channels simultaneously, with the channels spread over the entire military UHF SATCOM band. To meet the capacity requirements and simultaneously meet the out-of-band emission, power amplifiers will have to be highly linear. The high-efficiency, ultra-linear power amplifier architecture proposed to support the requirements can only be met by use of linearity improvement techniques. The literature search revealed many power amplifier linearity improvement techniques. Each technique was reviewed to determine its suitability for the proposed power amplifier architecture. The adaptive digital predistortion technique was found to be the most suitable in terms of bandwidth, correction achievable, and complication. A discussion on common linearization techniques is presented, followed by analysis of the adaptive digital predistortion technique. A SIMULINK simulation model of an adaptive digital predistorter was developed. The simulation results show that adaptive digital predistortion was able to significantly reduce the Inter-Modulation Distortion (IMD) terms generated by a memory-less power amplifier operating in the 240 MHz to 270 MHz range. An actual hardware implementation of adaptive digital predistorter was constructed and the test results show that there was a large reduction in IMD terms generated by a memory-less power amplifier. In the contrary, the results show there is only moderate improvement in IMD performance if the power amplifier has memory. The electrical memory in the power amplifier with memory was minimized, but this resulted only a modest improvement in the IMD performance. Therefore, it was concluded the majority of the memory effect was due to thermal memory.

Semantic role labeling is an important stage in systems for Natural Language Understanding. The basic problem is one of identifying who did what to whom for each predicate in a sentence. Thus labeling is a two-step process: identify constituent phrases that are arguments to a predicate, then label those arguments with appropriate thematic roles. Existing systems for semantic role labeling use machine learning methods to assign roles one-at-a-time to candidate arguments. There are several drawbacks to this general approach. First, more than one candidate can be assigned the same role, which is undesirable. Second, the search for each candidate argument is exponential with respect to the number of words in the sentence. Third, single-role assignment cannot take advantage of dependencies known to exist between semantic roles of predicate arguments, such as their relative juxtaposition. And fourth, execution times for existing algorithm are excessive, making them unsuitable for real-time use. This thesis seeks to obviate these problems by approaching semantic role labeling as a multi-argument classification process. It observes that the only valid arguments to a predicate are unembedded constituent phrases that do not overlap that predicate. Given that semantic role labeling occurs after parsing, this thesis proposes an algorithm that systematically traverses the parse tree when looking for arguments, thereby eliminating the vast majority of impossible candidates. Moreover, instead of assigning semantic roles one at a time, an algorithm is proposed to assign all labels simultaneously; leveraging dependencies between roles and eliminating the problem of duplicate assignment. Experimental results are provided as evidence to show that a combination of the proposed argument identification and multi-argument classification algorithms outperforms all existing systems that use the same syntactic information.

This thesis is concerned with the accuracy of our estimation of time to make contact with an approaching object as measured by the “Prediction Motion” (PM) technique. The PM task has commonly been used to measure the ability to judge time to contact (TTC). In a PM task, the observer's view of the target is occluded for some period leading up to the moment of impact. The length of the occlusion period is varied and the observer signals the moment of impact by pressing a response key. The interval separating the moment of occlusion and the response is interpreted as the observer's estimate of TTC made at the moment of occlusion. This technique commonly produces large variability and systematic underestimation. The possibility that this reflects genuine perceptual errors has been discounted by most writers, since this seems inconsistent with the accuracy of interceptive actions in real life. Instead, the poor performance in the PM task has been attributed to problems with the PM technique. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the poor PM performance. The motion extrapolation hypothesis asserts that some form of mental representation of the occluded part of the trajectory is used to time the PM response; the errors in PM performance are attributed to errors in reconstructing the target motion. The clocking hypothesis assumes that the TTC is accurately perceived at the moment of occlusion and that errors arise in delaying the response for the required period. The fear-of-collision hypothesis proposes that the underestimation seen in the PM tasks reflects a precautionary tendency to anticipate the estimated moment of contact. This thesis explores the causes of the errors in PM measurements. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the PM performance using a range of motion scenarios involving various patterns of movement of the target, the observer, or both. The possible contribution of clocking errors to the PM performance was assessed by a novel procedure designed to measure errors in the wait-and-respond component of the PM procedure. In both experiments, this procedure yielded a pattern of systematic underestimation and high variability similar to that in the TTC estimation task. Experiment 1 found a small effect of motion scenario on TTC estimation. However, this was not evident in Experiment 2. The collision event simulated in Experiment 2 did not involve a solid collision. The target was simply a rectangular frame marked on a tunnel wall. At the moment of “contact”, the observers passed “through” the target without collision. However, there was still systematic underestimation of TTC and there was little difference between the estimates obtained in Experiments 1 and 2. Overall, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 were seen as inconsistent with either the motion extrapolation hypothesis or the fear-of-collision hypothesis. It was concluded that observers extracted an estimate of the TTC based on optic TTC information at a point prior to the moment of collision, and used a timing process to count down to the moment of response. The PM errors were attributed to failure in this timing process. The results of these experiments were seen as implying an accurate perception of TTC. It was considered possible that in Experiments 1 and 2 observers based their TTC judgements on either the retinal size or the expansion rate of the target rather than TTC. Experiments 3 and 4 therefore investigated estimation of TTC using a range of simulated target velocities and sizes. TTC estimates were unaffected by the resulting variation in expansion rate and size, indicating that TTC, rather than retinal size or image expansion rate per se, was used to time the observers' response. The accurate TTC estimation found in Experiments 1-4 indicates that the TTC processing is very robust across a range of stimulus conditions. Experiment 5 further explored this robustness by requiring estimation of TTC with an approaching target which rotated in the frontoparallel plane. It was shown that moderate but not fast rates of target rotation induced an overestimation of TTC. However, observers were able to discriminate between TTCs for all rates of rotation. This shows that the extraction of TTC information is sensitive to perturbation of the local motion of the target border, but it implies that, in spite of these perturbations, the mechanism is flexible enough to pick up the optic TTC information provided by the looming of the retinal motion envelop of the rotating stimulus.

La réglementation plus sévère sur les niveaux de matières particulaires (PM) en atmosphère ambiante fixée par l'Union européenne à l'horizon 2015 impose de pouvoir quantifier les contributions des différentes sources d'émission. Les sources d'émissions primaires de particules peuvent être anthropiques (chauffage au bois, au fioul, émissions véhiculaires ou industrielles, combustion de déchets verts, activités de cuisine,...) ou naturelles (végétaux, poussières crustales). Des processus secondaires de formation des particules (conversion gaz-particules) peuvent également contribuer aux taux de PM mesurés. L'identification et la quantification des sources peuvent être conduites notamment à travers l'étude de la composante organique des aérosols réalisée à partir d'analyses chimiques de prélèvements sur filtres en atmosphère ambiante ou à l'émission. Dans ce travail, des méthodologies de caractérisation des sources d'émission par l'analyse de la fraction organique des PM et la quantification de leur influence sur les concentrations ambiantes en particules fines ont été développées et/ou adaptées de méthodologies existantes sur de nombreux sites d'observation. Une attention particulière a été portée sur différents sites de la région Rhône-Alpes où de nombreux épisodes de dépassements des valeurs limites en PM sont régulièrement enregistrés. Les méthodologies ont été développés dans un premier temps sur un site urbain de référence (sites des Frênes à Grenoble) et s'appuient à la fois sur des approches qualitatives d'études des sources (étude d'empreinte de grandes familles chimiques, utilisation de ratios de composés traceurs) et quantitatives (ACP, mesures isotopiques du carbone, Molecular-Marker Chemical Mass Balance). Elles permettent une bonne estimation des sources de matière organique (OM) et des PM en hiver. Leurs applications à d'autres sites de topologies différentes (ruraux, fond de vallées, proximités de sources, marin) en France et en Suisse et à d'autres saisons a permis de montrer la complémentarité des différentes approches introduites et la nécessité de leur adaptation aux spécificités des sites pour permettre une bonne estimation des PM. L'estimation des contributions des sources à l'OM reste cependant encore à améliorer. De plus, dans le cadre de leur application à des sites de vallées alpines suisses, l'approche quantitative de type CMB basée sur l'étude de traceurs organiques a pu être confrontée à une méthode basée sur l'étude de la composante inorganique des aérosols. Les méthodologies développées et mises en œuvre au cours de ce travail constituent des outils de référence dans le cadre d'études des sources d'aérosol à portée scientifique ou réglementaire à l'échelle nationale ou internationale.