Memoria para optar al título de Arquitecto / Durante los últimos años, se ha venido formulando en base a una lógica sistemática, una serie de políticas y programas que han buscado ocuparse de los problemas que afectan a los condominios de vivienda social en altura. Al respecto, el mejoramiento de las condiciones de habitabilidad, la identificación de riesgos-amenazas y el fortalecimiento de la organización comunitaria han estado directamente relacionados con un componente arquitectónico, uno social y otro legal, los que proponen en conjunto, un desafío para lograr una intervención sostenida en el tiempo. En este sentido, en el año 2011 surge el Programa de Mejoramiento de Condominios Sociales (PMCS) cuyo propósito es “mejorar la organización de la comunidad y la calidad de la infraestructura en condominios sociales que presentan un alto nivel de deterioro y vulnerabilidad, a través de proyectos de intervención física y la aplicación de la Ley de Copropiedad Inmobiliaria” (MINVU, 2011:4). Sin embargo, se desconoce si bajo la operación de demanda como estrategia del Programa se estén atendiendo los problemas más prioritarios en el deterioro de las áreas y bienes comunes de los condominios y qué tan integral es la solución a la realidad que enfrentan los conjuntos. Esto genera conflictos entre la lógica sectorial y los desafíos que plantea el habitar, donde existe un desequilibrio entre las características multidimensionales del problema versus una solución limitada y sectorizada. Este trabajo pretende analizar la pertinencia del PMCS para resolver los diversos problemas de deterioro y obsolescencia del hábitat residencial y del habitar en este tipo de viviendas, seleccionando como territorio objetivo a condominios sociales que sean objeto del programa y que estén ubicados en las comunas de Recoleta e Independencia. Este territorio alberga una variedad de tipologías de construcción tomando en consideración el surgimiento y consolidación de los colectivos y bloques de conjuntos habitacionales como prototipo de vivienda estandarizada para su implementación masiva. Se realiza una observación sistemática de los diversos requerimientos de mejoramiento en los condominios de las comunas mencionadas y la dinámica social que se produce en ellos, con el fin de estimar tendencias que aporten a comprender la oferta que entrega el PMCS y cómo ha influido en el mejoramiento del hábitat residencial de estas viviendas. Para ello, se realiza una revisión bibliográfica del programa, la observación en terreno y documentación de los distintos casos de estudio y la aplicación de entrevistas a informantes claves de organismos institucionales y a los dirigentes de cada condominio. A partir de lo anterior se plantea que, si bien el PMCS se hace cargo de la dimensión físico-espacial en su multiescalaridad, ya sea sobre los bloques de vivienda como en las áreas comunes de los condominios, su labor resulta insuficiente pues no logra resolver el problema de deterioro en su totalidad. Sumado a ello, existen fricciones en el ámbito sociocultural que afectan directamente el habitar, la organización de las comunidades y que el Programa no remedia eficazmente.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are fundamental and indispensable to embryonic morphogenesis throughout the animal kingdom. At the onset of gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo, micromere-derived primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) undergo an EMT process to ingress into the blastocoel, and these cells later become the larval skeleton. Much has been learned about PMC specification in sea urchin embryos. However, much less is known about how states of the sequentially progressing PMC gene regulatory network (GRN) controls the EMT process during PMC ingression. Transcriptional regulators such as Snail and Twist have emerged as important molecules for controlling EMTs in many model systems. Sea urchin snail and twist genes were cloned from Lytechinus variegates, and each has been experimentally connected to the PMC regulatory network; these experiments demonstrate several requirements for PMC ingression, and in doing so, begin to illustrate how a gene regulatory network state controls morphogenesis. Functional knockdown analyses of Snail with morpholino-substituted antisense oligonucleotides (MASO) in whole embryos and chimeras demonstrated that Snail is required in micromeres for PMC ingression. Investigations also show that Snail downregulates cadherin expression as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, and Snail positively regulates a required endocytic clearance of epithelial membrane molecules during EMT. Perturbation experiments indicate that Twist has accessory roles in regulating PMC ingression, and possibly plays a maintenance role in PMC specification network state. In addition, Twist also functions in the post-EMT network state, particularly in directing PMC differentiation and skeletogenesis. The recently annotated sea urchin genome accelerates the discovery of new genes and holds strong promise of mapping out a complete canvas of the micromere-PMC gene regulatory network. Using the genome resources we successfully cloned several newly identified PMC genes, and found most of them to be expressed in micromeres just prior to ingression of the nascent PMCs. Current experiments focus on the roles of these genes in preparing for, executing, and/or controlling the mesenchymal behavior following PMC ingression. The functions and inter-relationships of these genes will greatly augment our understanding of how a gene regulatory network state controls a crucial morphogenetic event. / Dissertation

abstract: This PhD thesis consists of three main themes. The first part focusses on modeling of Silver (Ag)-Chalcogenide glass based resistive memory devices known as the Programmable Metallization Cell (PMC). The proposed models are examined with the Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulations. In order to find a relationship between electrochemistry and carrier-trap statistics in chalcogenide glass films, an analytical mapping for electron trapping is derived. Then, a physical-based model is proposed in order to explain the dynamic behavior of the photodoping mechanism in lateral PMCs. At the end, in order to extract the time constant of ChG materials, a method which enables us to determine the carriers’ mobility with and without the UV light exposure is proposed. In order to validate these models, the results of TCAD simulations using Silvaco ATLAS are also presented in the study, which show good agreement. In the second theme of this dissertation, a new model is presented to predict single event transients in 1T-1R memory arrays as an inverter, where the PMC is modeled as a constant resistance while the OFF transistor is model as a diode in parallel to a capacitance. The model divides the output voltage transient response of an inverter into three time segments, where an ionizing particle striking through the drain–body junction of the OFF-state NMOS is represented as a photocurrent pulse. If this current source is large enough, the output voltage can drop to a negative voltage. In this model, the OFF-state NMOS is represented as the parallel combination of an ideal diode and the intrinsic capacitance of the drain–body junction, while a resistance represents an ON-state NMOS. The proposed model is verified by 3-D TCAD mixed-mode device simulations. In order to investigate the flexibility of the model, the effects of important parameters, such as ON-state PMOS resistance, doping concentration of p-region in the diode, and the photocurrent pulse are scrutinized. The third theme of this dissertation develops various models together with TCAD simulations to model the behavior of different diamond-based devices, including PIN diodes and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). Diamond is a very attractive material for contemporary power semiconductor devices because of its excellent material properties, such as high breakdown voltage and superior thermal conductivity compared to other materials. Collectively, this research project enhances the development of high power and high temperature electronics using diamond-based semiconductors. During the fabrication process of diamond-based devices, structural defects particularly threading dislocations (TDs), may affect the device electrical properties, and models were developed to account of such defects. Recognition of their behavior helps us understand and predict the performance of diamond-based devices. Here, the electrical conductance through TD sites is shown to be governed by the Poole-Frenkel emission (PFE) for the temperature (T) range of 323 K ˂ T ˂ 423 K. Analytical models were performed to fit with experimental data over the aforementioned temperature range. Next, the Silvaco Atlas tool, a drift-diffusion based TCAD commercial software, was used to model diamond-based BJTs. Here, some field plate methods are proposed in order to decrease the surface electric field. The models used in Atlas are modified to account for both hopping transport in the impurity bands associated with high activation energies for boron doped and phosphorus doped diamond. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

The commercialisation of military services has increased in importance since the end of the Cold War. Commercial Military Service Providers (CMSPs) have found increased respectability and worked in states on every continent. Writing on CMSPs has similarly increased. Several high profile incidents have come under intense scrutiny, and has led to some portions of the literature demonising their use. However, there are still conceptual and theoretical issues which have been under explored. This thesis contributes to the literature which has sought to address this theoretical lacuna. Historical Sociology and comparative analysis are employed to analyse the implications of CMSP use on the state. A modified version of the Ideological, Economic, Military and Political (IEMP) model developed by Michael Mann, is used to theorise the impact of commercial security providers on existing sources of power within the state, and the relationship between them. The thesis uses two case studies which are representative of the use of CMSPs during this time period. The Sierra Leone Civil War and the invasion and reconstruction of Iraq since 2003. It will be argued that CMSPs alter the balance between power structures within the state, positively and negatively affecting the power of the state. The short term use of CMSPs has proven to be useful and of increasing importance; especially when military weakness is an urgent problem. However, although there has been no example of CMSPs intentionally threatening state stability, they can also subvert the power of the state. CMSPs, particularly when used for an extended period, have undermined the relationship between the sources of power, undermining political stability. Most significantly they weakened the state by undermining the strength it gains from its embeddedness in society.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka betydelsen av relationen tränare har till sina spelare och huruvida detta påverkar motivationen och motivationsklimatet. Frågeställningar: -       Finns det ett samband mellan upplevd relation till tränare och motivationen? -       Finns det ett samband mellan upplevd relation till tränare och upplevt motivationsklimat? -       Finns det skillnader i motivationsnivå och motivationsklimat beroende på spelarnas kön, ålder, samt tränarnas erfarenhet eller tränarnas utbildningsnivå? Metod: Urvalet bestod av åtta fotbollslag i Stockholmsområdet med totalt 102 fotbollsspelare i åldrarna 12–14 (12 år = 44, 13 år = 45, 14 år = 13) samt åtta tränare, en för varje lag som deltog. För att mäta relationen mellan tränare och spelare användes Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, för motivationen användes Sports Motivation Scale och slutligen för upplevt motivationsklimat Perceived Motivational Climate Scale. Korrelationsanalyser genomfördes med hjälp av bivariat analys i SPSS. För att se skillnader jämförde vi medelvärden med hjälp av T-test samt MANOVA-test för skillnader mellan flera grupper. Resultat: Det fanns statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan upplevd relation till sin tränare och motivation, mellan upplevd relation till sin tränare och upplevt motivationsklimat. Spelare som hade tränare med eftergymnasial utbildning upplevde högre motivation. Ju mer erfaren tränare desto mindre engagemang upplevde spelare från sin tränare och motivationsklimatet upplevdes då också som mer resultatinriktat. Slutsats: Studien visade att genom en god relation till sina spelare skapar tränare goda förutsättningar för att främja inre motivation hos fotbollsspelare. Vilket motivationsklimat som tränare skapar speglar spelares syn på sig själva och kan båda öka eller sänka den motivation som spelare upplever. Genom att arbeta uppgiftsorienterat ökar chansen att spelare känner sig mer motiverade. Även andra faktorer kan påverka resultaten såsom lagets prestationer och sammansättningen av spelare, därför behövs studier där förändringen av beteende hos tränare undersöks för att se om samma resultat uppstår. Tränare bör jobba uppgiftsorienterat för att främja den inre motivationen hos spelare och minimera risker för avhopp samt jobba individanpassat för att bibehålla en god relation med spelare. / <p>Ämneslärarprogram, Specialidrott</p>

No / The goal of this study was to investigate the fibre orientation distribution (FOD), and subsequent mechanical properties, of an injection moulded plate with two different number averaged fibre lengths, termed in this paper medium (1.35 mm) and long (2.40 mm). Fibre orientation measurements (FOD) were made using the 2D elliptical section method and an in-house developed image analyser. The samples were injected from a pin gate located at the centre and top of the plate. Expansion flow on the divergent flow front from this pin gate resulted in a core region with circumferential alignment, while through thickness shear resulted in the usual realignment of fibres in the flow direction either side of the core, termed the shell layers. Two interesting aspects were discovered from these measurements. First, and most importantly, the FOD was found to be independent of the two fibre lengths in this study, and so predominantly controlled by the mould shape and the interaction with the flow front. Second, the fibres in the core region were found to be much closer packed than those in the shell regions. The interaction between the flow front and the mould shape resulted in a range of FOD across the moulded plate, from equal in-plane orientation at the centre of the plate, to highly aligned at the plate edge. This gave a very useful set of samples from which to test out the well known modified rule of mixtures (MROM). Often the fibre orientation distribution cannot be measured directly, but indirectly using the modified rule of mixtures model in reverse. The samples from this moulding (at two different average fibre lengths) gave an excellent opportunity to validate this often used approach. Both the tensile modulus and strength (measured parallel to the injection direction) were found to show a strong correlation with the measured fibre orientation, with a significant increase in both measures between the centre and the edge of both plates. The increased length of the ‘long’ fibre plate was found to give only a small increase in tensile modulus but a much larger increase in tensile strength. The tensile modulus showed a linear dependence with the measured fourth order orientation tensor average, 〈cos4 θ〉, with respect to the injection direction of the plate, as predicted by the modified rule of mixtures. Excellent agreement was found between the measured modulus and the predictions from the modified rule of mixtures, based only on measured quantities (matrix modulus, fibre fraction and average fibre length) for both plates.

Private military and security companies (PMSCs) are established actors in the global militaryindustry. The adaptation to utilize PMSCs as a complement to national militaries has increased their importance significantly. PMSCs have gained attention due to similarities with outlawed mercenary activity, causing legal implications and difficulties regulating them. However, the risks that PMSC recruits experience are not addressed sufficiently. Thus, this study aims to scrutinize and analyze how PMSCs recruitment relates to risk, which risks exist for the recruits, and how the recruits’ origin affects risks. By developing the idea of Risk-Transfer War with the Global South and Global North concept, the study gains insight into how Risk-Transfer can beextended to the private military industry. The study shows that economic, physical, and political risks are present for PMSC recruits, and the recruits from the Global South are the most affectedby them. The globalized private military industry enables countries that utilize PMSCs which recruit from the Global South, to get a cheaper, more flexible workforce with fewer politicalimplications. However, the Global South recruits are paid less than their Northern colleagues, they are getting little to no recognition for their sacrifices while risking their lives for the secompanies in hopes of a better livelihood. By understanding PMSCs and their recruitmentprocesses better, we can adjust issues in current regulations.

It was found that a significant improvement of mechanical properties of CFRPs can be achieved by the adjustment of the matrix properties such as toughness and CF/matrix adhesion via the chemical modification, as well as the physical modification by a small amount of cheap and environment-friendly nano fibers. Based on investigation of fracture mechanisms at macro/micro scale, the effects of matrix properties and nano fiber on the mechanical properties of CFRP have been discussed. Subsequently, the relationship has been characterized by a numerical model to show how to modulate the parameters of the matrix properties to achieve excellent fatigue properties of CFRP. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University