SammanfattningUrban kids är ytterfunktionskläder för citybarn. Projektet har gått ut på att utveckla funktionskläderför höst och vintersäsong som står i kontrast till outdoor- och sportföretagens estetiska värde. Målgruppen är modeintresserade stadsföräldrar som inte drar sig för att betala det lilla extra för att få en produkt som går i linje med deras livsstil. Syftet med arbetet var att ta fram underlag för att visa att det går att göra tekniskt funktionella ytterfunktionskläder för barn som inte klär sig sportigt.Med hjälp av idégenereringar och en mood board, ett bildkollage för känslan som produkten ska utstråla, har ett koncept arbetats fram under stilnamnet “rockig lekfullhet”. Detta blir ett koncept som är en motsats till det sportiga uttrycket.Genom hela projektets gång har designprocessen varit en vägledning för att nå målet. Detta innebäratt arbetet började med en grundläggande research inom material, miljö och certifieringar, funktionskläders uppbyggnad, konkurrenter, säkerhet och riktlinjer för barnkläder samt användareoch målgrupp. Vidare fortsatte processen med idégenerering och skissning för att ta fram tre koncept som efter utvärdering mot en funktionsanalys skulle resultera i ett slutgiltigt koncept för vidareutveckling.Slutresultatet är en jacka och byxa i skalmodell, vilket gör att plaggen kan användas under en längre period under säsongen. De mest utsatta delarna är försedda med en grövre, mer slitstark textil. Kulörvalet på denna modell är svart. Detta på grund av att den inspirerats av en rockigare attityd, där svart ofta förekommer, men det är inte det enda argumentet. Svart är en mer neutral kulör då plaggen är anpassade för både pojkar och flickor. Det är även en praktisk kulör då smuts inte framträder lika tydligt som om plagget skulle vara i till exempel en ljusare kulör.En annan viktig aspekt som det fokuserats på under projektet är material som går i linje med ett hållbart tankesätt. Fokus har legat på att hitta ett funktionsmaterial som stödjer detta. I researchfasenframkom membranet Eco Storm från den japanska tillverkaren Teijin. Detta material är ett polyestermembran som levereras med en yttertextil av återvunnen polyester.Som slutsats till detta arbete har det framkommit att det går att göra funktionskläder med citykänsla.Detta är inget nytt, speciellt inte inom vuxensegmentet, men skillnaden är att man väljer bort de tekniska funktionsmaterialen för barnkläder. Med Urban kids är detta nu ett alternativ även för barn. / AbstractUrban kids- Functional apparel for rough environmentsUrban kids is functional apparel for city children. The aim for this project is to develop functional clothes for the autumn and the winter season which provides a contrast to the designs presented today by outdoor and sports companies. The target group is fashion oriented city parents that do not hesitate to pay a little extra for a product representing their life style. This project provides a foundation of information to support the idea that it is possible to design technically functional outer wear for children without the sporty look.By using brainstorming and a mood board, a picture collage which gives the essence of the product, the concept “rocky playfulness” was developed. This concept is a contrast to the sporty expression.Throughout the whole project the design process has been the guide to reach the goal. This means that the project started with a primary research on materials, sustainable issues and eco-certificate, competitors, safety and guidelines for children’s wear and requirements from the user and the target group. The process continued by brainstorming and sketching in order to present three concepts. By evaluation using a function analysis one final concept was chosen for further processing.The result is a jacket and a pair of trousers as shell garments in order to use it a longer period of time during the season. The parts of the clothes mostly exposed, are enhanced with stronger, more hardwearing fabric. The choice of colors is black. This is due to the inspiration by a rocky attitude where black is often seen, but it is however not the only reason. Black is a more genderneutral color suitable for both boys and girls. It is also a practical color considering that dirt doesn´t appear as clearly as if the garment had a brighter color.One other important aspect of this project is to use material coherent with recycling and a sustainableway of thinking, focusing on finding functional material which supports this. During the research the material Eco Storm, from the Japanese manufacturer Teijin, was found. It is a polyestermembrane with an outer fabric made of recycled polyester.The conclusion of this project is that it is possible to produce/design functional wear with an urban feeling. This is in itself nothing new, it has been used in adult clothing, but the difference is that the technical function materials are excluded in the children’s wear. With Urban kids this is now also an option for the children.

Plasma-based surface modifications offer many interesting possibilities for the production of high value-added polymeric materials. In this work, different plasma-based synthetic concepts were employed to endow poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics with accessible amine functionalities. These concepts were compared to find out the appropriate engineering methods, which can be further accepted by textile industries to overcome the limited reactivity of PET fabric surfaces, while the bulk characteristics are kept unaffected. Amine functionalities were introduced onto the surface of PET fabrics using either low-pressure ammonia plasma treatment or coating oxygen plasma-treated PET fabric with cationic polyelectrolytes. Two different cationic polyelectrolytes were used in this study namely poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as an example of strong polyelectrolytes and poly(vinyl amine-co-vinyl amide) as an example of weak polyelectrolytes. The modified surfaces were characterized by a combination of various surface-sensitive techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrokinetic measurements and time-dependent contact angle measurements. Furthermore, the amine functionalities introduced by different surface modifications were used for the subsequent immobilization of various classes of anionic dyes to evaluate the efficiency of different surface modifications. Color strength (K/S) and fastness measurements of colored fabrics were also explored. Their results can be taken as a measure of the extent of the interaction between different modified surfaces and anionic dyes. Finally, it was demonstrated that anchoring poly(vinyl amine-co-vinyl amide) layer onto PET fabric surfaces modified with low-pressure oxygen plasma is an efficient approach to improve coloration behavior and to overcome different problems related to PET fabrics coloration, such as coloration of PET/wool blend fabric with a single class of dyes. This is a crucial step towards the substrate independent surface coloration, which becomes dependent on the properties of the top layer rather than chemical structure of the fibers.

Fiber-reinforced composites comprise an important class of lightweight materials which are finding increasing applications in engineering structures including body components of automobiles and aircraft. Traditionally, synthetic fibers made of glass, carbon, etc. along with a polymeric resin have constituted the most common composites. However, due to environmental concern, occupational health safety considerations, higher cost, etc., research has been focused on substituting synthetic fibers, especially glass fibers with safer, economic and biodegradable natural fibers. Due to the ease of availability and affordability in terms of cost, woven jute mats, among a wide variety of natural fiber-based reinforcements, offer a good choice in combination with a suitable resin such as polyester or epoxy for fabrication of composite laminates. In structural applications, joining of parts made of jute fiber-reinforced composites (JFRCs) would be a natural requirement. Alternatives to joining processes for metals such as welding, riveting, etc. are required for composites. A joining process of high potential is adhesive bonding which has the advantages of reducing stress concentration, permitting fastening of dissimilar materials, etc. In the present study, adhesively bonded joints of JFRCs and their mechanical behavior are investigated under quasi-static and cyclic loading conditions. Initially, characterization of substrates is carried out under monotonic loading. This is followed by determination of stress- Strain curves, failure load and mean shear strength of bonded joints as functions of joint curing temperature and overlap length using a two-part structural epoxy adhesive. All tests are carried out according to relevant ASTM standards. It has been observed that higher curing temperatures give rise to only marginally high failure load and mean shear stress at failure compared to curing at room temperature. For a given curing temperature, failure load increases while mean shear strength decreases with respect to overlap length in both types of joints. As fatigue failure is a crucial consideration in design, the behavior of adhesively bonded JFRC joints is studied for the first time under cyclic loading conditions leading to the commonly-used S-N curve for characterization of failure of materials at different loading-unloading cycles. Interestingly, the fatigue strength for infinite life of adhesively bonded JFRC joints turns out to be approximately 30% of the quasi-static strength, a correlation which usually applies to materials in general. The effect of joint overlap length on fatigue life is studied and it is observed that the above relation between fatigue and quasi static strength is retained for different overlap lengths. Additionally, insights are provided into failure modes of joints under different loading conditions and for varying overlap lengths. Various empirical predictors such as exponent, power and hybrid models fitting the S-N curve are obtained and their relative efficacy (in terms of Coefficient of Determination R2, Adjusted-R2, Akaike’s Information Criterion and Residual Sum of Squares) enumerated in prediction of failure load including quasi-static failure load. As numerical simulation is an indispensable tool in designing geometrically complex structures under nonlinear conditions including failure and contact, finite element modeling of JFRC substrates, bulk adhesive and adhesively bonded joints has been investigated using implicit and explicit LS-DYNA solvers. In this context, the effects of various modeling parameters (mesh size and loading rate) and details of constitutive models capable of capturing plasticity and failure in an orthotropic composite and isotropic adhesive are discussed. Mesh size has been found to be an important parameter affecting computed results. Finally, a good correlation within ~(4% - 7%) was found between the predicted and experimental results for JFRC substrates, bulk adhesive and adhesively bonded single lap joints.

Diploma thesis deals with glass fiber surface modification using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in order to prepare functional interface that enhances the properties of polymer composites. The effect of deposition conditions on shear strength was observed with respect to the chemical composition of the deposited film. Thin films were deposited on planar substrates and fibers using monomer tetravinylsilane in a mixture with oxygen at selected power of plasma discharge. Chemical composition of prepared material was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Planar substrate film adhesion was measured using the scratch test. The composite sample was prepared by embedding the surface modified fibers in unsaturated polyester resin, followed by the curing process. The cured composite sample underwent the short beam shear test.

Plasma-based surface modifications offer many interesting possibilities for the production of high value-added polymeric materials. In this work, different plasma-based synthetic concepts were employed to endow poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics with accessible amine functionalities. These concepts were compared to find out the appropriate engineering methods, which can be further accepted by textile industries to overcome the limited reactivity of PET fabric surfaces, while the bulk characteristics are kept unaffected. Amine functionalities were introduced onto the surface of PET fabrics using either low-pressure ammonia plasma treatment or coating oxygen plasma-treated PET fabric with cationic polyelectrolytes. Two different cationic polyelectrolytes were used in this study namely poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as an example of strong polyelectrolytes and poly(vinyl amine-co-vinyl amide) as an example of weak polyelectrolytes. The modified surfaces were characterized by a combination of various surface-sensitive techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrokinetic measurements and time-dependent contact angle measurements. Furthermore, the amine functionalities introduced by different surface modifications were used for the subsequent immobilization of various classes of anionic dyes to evaluate the efficiency of different surface modifications. Color strength (K/S) and fastness measurements of colored fabrics were also explored. Their results can be taken as a measure of the extent of the interaction between different modified surfaces and anionic dyes. Finally, it was demonstrated that anchoring poly(vinyl amine-co-vinyl amide) layer onto PET fabric surfaces modified with low-pressure oxygen plasma is an efficient approach to improve coloration behavior and to overcome different problems related to PET fabrics coloration, such as coloration of PET/wool blend fabric with a single class of dyes. This is a crucial step towards the substrate independent surface coloration, which becomes dependent on the properties of the top layer rather than chemical structure of the fibers.

Dans le contexte de développement durable actuel, les matériaux biosourcés et biodégradables commencent à prendre une place importante d’un point de vue économique et écologique. L’objectif de remplacer les polyoléfines utilisées actuellement dans des domaines clés tels que l’emballage et l’automobile est cependant difficile car les matériaux « verts » sont rarement aussi performants. Ils présentent en général des lacunes au niveau de leurs propriétés mécaniques et sont sensibles à des dégradations qui limitent leur durée de vie. Le poly(butylène succinate) est un polyester connu depuis longtemps mais qui regagne de l’intérêt grâce à son potentiel biosourcé et biodégradable ainsi que ses propriétés mécaniques proches de celles des polyoléfines. Néanmoins, sa rigidité est encore trop faible et sa sensibilité importante à l’hydrolyse limite son utilisation dans le temps, même dans des conditions standards de température et d’humidité. Des améliorations de la stabilité du PBS sont possibles et plusieurs solutions ont été envisagées. L’intérêt s’est porté sur la modification de la balance hydrophile/hydrophobe du PBS par l’ajout d’un comonomère ramifié très hydrophobe, le Pripol 1009 ou possédant un cycle aromatique, l’acide téréphtalique. L’addition de charges dans le matériau peut également s’avérer efficace pour neutraliser les fins de chaines acides catalysant la dégradation, en utilisant du carbonate de calcium, ou pour limiter la perméabilité du matériau, par incorporation de talc. Dans l’optique de moduler les propriétés mécaniques du PBS, la voie de modification la plus fructueuse est le mélange par incorporation de charges minérales, comme le carbonate de calcium ou le talc, ou le mélange avec d’autres polyesters possédant une rigidité plus importante, tels que le poly(acide lactique) ou le poly(butylène téréphtalate). Les mélanges doivent présenter une bonne compatibilité et être mis en œuvre à des températures convenables pour limiter la dégradation du PBS et conserver la ductilité du matériau final, comme c’est le cas des mélanges PBS/PLA. Des combinaisons ont également été envisagées entre les différentes solutions efficaces pour améliorer à la fois les propriétés mécaniques et la stabilité face à l’hydrolyse chimique. / Within the frame of sustainable development, biobased and biodegradable polymers are going to play an important role according to economic and environmental perspectives. The polyolefins currently used in packaging and automotive industries will be replaced by biomaterials. The poly(butylene succinate), an “old” aliphatic polyester, has recently regained interest thanks to its biobased and biodegradable potential and mechanical properties similar to polyolefins. However, this polyester is very sensitive to degradation even at mild ambient conditions and, even though its flexibility is comparable to polyethylene or polypropylene, its modulus is too low. Some modifications of the chemical structure were considered to improve the long-term use of PBS. The synthesis of random copolymers using long-chain fatty acid Pripol 1009 or terephthalic acid allows to reduce significantly the hydrolysis rate and properties are maintained during a longer time. The incorporation of fillers like calcium carbonate and talc also enhance the PBS stability. The addition of calcium carbonate neutralizes carboxyl terminal group, which play an autocatalytic role in the hydrolytic degradation. High aspect ratio of talc increases the gas and liquid diffusion path, reducing permeability and providing better barrier properties to the material. In order to improve Young’s modulus, formulating blends with mineral fillers like calcium carbonate and talc, or with more rigid polyesters like polylactic acid or poly(butylene terephthalate) are efficient. The most interesting results are obtained by using calcium carbonate and polylactic acid, which allow the preservation of PBS’s flexibility. Processing parameters should be maximized to limit the degradation of PBS. Combinations of the most interesting solutions were investigated and lead to materials which fulfill the required specifications.

No description available.

The subject of the thesis is an architectural study of the reconstruction and extension of the "Centrum" department store in Brno. It is a dominant building designed by the famous czech architect Vladimir Karfík, which is located at the Urban Conservation Area Brno. Object wasn´t realized with the full extent of the original proposal, so in the project is planned a completion of it. The new solution respects the historical quality of Urban Conservation Area Brno with a concurrent view of the location on the lucrative land in the city center. The architectural concept is based on a return to the original idea of the architect and the addition of my own creative contribution within the extension of the new floors. Draft of the extension is intended so that the individual parts of an object communicate with each other, but they are easily recognizable as well. This idea was filled by both parts linked together visually by horizontal lines and ripple, which is used on balconies of the extension and behind the facade of the current building by shielding walls. However it is emphasized the contrast between an enclosed mass and a free-flowing space. The existing part of the building is used especialy as a leasable area of trade and services. On the upper floors there are areas of administration. Furthermore, there will be a restaurant and cafe with exhibition galleries and apartments are designed on the new added floors. The building is adapted to use by person with limited mobility. Newly added uses in the object will increase the attractiveness of the building and its surroundings.

[ES] Esta memoria de tesis presenta una contribución al estudio de los materiales textiles en el campo de la absorción sonora. En concreto, se ha trabajado con la asociación de una capa absorbente fibrosa constituida por una estructura laminar no tejida cuya composición es poliéster y una capa resistiva a base de tejido de calada también compuesta de poliéster. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en evaluar las variaciones que provocan los cambios en distintos parámetros de construcción de la capa resistiva, sobre el comportamiento del conjunto ante el sonido. Para abordar el problema se emplean distintos tejidos de calada, tales como telas simples, múltiples, acolchadas y rizo, con diferentes parámetros de construcción. Se mide el coeficiente de absorción de sonido al aplicarlas a diferentes espesores de estructura no tejida de poliéster, empleando el tubo de ondas estacionarias. Tras analizar los resultados obtenidos, se observan diferencias en los coeficientes de absorción de sonido alcanzados, las cuales se explican atendiendo al espesor del no tejido, pero también se observa la influencia de las características constructivas de los tejidos empleados. Finalmente, se emplea el diseño de experimentos para obtener la combinación óptima de parámetros que proporciona el mayor coeficiente de absorción de sonido para un tipo de tejido dado en todas las frecuencias estudiadas. Se concluye que, la modificación en la absorción de sonido de una estructura no tejida al aplicar una capa resistiva de tejido de calada, es lo suficientemente significativa como para ser tenida en cuenta a la hora de diseñar productos textiles para acondicionamiento acústico y que el diseño de experimentos constituye una herramienta de gran utilidad a este fin. / [CAT] Aquesta memòria de tesi presenta una contribució a l'estudi dels materials tèxtils en el camp de l'absorció sonora. En concret, s'hi ha treballat amb l'associació d'una capa absorbent fibrosa constituïda per un no teixit de polièster i una capa resistiva a base de teixit de calada de composició polièster. L'objectiu d'aquest treball consisteix a avaluar les variacions que provoquen els canvis en diferents paràmetres de construcció de la capa resistiva, sobre el comportament del conjunt davant el so. Per a abordar el problema s'empren diferents teixits de calada, com ara teles simples, múltiples, encoixinats i ris, amb diferents paràmetres de construcció. Es mesura el coeficient d'absorció en aplicarles a diferents grossàries de no teixit de polièster, emprant el tub d'ones estacionàries. S'observen diferències en els coeficients d'absorció de so obtinguts, les quals s'expliquen atenent la grossària del no teixit, però també a les característiques constructives dels teixits emprats. Finalment, s'empra el disseny d'experiments per a obtenir la combinació òptima de paràmetres que proporciona el major coeficient d'absorció de so per a un tipus de teixit donat en totes les freqüències estudiades. Es conclou que la modificació en l'absorció de so d'un no teixit en aplicar una capa resistiva de teixit de calada és prou significativa per a ser tinguda en compte a l'hora de dissenyar productes tèxtils per a condicionament acústic i que el disseny d'experiments constitueix una eina de gran utilitat a aquest efecte. / [EN] This thesis report presents a contribution to the study of textile materials in the field of sound absorption. Specifically, we have worked with the association of a fibrous absorbent layer consisting of a polyester nonwoven and a resistive layer based on openwork fabric. The objective of this work is to evaluate the variations that cause the changes in different construction parameters of the resistive layer, on the behaviour of the whole before the sound. To address the problem, different openwork fabrics are used, such as single, multiple, quilted and curl fabrics, with different construction parameters. The absorption coefficient is measured when applied to different thicknesses of polyester nonwoven, using the standing wave tube. Differences are observed in the sound absorption coefficients obtained, which are explained according to the thickness of the nonwoven, but also to the constructive characteristics of the fabrics used. Finally, the design of experiments is used to obtain the optimal combination of parameters that provides the highest sound absorption coefficient for a given type of tissue at all frequencies studied. It is concluded that the modification in the sound absorption of a nonwoven when applying a resistive layer of openwork fabric is significant enough to be taken into account when designing textual products for acoustic conditioning and that the design of experiments constitutes a very useful tool for this purpose. / Al departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera y a la unidad docente de Alcoy del departamento de Mecánica de los Medios Continuos y Teoría de Estructuras, por facilitarme los medios necesarios para realizar todas las actividades que han sido necesarias. A Jaime Ramis Soriano, por recibirme en el laboratorio de Grupo de Acústica Aplicada del IUFACyT de la Universidad de Alicante. / Segura Alcaraz, MDP. (2020). Empleo de textiles en aplicaciones de absorción sonora [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159786 / TESIS