The fine and ultra fine size of diesel particulate mater (DPM) are of great health concern and significantly contribute to the overall cancer risk. In addition, diesel particles may contribute a warming effect on the planet's climate. The composition of these particles is composed principally of elemental carbon (EC) with adsorbed organic compounds, sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, metals, and other trace elements. The purpose of this study was to depict the seasonality and modeling of particulate matter in the Southeastern US produced by the diesel fueled sources (DFSs). The modeling results came from four one-month cases including March, June, September, and December to represent different seasons in 2003 by linking Models-3/CMAQ and SMOKE. The 1999 National Emissions Inventory Version 3 (NEI99) was used in this analysis for point, area, and non-road sources, whereas the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) was used to create the on-road emissions. Three urban areas, Atlanta, Birmingham, and Nashville were selected to analyze the DPM emissions and concentrations. Even though the model performance was not very strong, it could be considered satisfactory to conduct seasonal distribution analysis for DPM. Important hourly DPM seasonality was observed in each city, of which higher values occurred at the morning traffic rush hours. The EC contributions of primary DPM were similar for all three sites (~ 74%). The results showed that there is no significant daily seasonality of DPM contribution to PM2.5 for any of these three cities in 2003. The annual DPM contribution to total PM2.5 for Atlanta, Nashville, and Birmingham were 3.7%, 2.5%, and 2.2%, respectively.

Due to the rapid economic growth and industrial development in China, the constantly soaring upGDP has made many people believe that the golden age of China has come. But along with the boomingdevelopment, the neglect and violation of the natural environment has brought intensive discussion and criticism.Moreover, during past decades, frequent natural disasters and extreme weathers resulting from human activitieshave made local dwellers suffer from economical loss, as well as physical harm. Thus more attention fromwithin the country has been drawn to the environmental issues; media reports, national debates and researcheshave been going on for years. Among which, the problem of air pollution has caught a large public concern,especially when the PM 2.5 in Chinese metropolises like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi’an etc. exceeded900 micrograms per cubic meter. In previous analysis of PM 2.5 pollutants in developing countries, it has beenfound that most of those aerosol particles are from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, and in China’s case,coal burning has been blamed largely, due to the fact that the use of coal takes up about 70% of total energyconsumption. Based on data analysis and chemical ratio examination, this thesis is to find out the connectionbetween PM 2.5 and Coal burning in China’s capital city Beijing.

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No description available.

L’exposition humaine aux particules atmosphérique (PM) est une préoccupation majeure de santé publique. La pollution particulaire est constituée de particules grossières (PM10 diamètre < 10 μm), de particules fines (PM2.5 diamètre < 2.5 μm) et de particules ultrafines (PUF ou PM0.1 diamètre < 100 nm). L’excès de mortalité constaté par les études épidémiologiques est principalement associé aux pathologies respiratoires et cardiovasculaires. Après inhalation, les particules les plus fines (PM2.5 et PUF) pénètrent profondément dans les voies respiratoires jusqu’aux alvéoles pulmonaires. Des études ont montré qu’elles peuvent franchir la barrière alvéolo-capillaire pour se retrouver dans la circulation systémique et y exercer leurs effets délétères sur les organes cibles tel que le système cardiovasculaire. La circulation pulmonaire constitue donc une cible privilégiée des particules inhalées, particulièrement les cellules endothéliales qui tapissent la lumière des vaisseaux. L’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) est une pathologie de la circulation pulmonaire caractérisée par un remodelage des vaisseaux pulmonaires, une hyperréactivité et une inflammation. Des études récentes ont montré le rôle prépondérant du calcium et du stress oxydant dans la physiopathologie de cette maladie. Cependant, peu d’études mécanistiques visent à expliquer les effets des PM sur les cellules cibles vasculaires pulmonaires. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à mieux caractériser les effets cellulaires et moléculaires des particules sur les cellules endothéliales d’artères pulmonaires humaines (HPAEC). L’impact des PM2.5 et des nanoparticules (NPs) noires de carbone (FW2) sur les cellules endothéliales d’artères pulmonaires humaines entraine des dérégulations de l’homéostasie cellulaire. En effet, nos résultats montrent une augmentation significative du stress oxydant et, notamment, de la production d’anion superoxyde cytoplasmique et mitochondrial, des perturbations de la signalisation calcique, des dommages mitochondriaux, ainsi qu’un déséquilibre de la sécrétion de facteurs vasoactifs tels que le monoxyde d’azote (NO). Nous avons, également, étudié sur ces cellules cibles vasculaires pulmonaires humaines, dans des conditions physiologique et pathologique mimant l’HTP, les effets des particules sur la signalisation calcique ainsi que le rôle du stress oxydant dans les effets observés. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, développé et validé un modèle in vitro qui mime la dynamique vasculaire observée dans l’HTP. Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons observé les effets des NPs FW2, dans les deux conditions expérimentales. Nos résultats montrent, dans les cellules placées en conditions pathologiques, une augmentation significative de la production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) ainsi qu’une augmentation significative de la réponse pro-inflammatoire caractérisée par la sécrétion d’interleukines telles que l’IL-6 par rapport aux cellules placées en condition physiologique. De plus, la signalisation calcique semble également altérée dans les conditions pathologiques. / Human exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is a health risk concern. Particulate air pollution is composed of different PM: coarse particles (PM10 diameter < 10 μm), fine particles (PM2.5 diameter < 2.5 μm) and ultrafine particles (UFP) (PM0.1 diameter < 100 nm). The excess of mortality observed in several epidemiological studies is mainly associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. After inhalation, the finest particles (PM2.5 and UFP) penetrate deeply into the airways, accumulate in pulmonary alveoli, cross the epithelial barrier to reach the pulmonary circulation and exert deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. Inhaled particles are therefore observed in the pulmonary circulation, in direct contact with endothelial cells lining the inner surface of blood artery. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is the main disease of the pulmonary circulation characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary wall, changes in pulmonary vascular hyperactivity and inflammation. Oxidative stress and alteration in calcium signaling are also critical events involved in the physiopathology of PH. However, the effect of PM on these pulmonary vascular cellular targets is poorly described. In this context, the objectives of the present study are to assess the cellular and molecular effects of particle exposures in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC). Our results highlighted various cellular homeostasis alterations of HPAEC in response to PM2.5 and black carbon nanoparticles (FW2 NPs). We observed a significant increase of oxidative stress including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide anion production in concentration dependent-manner. Moreover, we observed calcium signaling alterations, mitochondrial damages, as well as a deregulation of vasoactive factors secretion such as nitric oxide (NO). Finally, we studied these cellular targets under physiological and pathological conditions mimicking PH. We have first developed a new in vitro model that mimics the vascular dynamics observed in the PH. Then, we investigated the effects of FW2 NPs in both experimental conditions. Our results showed, in pathological conditions, a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory response characterized by interleukin secretion such as IL-6 as compared to cells in physiological condition. In addition, the calcium signaling seemed also be impaired in pathological conditions.

Most co-benefits studies have been conducted on local or national scales. However, we find that for a coordinated international GHG reduction, much of the air quality and health benefits come from GHG reductions in foreign nations. This is particularly true for ozone, which has a longer atmospheric lifetime than PM2.5, and which is affected by methane reductions. Together these findings show that co-benefits for air quality and health are greater when GHG reductions are coordinated with other nations. These results also show that previous co-benefits studies on local or national scale may significantly underestimate the total co-benefits by omitting i.) the benefits of domestic pollutant reductions for regions outside of the domain considered, and ii.) the benefits of foreign GHG reductions if the domestic reduction is coordinated with international action.

No description available.

Les aérosols atmosphériques (par exemple les matières particulaires ou PM) sont une source majeure d’incertitude dans les modèles climatiques. Plusieurs études ont démontré que des concentrations élevées de PM réduisent l’espérance de vie. Les aérosols organiques secondaires (Secondary Organic Aerosols en anglais, SOA) sont formés dans l’atmosphère à partir des précurseurs gazeux à travers les réactions chimiques et les SOA représentent des composants majeurs de la masse des PM à l’échelle mondiale. Afin de mieux comprendre les processus chimiques responsables de la formation des SOA, un modèle en 0-D est élaboré pour simuler dynamiquement l’évolution des espèces organiques dans une parcelle d’air qui subit une oxydation photochimique produisant des SOA. Le modèle incorpore des paramètres récemment publiés pour la formation des SOA à partir des composés organiques volatiles (VOCs), ainsi que des composés organiques semi-volatiles et des composés organiques à volatilité intermédiaire (SVOCs et IVOCs). Le modèle est restreint par plusieurs mesures de précurseurs, incluant des mesures récemment développées qui fournissent des contraintes grandement améliorées sur les concentrations des précurseurs, et les prédictions sont comparées par rapport aux mesures des SOA prises au cours de la campagne CalNex. Lorsque les effets des pertes sur les parois des chambres à smog sont considérés pour les rendements des VOCs, la quantité et la vitesse de la formation des SOA dans le modèle sont plus en accord avec les observations. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les SVOCs et les IVOCs primaires sont responsables de la majorité (70 à 86 %) de la masse de SOA modélisée, accentuant leur grande contribution en tant que précurseurs des SOA. Cependant, la masse de SOA simulée est sous-estimée à des temps courts d’oxydation lorsque comparée aux données sur le terrain, mais à des temps plus longs, un accord modèle/mesures est observé. Cet écart peut être dû à un ΔIVOC/ΔCO ratio d’émission bas ou une sous-estimation basse des constantes d’oxydations des IVOCs, ce qui met en évidence la nécessité de poursuivre les études sur le terrain et dans les laboratoires de ces composés. / Atmospheric aerosols (i.e. particulate matter or PM) are a major source of uncertainty in climate models. Many studies have also shown that elevated concentrations of PM reduce life expectancies. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors through chemical reactions and SOA represents a major component of PM mass globally. To better understand the chemical pathways responsible for SOA formation, a box model is designed to simulate dynamically the evolution of organic species in an air parcel as it undergoes photochemical oxidation producing SOA. The model incorporates recently published parameterizations for the formation of SOA from volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as from semi-volatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (SVOCs and IVOCs). The model is constrained by several measurements of precursors, including recently developed measurements that provide greatly improved constraints on precursor concentrations, and the predications are compared against measurements of SOA taken during the CalNex campaign. When accounting for the effect of chamber wall-losses on VOC yields, the amount and rate of SOA formation in the model is more consistent with observations. The results of this study also indicate that the primary SVOCs and IVOCs are responsible for a majority (70 – 86 %) of the model SOA mass, emphasizing their high contribution as SOA precursors. However, the SOA mass predicted is underestimated at shorter photochemical ages when compared to field measurements, but at longer ages, model/measurement agreement is observed. This bias may be due to low IVOC/CO emissions ratios or low estimated IVOC oxidation rate constants, which highlights the need for further field and laboratory studies of these compounds.

State Air Pollution Regulation Agencies (SAPRAs) issue and enforce permits that limit particulate matter emissions from all sources including layer and broiler facilities, cattle feedyards, dairies, cotton gins, and grain elevators. In this research, a process was developed to determine distances from emitting sources to where the estimated concentrations were less than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). These distances are a function of emission rates and meteorological conditions. Different protocols were used to develop emission factors for cattle feedyards and layer houses. Dispersion modeling with American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) was conducted to determine the emissions of particulate matter. These data were used to determine the distances from the sources to where the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) would be less than the NAAQS. The current air-permitting process requires that concentrations from a source do not exceed the NAAQS at the property line and beyond for the facility to be in compliance with its permit conditions. Emission factors for particulate matter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) were developed for cattle feedyards using a reverse modeling protocol and Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) sampler data. Corrections were applied to the TEOM measurements to account for TEOM vs. filter-based low-volume (FBLV) sampler bias and over-sampling of PM10 pre-collectors. Invalid concentrations and dust peaks larger than mean ± 3 times the standard deviation were excluded from this study. AERMOD predictions of downwind concentrations at cotton gins were observed for compliance with 24-hour PM10 and PM2.5 NAAQS at property lines. The emissions from three cotton gins were analyzed at 50 m and 100 m distances. TEOM and FBLV samplers were used to collect 24-hour PM10 measurements inside a laying hen house. The distances to the property lines at which the emissions of PM10 were below the 24-hour average PM10 standards were estimated using AERMOD. The results suggested that the special use of the NAAQS for as the property-line concentration not to be exceeded, could be problematic to agriculture. Emission factors that were comparable of published emission factors were obtained in this study. Large distances to property lines were required when minimum flow rate recommendations were not considered. Emission factors that are representative of the emissions in a particular facility are essential; else facilities could be inappropriately regulated.

Emissions of air pollutants from non-conventional sources have been on the rise in the North Texas area over the past decade. These include primary pollutants such as volatile organic compound (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) which also act as precursors in the formation of ozone. Most of these have been attributed to a significant increase in oil and gas production activities since 2000 within the Barnett Shale region adjacent to the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex region. In this study, air quality concentrations measured at the Denton Airport and Dallas Hinton monitoring sites operated by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) were evaluated. VOC concentration data from canister-based sampling along with continuous measurement of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5), and meteorological conditions at these two sites spanning from 2000 through 2014 were employed in this study. The Dallas site is located within the urban core of one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, while the Denton site is an exurban site with rural characteristics to it. The Denton Airport site was influenced by natural gas pads surrounding it while there are very few natural gas production facilities within close proximity to the Dallas Hinton site. As of 2013, there were 1362 gas pads within a 10 mile radius to the Denton Airport site but there were only 2 within a 10 mile radius to Dallas Hinton site. The Dallas site displayed higher concentrations of NOx and much lower concentrations of VOC than the Denton site. Extremely high levels of VOC measured at the Denton site corresponded with the increase in oil and gas production activities in close proximity to the monitoring site. Ethane and propane are two major contributors to the measured VOC concentration, suggesting the influence of fugitive emissions of natural gas. In Dallas, the mean and maximum values of ozone had decreased since 2000 by about 2% and 25%, respectively. Similarly NOx decreased by 50% and 18% in the mean and maximum values. However, the mean VOC value showed a 21% decrease while the maximum value increased by about 46%. In Denton, the change in percentage of ozone and NOx were similar to Dallas but the mean VOC concentration increased by about 620% while the max value increased 1960%. Source apportionment analysis confirmed the findings by identifying the production of natural gas to be the primary source of VOC emissions in Denton, while traffic sources were more influential near the Dallas site. In light of the recent proposal by EPA to revise the ozone standard, the influence of these new unconventional sources should be further evaluated.